Transcript World War I 1914- 1918 - West Point Middle School

World War I
1914- 1918
Total War
“No Man’s Land”
“ The War to End All Wars”
“The World must be made safe for Democracy”
“All quiet on the Western Front”
“The Yanks Are Coming”
“The Great War”
“Doughboys”
“Rape of Belgium”
“Stalemate”
“Peace, Land and Bread”
Causes of WW I
 19th and early 20th century nationalism,
industrialism, imperialism and militarism
led European nations to develop unstable
alliances in order to strengthen and
protect their worldly possessions.
Aggressive Nationalism
Triple Entente
Alliance between:
France
Britain
Russia
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Britain
Triple Alliance:
Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Italy
Alliances
Balkans
Tension in the Balkans
 The Balkan Peninsula nations were gaining
their independence from the declining Ottoman
Empire. Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria were
extremely nationalistic.
 The Balkan nation of Bosnia was under the
control of Austria ( in 1909) and Austria had
imperialistic aims against Serbia.
 Russia had warned Austria it would protect
Balkan Slavic nations.
 Because of the alliance system, extreme
nationalism and ethnic differences; the Balkans
were called the “Powder Keg of Europe”
 It only required a “spark” to start a major
world crisis.
Pan-Slavism ( pro Slavic)
The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The Spark that started WW I
 On June 28, 1914 –
the Arch Duke to the
Austrian Throne, Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie, were
assassinated in
Sarajevo, Bosnia by
Gavrillo Princip, an
extreme Serb
nationalists supported by
a group called the Black
Hand.
Franz Ferdinand and his family
The assassination at Sarajevo
June 28, 1914
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The Assassin:
Gavrillo
Princip
WW I Begins - 1914
Austria soon declared war on Serbia with a”
blank check” ( total support) from Germany.
Diplomacy failed as nations under alliance
agreements declared war.
By August of 1914, European nations were
at war. “ The Guns of August”
Which Nations?
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Turks
Allied Powers
Britain
France
Italy ( in 1915)
Russia (to 1917
USA ( in 1917)
Europe in 1914
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
Recruitment Posters
Questions 1-8
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!
Major Battles during WW I
 Tannenberg- 1914
 Gallipoli- 1915
 Verdun- 1916
 Somme- 1916
 Ypres- 1917
 Meuse-Argonne- 1917
New Weapons
Tanks
Poison Gas
 Chemical warfare
made trench warfare
more horrible
 Mustard/Blister
agents deployed
 First used on French
in 1915
Submarines
•
German U -Boat
Aviation
German Ace:
The Red Baron
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Artillery
 Machine Gun
Zeppelin
No Man’s Land
1914
• August 4Germany invades
France through
neutral Belgium.
( called the Rape
of Belgium)
The Schlieffen Plan
1914
• August 26-30
German victory over
Russia on the
Eastern front at the
Battle of
Tannenberg.
• German advance into
France is stopped at
the Battle of the
Marne.
• Both sides dig in and
Trench Warfare
begins.
Trenches
1915
• January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid
on England
• February 4 Germany declares an unrestricted
submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat
approaching England is considered a legitimate
target
• April 22-May 5 Battle of Ypres marks first use of
chemical weapons
• April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli
peninsula in Turkey
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
April, 1915 Allies begin assault of
the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey.
Result is a military disaster for the
allies and they are forced to
withdraw from Gallipoli.
Allies withdraw
1916
• February 21 - December
18, 1916 The longest
battle of the war, the
Battle of Verdun, is
fought to a draw with an
estimated one million
casualties
• July 1-November 18 The
Battle of the Somme
results in an estimated
one million casualties
and no breakthrough for
the Allies
1916 – War at Sea
 Battle of Jutland off
of the coast of
Norway between
German and British
Navy.
 Terrible losses for
both sides in men
and ships.
1917
 Czar Nicholas II of
Russia abdicates the
throne.
 A Provisional
Government is
established in
Russia.
Czar Nicholas II and family
1917 Russian Revolution
• November ( October)
Bolshevik ( Reds)
socialists, led by Vladimir
I. Lenin, overthrow the
Kerensky government.
Lenin promises the Russian
people “Peace, Land,
Bread”
• The new Russian
government signs a
humiliating treaty with
Germany- Treaty of BrestLivosk. Russia pulls out of
WW I.
Civil war rages in Russia
between the Reds and
Whites
Vladimir Lenin
US Enters WW I – 1917
Events that lead the US to War
 Sinking of the Lusitania
 Sinking of the Sussex
 Zimmerman Telegram
 Germany sinks three US ships
May 7,1915German U-Boat
sinks Lusitania
German U-Boat sinks British Passenger ship, killing over 1200, including 126 Americans
America Remains Neutral
 Presidential Election of 1916,
President Woodrow Wilson is
reelected on the slogan, “He kept us
out of War”
The Zimmerman Telegram
US intercepted a
telegram from
German Minister
Zimmerman to
Mexico , in which
Germany pledged
support for an
invasion of the United
States.
The Sussex
 German U-Boat sinks
French passenger
ship, the Sussex,
killing Americans.
 President Wilson
threatens to break
diplomatic relations
with Germany.
 Germany promises not
to fire on passenger
ships in the Sussex
Pledge.
US joins Allies
 Germany sinks
three US Ships
 April 6, 1917The US
declares war
on Germany.
President Woodrow Wilson asks for a declaration of War
US Mobilizes and enters WW I
 Selective Service
Act, a national draft,
was passed in May,
1917.
 US Troops ( called
Doughboys) enter
France and fight in
major offensives.
 John J. “Blackjack”
Pershing is US
Commander
US opinions are divided
 To unify public opinion, the government
created the CPI, Committee on Public
Information. It distributed printed
material to unify public opinion to support
the war effort.
The Espionage Act and the Sabotage
Act gave the government new tools to
stop spying and sabotage.
More Changes on the Homefront
 US government sold” Liberty Bonds” and
increased taxes to support the war effort.
 Women went to work in factories producing
weapons and war materials.
 New government agencies were created to
help organize and support the war effort:
 WIB- War Industries Board- fixed prices and
regulated production.
 CND- Council of National Defense
 CAC- Civilian Advisory Commission
US Troops Battle in Europe
 US troops fight in major Allied
offensives including:
 Chateau-Thierry
 Belleau-Wood
 Meuse Argonne Forest
Sergeant York- US Hero
WW I Ends
 11/11/1918- On the eleventh hour of
the eleventh day of the eleventh
month of 1918- an Armistice ( end
of fighting) was signed.
 The fighting ends! Basically a
German surrender.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Wilson proposes a
peace plan, a “just
and stable peace”
plan in 1918 known
as the Fourteen
Points.
 The plan was in
three major parts.
President Wilson
“The World Must be Made Safe For Democracy”
Questions 9-18
Fourteen Points- Part I
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Wilson’s Plan :
Self – determination for nations
. Freedom of the Seas
Armament Reductions
Free Trade
Impartial negotiations
League of Nations
Fourteen Points Part II
 II. Recommended boundaries in
conquered Austria and Ottoman Empire
 Fourteen Points Part III
 III. League of Nations- an association
or covenant of nations were to be
established for future world peace.
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The Fourteen Points
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but
diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed
in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the
nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in
determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable
claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest
cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent
determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free
nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may
herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of
their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in
common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws
which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the
whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter
of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once
more be made secure in the interest of all.
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognisable lines of nationality.
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the
freest opportunity to autonomous development.
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the
sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of
allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the
several Balkan states should be entered into.
The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now
under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous
development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under
international guarantees.
An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which
should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity
should be guaranteed by international covenant.
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
Point 14 – The League of Nations
A general association of nations must
be formed under specific covenants for
the purpose of affording mutual
guarantees of political independence
and territorial integrity to great and
small states alike.
Treaty of Versailles
 Paris Peace Treaty that
officially ended WW Iheld at the Versailles
Palace in France is
known as the Treaty
of Versailles.
The Big Four
Lord George- Britain
Orlando- Italy
Clemenceau- France
Wilson-USA
 The French and
English insisted on
punishing Germany.
 Only Wilson’s last
point, the 14th Point –
The League of
Nations was finally
accepted.
Terms of Treaty of Versailles
 Germany forced to:
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Accept War Guilt Clause
Reduce its army to 100,000
Give up its navy
Give up territorial possessions to be
governed as mandates by other nations
 Pay reparation payments
 Have its industrial area occupied
More Terms:
 Austria- Hungary lands were divided
 New nations were created
 Britain and France divide up Middle East and
Far East territories to be governed as
mandates.
 European nations accepted the covenant of a
League of Nations ( the one idea of Wilson
accepted )
US Rejects Treaty
 Woodrow Wilson returns to the US with the
Versailles Treaty including the League of
Nations.
 The US Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge,
refuse to ratify the treaty and reject the league
of nations.
 Many did not want the US to become involved
in another European conflict.
 The US begins a policy of isolationism.
US Retreat from Idealism
 After the war, the world stated it will follow if
America leads. Yet, the US rejected world
leadership and American society moved from
a sense of idealism to disillusionment to
isolationism.
 In the Presidential election of 1920, Warren G.
Harding won a landslide victory on a campaign
of “Normalcy”.
Toll of the War
 18 million deaths
 37 million wounded
 20 billion spent on
war
Questions 19-25.