Transcript Global 10 - Unit 7 Imperialism PowerPoint

Major Causes of the New Imperialism
NATIONALISM
European nations compete for colonies
and trade.
ECONOMIC COMPETITION
Desire for raw materials fuels the global
market established by the Industrial
Revolution.
MISSIONARY SPIRIT
Europeans feel obligated to Christianize
the “uncivilized” peoples of Africa and
Asia.
Major Effects of the New Imperialism
COLONIZATION
Europeans control land in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America.
COLONIAL ECONOMIES
Europeans control trade in the
colonies and dependent cash crop
economies.
CHRISTIANIZATION
Christianity is spread to Africa, Asia,
and India.
THE NEW IMPERIALISM
The Industrial Revolution increased
European desire to procure raw materials.
Europeans began to explore and conquer
Africa, Asia and the Americas
Terms
•Colony – a territory controlled by an outside
nation
•Mother Country – The nation controlling
the colony
•Imperialism – When a stronger nation
controls a weaker nation (usually to obtain
wealth)
British Empire
Terms
•Protectorate – a form of control where local
rule was left in place but expected to accept
the advice of European advisors on trade or
other important issues
•Sphere of Influence – A form of control in
which an outside power claims exclusive
investment and trading privileges
Reasons European nations
set up colonies
Economic Reasons
•Colonies were also markets for goods
produced in European factories. The mother
country would drain the colony of natural
resources make finished products and sell
them back to the colony.
Why?
ANSWER
To increase the
mother country’s
national wealth
Reasons European nations
set up colonies
Economic Reasons
•This entire process is called mercantilism.
The national economic goal is to export
more than import so the mother country will
have a favorable balance of trade
Reasons European nations
set up colonies
Political Reasons
National Strength
•The mother country realized that it was a
matter of national security and interest to
protect their trade routes and colonies.
Without political control over the territories
they could not protect their economic
interest.
Reasons European nations
set up colonies
Religious Reasons
Justification
for Expansion
•Europeans felt it was their duty to spread
their religion (Christianity) and other
“benefits” of Western Civilization. This
thought that their religion and culture was
superior to native peoples is called
ethnocentrism
“When you first came you had
the Bible and we had the land,
Now we have the Bible and
you have the land”
European Advantages
•Superior military technology
•Diseases impacted local populations
Native peoples tried to
resist
but could not stop
European imperialism
Causes of New Imperialism
Economic Causes
Political/ Military
Causes
• Need for natural
resources
• Desire to expand
markets
• Bases needed to
protect trades
routes
•Nationalism
NEW
IMPERIALISM
Social Causes
• To spread
Christianity and
Western culture
•Social Darwinism
Technological
Causes
• Advances in
weapons/over
seas travel
The Great Land Grab in Africa
•On the eve of the
European scramble for
territory, Africa was filled
with people of diverse
cultures speaking
hundreds of languages
and enjoying individual
religious, economic,
political and social
traditions.
What was
the
“Scramble
for
Africa?”
Berlin Conference & Partition of
Africa
•To avoid conflict
with one another in
Africa, European
leaders met in
Berlin, Germany to
carve up the
continent amongst
themselves. No
Africans were
invited.
Berlin Conference & Partition of
Africa
•Berlin Conference guidelines:
• Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any
territory should inform the other powers “in order
to...make good any claim of their own.”
• Any such annexation should be validated by effective
occupation.
• Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a
valid title to sovereignty.
Impact:
•By 1900, the only areas of Africa remaining
independent were Liberia and Ethiopia.
African
Resistance
•The Zulu came into conflict with the
British army as they expanded their
control over southern Africa and
invaded the Zulu homeland.
•Despite early victories, the Zulu
were eventually defeated by the
technology and vast resources at
the command of the British troops.
•Africans all over the continent
fiercely resisted European
domination, but in the end only
Ethiopia and Liberia remained
independent.
Cecil Rhodes
•Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in assuring
British dominance of southern Africa
• founded the De Beers Mining Company
(diamonds)
• became prime minister of the Cape Colony
(now South Africa) in 1890 and used his
influence to strengthen British control over
the region
•master plan:
“Cape to Cairo” railroad line that
would link British colonial interests in
Africa between Egypt and the Cape
Colony in southern Africa
Boer War
•The Boers (descendents of
Dutch settlers) provided heavy
armed resistance to Rhodes’
master plan. After a failed attempt
to invade the Boer Republic of
Transvaal, Rhodes was removed
from office.
•Great Britain decided to annex
the Boer republics, and with Boer
resistance came the Boer War
(1899-1902). By all accounts the
fighting was vicious, with the
Boers employing guerilla tactics
and the British eventually using
450,000 troops to achieve victory.
Effects of Imperialism on Africa:
Tribalism
•Because European nations carved Africa up
with no regard for traditional tribal boundaries,
Africa still suffers from tribalism.
•Modern African nations often contain several
different tribes that harbor ill feelings towards one
another. Therefore, inter-tribal conflict is a
common in Africa often leading to civil wars
and power struggles within national governments.
A distinct social class,
the
samurai
served
powerful chiefs called
shoguns,
who
ruled
Japan from the 12th
century until 1867. The
samurai lived by a rigid
code of conduct called
Bushido, or “the way of
the
warrior,”
which
encompassed ideals of
loyalty and sacrifice.
Emperor - No Power
Shogun - Actual Ruler
Daimyo - Landowners
Samurai - Defenders
Peasants, Artisans, Merchants
Japan is still
feudal – there is
almost no
contact with the
outside world,
shoguns still
have the power.
Europe and the US
want to trade with
Japan…bring the
ships!
Matthew Perry brings
ships with a letter
demanding Japan opens
its Ports – the Treaty of
Kanagawa. Japan opens
two ports for US to take
on supplies and others
soon follow.
Extraterritorial rights to
foreigners apply.
Meiji Era- Japan decided to
reform. Emperor Mutsuhito
took land from daimyo and
began sending people to
study Western ways. He also
retrained army, began public
education, and begins
industrialization. Because of
this industrialization, Japan
needs resources and
becomes imperialistic.
Japan as a Global Power
• Sino-Japanese War
• Japan and China fought over Korea
• Japan wins and gains ports in China and Korea
• Russo-Japanese War
• Conflict in Korea led to war between the Russians
and Japanese
• Modernized Japanese army and navy crush
Russian army
• Dependence on World Markets
• It’s an island…
Imperialism in China
1644 - 1800
Qin had kept China isolated
and refused to adopt
western ways.
Subsequently, China fell
behind Europe militarily and
economically. The Industrial
Revolution pushed
European nations to expand
in search of markets for
European goods
•Chinese merchants introduced tea to
the British in 1666 and it quickly
became a highly valued import. High
quality Chinese silk and porcelain were
also highly prized.
•The British early attempts to export
goods to China were a failure. The
Chinese allowed limited trade only in
Canton. British attempts to increase
trade were consistently rebuffed.
TEA AND SILK
PRODUCTION
•The Chinese wanted nothing that the
west had to offer - gold and silver fled to
China in a growing imbalance of trade.
This lasted until 1825, when the British
found a way to reverse it.
1800
British traded opium,
grown in India, to China in
exchange for tea. As the
Chinese became addicted to
the drug, demand increased
and much silver went out of
China disrupting the
economy. The Chinese
government outlawed opium
to stop further decline
East India Company opium warehouse
17th century
engraving of
man in
Eastern dress
collecting
juice from the
buds of poppy
plants
FOR PLEASURE…
FOR PAIN…
Advertisement from
1903 medical journal
Heroin: the cure for asthma?
AYER'S
CHERRY
PECTORAL
"Cures
Colds,
Coughs and
all
Diseases of
the Throat
and Lungs"
1839
Chinese
warships clashed with
British merchants.
The superior British
military easily
defeated the Chinese.
This event showed
China’s weakness and
vulnerability
The First Chinese Opium War
1842
Treaty of Nanjing – China is
forced to accept it and later
“unequal treaties”. They are
forced to give up rights to
western powers and outside
forces carve up China into
spheres of influence.
Doc 4
THE NANJING
TREATY
HUMILIATED
IMPERIAL CHINA
AND TRIGGERED
A TREMENDOUS
INCREASE OF
OPIUM IMPORTS
Doc 5,6
RESPONSES
RESPONSES 1850-1864
Taiping Rebellion
– peasants angry at
poverty and the
corruption of the Qing
officials, rose up in
revolt. Millions die
and China is
weakened.
1900
Boxer Rebellion –
“Righteous Harmonious Fists”
assaulted foreign communities
in a reaction to outside
interference. Western and
Japanese troops crushed the
Boxers.
United States Marines fighting the Boxer rebels
China was once again forced to make
concessions but they also westernized. As
they industrialized the economy expanded.
A new business and urban working class
emerged demanding more rights and
increasing the spirit of nationalism
1911
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) is
named president of the new Chinese
republic by supporting an increase
in nationalism, democracy and
livlihood - “Three Principles of the
People”
The 2,000 year old monarchy
had come to an end
POLITICAL CARTOONS
British in India
British in India
By 1600
The British East Indian Company
(BEIC) established Trading rights in
India
British in India
•By 1850
The Mughal Empire was in decline and
the BEIC expanded control to 3/5 of India.
India was too weak and fragmented to stop
outside interference. The BEIC’s main goal
was to make money and it became involved
in governing India to protect and increase
profits. I had it sown army of Indian soldiers
called sepoys.
British in India
1857
•Tension between the BEIC and the
sepoys increased as they tried to
make sepoys follow rules that were
against religious beliefs
•Sepoy Rebellion called for Hindus
and Muslims to unite against the
British
•The British crush the revolt
Mutineers of the Sepoy Rising being
executed by the British at Peshawar, India,
1857.
British in India
•1858
The British government puts India
under its control taking it away from the
BEIC
British in India
• Good Effects
• New roads and railroads
• Telegraph and Postal system
• Irrigation systems
• New laws mean justice for all
classes
• British schools offer education
• Customs that threaten human
rights are ended
• Bad Effects
• Indian resources go to GB
• British-made goods replace
local goods
• Farms grow cash crops
rather than food crops;
Indians go hungry
• Top jobs go to the British
• Indians are treated as
inferior
• Great Britain tries to replace
Indian culture with western
ways
Imperialism
in the Middle East
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• 1400s
• Byzantine Empire declines (Eastern part of the
Roman Empire)
• By 1453
• Ottomans invade and capture Constantinople and
renamed it Istanbul
• By 1500
• The Ottomans had built the largest and most
powerful empire in the Middle East and Europe
across 3 continents
How?
Advanced Military Technology!
THE OTTOMANS…
WHO ARE THEY?
Influenced by the Byzantine culture
they conquered (Persia, Roman) and mixed
it with Muslim culture. Islam was the
dominant cultural force.
1700
European commercial and military technology
had surpassed the Ottomans.
Industrialization led Europeans nations to search
for alternative trade routes to Asia and cutting the
Ottomans out of global trade.
European Industrial based economies become
stronger than the Ottoman economy.
The Commercial Revolution in Europe was a
strong factor in Ottoman decline.
The Ottoman
Empire ruled a large
area that included many
different groups.
1800
1829-1908
•Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and
Bulgaria gained their independence.
•The other nations of Europe viewed the
Ottoman Empire as the “Sick Man of
Europe”
•Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain and France
all entered into alliances and wars that were
designed to gain territory from the Ottoman
Empire
Imperialism in Latin America
Imperialism in Latin America
By the mid to late 1800's many Latin
American colonial possessions had won their
freedom.
Monroe Doctrine issued in the 1820's kept
most European nations out of Latin America. (but
not the US!!!)
Early 1900's Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine claimed that the United States
had international police power in the Western
Hemisphere. The US would interfere in Latin
America to protect American interests
EX - Panama Canal
Short Term Effects of Imperialism
• Large numbers of Asians and Africans
came under foreign rule
• Local economies became dependent on
industrialized powers
• Individuals and groups resisted
imperialism
• Western culture spread
• Famines occurred where cash crops were
grown
Long Term Effects of Imperialism
• Western culture influenced much of the world
• Transportation, medical care, and education
improved
• Resistance to imperial rule evolved into
nationalist movements
• Competitions for empires created and increased
conflict between imperial powers
• These conflicts sometimes led to war
• Industrialized nations controlled new global
economy