Transcript league of nations and post WWI

Opening Questions (3/20)
• How did people use credit in the 1920’s?
What was the problem with them using
credit to purchase goods? Do you think
that we are experiencing a similar problem
now?
• Where did the World Wide Depression
start? What were some effects of the
depression?
The League of Nations
The League of Nations
Encourage
co-operation
Stop aggression
AIMS
Disarmament
Improve
social conditions
Membership
• 42 members - by 1930’s 59
• Defeated countries could not join e.g.
Germany
• Russia excluded because communist
• USA did not join - isolation from world
affairs
• A club for the victorious?
Structure
The Assembly
Each country one vote
Permanent court of
International Justice
Based at The Hague
Settle disputes peacefully
No power of enforcement
The Council
Met several times a year
and in emergencies
5 permanent members
Each had right to veto any idea
The Secretariat
Kept records - civil service
Powers of the League
• If a country ignored the ruling of the
League it could:
• Put pressure on
• Refuse to trade - sanctions
• Send in troops - member countries join
together
Strengths of the League
• Many countries supported it in early days they wanted peace
• Had some early successes:
• Settled some land disputes in 1920’s
• helped refugees, dealt with spread of
disease, fought for better conditions for
people
Weaknesses of League
• USA didn’t join
• No real power - relied on goodwill and
persuasion
• No permanent army
• Disarmament not realistic
• Structure a disaster - everyone had to
agree before any action taken
The Post War Era
The troubles that the world faced
in between the wars
What were going to cover
•
•
•
•
Society after WWI
Global Depression
France after WWI
Britain and its empire after WWI
Review of HW!!!
• 1.
– A) Many people lost faith in the Enlightenment ideals
of ongoing human progress
– B) Felt a sense of disconnection and doubt about the
future
– C) New events and ideas about science raised doubts
about the predictability of the natural world
• 2.
– A) Spring of 1918, soldiers in France kept on
complaining about Flu Like Symptoms – fall of 1918 –
three waves of increasing in epidemic and pandemic
proportion
– B) Spread easily with rapid movement of people
during the war
– C) Doctors knew very little about the illness (died out
after killing 20 million people)
• 3.
– A) Sigmund Freud, founder of modern psychology
– B) The unconscious, not the rational mind controlled
people’s actions (which for many seemed to explain
irrational events in life)
– C) Moral Relativism – no one could say that one set of
principles was good for all groups (values differ greatly
from one society to the next)
• 4.
– Referring to Europeans, those young who grew up in the
post war era had had to deal with such an irrational state
of living and sense of worth – lost its moral grounding
during the war
• 5. )
– A) Surrealism (writing) brings the unconscious and
unconscious ideas together to portray life in a dreamlike
way
– B) Franz Kafka’s (Czech) The Castle (1926) and Salvador
Dali (too many to list)
• 6.
– Technology influenced its rise – many homes in
industrialized world had radios
– New sound of music from African American community in
New Orleans – blended West African, Latin American and
American/European folk styles
– Louis Armstrong, Billy Holiday and “Jelly Roll” Morton
(Three Greats)
• 7.
– Influenced by traditional African Art, emphasized
geometric designs showing objects from several
viewpoints at the same time
• 8.
– Functionalism – a building is designed for its specific
purpose instead of in a particular style – Imperial
Hotel’s “Floating Base”
– International Style
• 9.
– Industrialized nations began to enjoy shorter work
days and slowly improving economies gave people
more time and money
• 10.
– A) Motion Picture was chief form of entertainment
– B) millions flocked to theatres to escape and be
entertained
– C) 1927 – The Jazz Singer – (1st motion picture in
sound)
– D) Baseball – popular in both US and Japan (same
with golf)
– E) World Cup established in 1930’s (anyone know
who won the first world cup?)
– F) Olympics start to grow in popularity (nationalism,
international world/community is growing, 1936
Olympics will be held in Berlin, Germany)
• 11.
– Allowed people to instantly purchase goods
instead of saving up money for them
– Focused on the “present” instead of “saving
for the future” mentality
Section 2
•
•
•
•
1) Industry; Farmers
2) Grain; Debts
3) Nationalism; Trade
4) Market Speculations; October 29th,
1929; “Black Tuesday
• 1) Great Depression
• 2) 30 million
• 3) Germany; Weimer
What was the world like
politically after WWI?
• Colonies’ participated in the war, which
increased demands for independence
– Mass amounts of colonial nationalism and
resistance to imperial rule begins
• End of the Russian Imperial, Ottoman,
German, and Austro-Hungarian empires
– Eastern Europe looks much different now
• Enormous cost of the war in lives, property,
and social disruption
– Hurts the political power of European nations
The Mandate System
• During World War I, Great Britain and France
agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East between themselves.
• After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great
Britain and France control over the lands that
became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British
control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control).
• The division of the Ottoman Empire through the
mandate system planted the seeds for future
conflicts in the Middle East.
Map of Mandates
in Middle East
Dawes Plan
•Germans receive
money from US
to repay reparations
*Americans
are lending money
to the Germans to repay reparations
•Germans give money
to France and Britain
for WWI reparations
*Americans are owed money from
Britain and France for WWI debts
•French and British receive
reparations payments from Germany
•French and British repay debts to
US with money from Germany
Global Depression
• Causes (Starts in the US)
- high protective tariffs (taxes on
imports)
- German Reparations Payments
(Refer to Dawes Plan)
- excessive expansion of credit (too
much, too fast)
- expansion of production capacities
- dominance of U.S. in world market
(US falls, so does everyone else…
like dominos)
- 1929 stock market crash (Starts in
the US)
•
“Black Tuesday” - October 29th 1929
– Stock Market (New York Stock ExchangeNYSE) Crashes
What happened after the stock
market crashed?
• Effects
– high unemployment
– bank failures
– collapse of credit
– collapse of prices
– economic turmoil leads to unstable
governments
– runaway inflation (hyper inflation)
** Economies crash when people lose
confidence in the markets**
How was the
world affected
economically?
• Hits the rest of the world
too (global depression)
– Unemployment
reaches new heights
(1932)
• Ex – US – 24%
– Great Britain – 22.5%
– Germany – 30%
– Italy – 20.5%
What was Happening in France
after WWI
• France won but…
– Land destroyed in north
– Large number of dead young men
– Economy weakened severely
• Problems for France
– High Prices - inflation
– US debt – debt plus high interest
– Maginot Line – huge military expense
• Leads to social unrest in country**
Destruction
of French
Cities and
Land
Maginot Line –
system of detailed
trenches built by
the French
What is happening in Britain after
the War?
• Britain’s problems
– High Debt just like with France
– Outdated industrial technology
– High tariffs worldwide hurt British trade
• Britain’s Labor issues
– After War many people unemployed
• 24% in 1921
• British slowly losing control of its Empire
– Its colonies are fighting for independence and
there is not much Britain can do
India Rebellion
• Britain relied on its empire to get
support for WWI
– promised to give more self
government rights to colonies
• India - led by Mahatma Gandhi
– Both British and Indians are split on
issue
– passive resistance (boycott
goods/refuse taxes)
• British try to repress it – leads
moderates to join nationalist
• True independence wont happen until
1947
British empire losses continued…
• Middle East – Arabs feel
betrayed by West
– Gave independence to Iraq and
Jordan (kept mil. presence)
– Had an issue with Palestine
though – promised to both the
Arabs and the Jews
• “Zionism” = desire for a Jewish
homeland (in Israel)
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
– Statement made by the British saying
that they desired to create a Jewish
homeland in Palestine (modern day
Israel)
– Realized that both (Palestinians and
Jewish People) cannot live side by side
though… big problem in the future
British Empire after WWI
• British give independence to four other colonies in
1931
– “British Commonwealth of Nations”
• South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia
– What do all these areas have in common?
Assignment for after lecture
• You will receive a piece of computer paper
• Fold it in half (one half label causes of the Great
Depression and the other half should be effects of the
Great Depression)
– In the middle put a box that will have the event that
started it all with details about it
Make it look like
this….
Option #2 – Write a three
paragraph essay on the causes of
the Great Depression, the Crash
of the Stock Market, and the
effects of the Great Depression
(ONE FULL PAGE)
End of Day Question (3/16)
• What is the Mandate System? Name one
way it lead to problems in our modern
society
• Why did Britain start to lose control of its
colonial empire after WWI?
• What were some problems France faced
after the end of WWI?
What is going on in China?
• Remember the Boxer Rebellion…
• New nationalist movement started
– Kuomintang – leader is Sun Yixian
• Industrialize, modernize and unify country
– 1912 – Qing Dynasty overthrown
• China becomes a republic (early years unstable
though)
• 1925 Sun Yixian dies and Chiang Kai-shek takes
over nationalist party (more of a dictator)
– Military campaign to unite country (successful)
• Another group arises out of the nationalist party
– Chinese Communist Party (founded in 1921) *Shanghai*
– Splits nationalist party into two (Kai-shek tries to
suppress communist though)
Sun Yixian
Chiang Kai-shek
Communist come to power in China
• Inspired by Russian revolution and ideas of
Marx and Lenin
– Wanted to free country from foreign dependence
and backwardness
– Kai-shek wanted to eliminate communist
• 1927 – Communist executions in Shanghai
– Kai-shek continues trying to eliminate communist
– Long March – 100,000 communist marched
6,000 miles for over a year
• Constantly chased by Kai-shek and nationalist troops
• A new leader arises from this march – Moa Zedong
Moa Zedong’s rise to power
• Moa is born in south east
china
• Believes that Chinese
peasants are the key to
starting communist revolution
– Opposed idea that proletariats
had to start it
• Starts gathering peasant
support in eastern China
– Listens to peasant demands
and helps reform their lives
– Fights Nationalist troops and
starts civil war
– Civil War is stopped by
oncoming of WWII and threat of
Japan
Opening Question (3/20)
Review of Russian Revolution
New European Democracies Were Created
from the Old Austro-Hungarian Empire
Before WWI, AustriaHungary was the
second largest
country in Europe
(after Russia), and
the third most
populous (after
Russia and the
German Empire).
Nationalist conflicts within the
empire were one of the causes of
WWI, and led to the ultimate
collapse of the empire.
Successor States
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
 Conflicting values expressed in
Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the
Treaty of Versailles influenced the
determination of national borders
in Eastern Europe.
Yugoslavia
 Wilson strongly advocated
national self-determination.
Poland
 But France feared any
arrangement that would
strengthen Germany.
Some AustroHungarian lands
were ceded to
Romania, Ukraine
and Italy
 The new national divisions left
large German and Hungarian
minorities in a number of
countries.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was
created in 1922.
Ukraine
Transcaucasian Region
Russia
Belarus
1918: Lenin Begins to
Change Russian
Society
Treaty with Germany
cedes land in exchange for
peace.
All industry nationalized.
Independent labor unions
banned.
Grain requisitions: armed
officials seize grain from
farmers to feed the poor.
Housing space seized and
distributed.
"Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth"
Communist poster, 1920
Leninism: The Telescoping of History
Karl Marx, considered the father of communism, wrote that
history proceeds through distinct stages: feudalism, capitalism,
imperialism, etc. Only after going through these stages, Marx
thought, could society advance to communism.
Lenin argued that under the right circumstances, such as those of
Russia in 1917, the intermediate steps could be skipped.
Marx wrote about the dictatorship of the
proletariat, a period in which the working
class would govern society while the ultimate
classless society of communism was
developed.
To Lenin, the dictatorship of the proletariat
meant that a small group of dedicated
individuals would lead society forcefully so
that the groundwork could be laid for the
future ideal society.
Worldwide Appeal of Communism
Russia was the first country to attempt to put the theory of
socialism into practice.
Many workers and intellectuals around the world thought
that at last there was a chance to overcome the inequality
and exploitation of market capitalism and build a society in
which everyone was respected and cared for.
Communist parties emerged in the U.S.
and Europe, and also in Asia, Africa and
Latin America, where many countries
suffered from poverty and the remnants of
colonialism.
Maoist demonstration, Nepal
Leon Trotsky
Trotsky was a key figure
in the Russian
Revolution, second only
to Lenin.
From 1918 to 1925, he
was People's Commissar
for Army and Navy Affairs
commander
the widely expected to
When Lenin diedand
in 1924,
Trotskyofwas
Red
assume leadership
of Army.
the country. Instead, that role went to
Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Central Committee.
As leader of the Left Opposition, Trotsky opposed Stalin.
He was purged from the Communist Party in 1927 and
exiled in 1928.
From exile, he continued to oppose Stalin and Stalinism.
Trotsky was assassinated by Stalinists in 1940 at his home
Lenin, Trotsky and soldiers
of the Red Army, 1921
"Have you signed
up as a volunteer?"
Civil war recruitment
poster
Coat of Arms
of the Soviet
Union
TROTSKYIS
M
For decades,
Communists around
the world were divided.
Some remained loyal
to the Soviet Union
and took direction from
the Central Committee.
Other were aligned
with Trotsky’s Left
Opposition.
Bitter struggles
between the two
groups took place in
Leon Trotsky's grave in
many countries.
Coyoacán, Mexico. His house
is now a museum.
War Communism and
the New Economic Policy
From 1918 through 1921, the
Bolsheviks implemented radical
economic changes. Under "War
Communism," all industry was
nationalized, private enterprise was
made illegal, and economic planning was
centralized.
The results were disastrous for the
Russian economy and led to a major
famine in 1921.
In 1921, Lenin introduced the New
Economic Policy (NEP). The state
retained control of banking and major
Famine of 1921-1922
Causes:
Disruption
of
agricultural
production
by WWI, the
revolution
and the civil
war.
War
Communis
Results:
Approximately five million
deaths.
Permanent Revolution vs.
Communism in One Country
Lenin believed that the Russian Revolution
was merely the first step in a worldwide
workers’ revolution.
Trotsky believed that the Russian
Revolution could only succeed in the
context of permanent worldwide revolution.
Stalin believed that the opportunity for
worldwide revolution had passed, and that
the USSR should concentrate on building
communism in one country.
Stalin Creates a Totalitarian State
Instituted one-man
rule.
Eliminated/murdered
political opposition.
Used secret police
and informers to
spread terror and
insure obedience.
Ordered massive
deportations and
executions.
Extended state control
Dictatorship: Rule by one person,
not limited by law, constitution or
competing political interests.
("The law is what I SAY it
Totalitarian
State:
The
state
is")
regulates every aspect of social
and personal life.
In practice, most dictatorships
implement totalitarian practices, and
totalitarian states tend to be firmly led
by a single person, a dictator.
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union
April 3, 1922 – March 5, 1953
Born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili in Georgia.
Transformed Russia from a backward agrarian
society to a major industrial powerhouse through
his Five-Year Plans (1928-1938).
Replaced the NEP with a command
economy totally managed from the
top.
Instituted a totalitarian regime under
which millions died in purges as well
as in the famine brought about by his
forced collectivization of agriculture.
The Great Terror of the late 1930s
marked his regime as one of the most
Stalin at 24 in 1902
Young Stalin
The son of a serf and a cobbler, Stalin grew up
poor in Georgia, a land occupied by the Russian
Empire.
Georgian was his first language. In school he was
forced
to learn
He excelled
at Russian.
school (first in
his class), as well as at singing,
poetry, and street fighting.
In 1898*, he joined the new
Russian Social-Democratic
Labor Party, which later became
the Bolshevik Party.
After reading Lenin, he decided
*or 1901, according to some sources
to become
a revolutionary.
From 1899 to 1917, Stalin worked as
a revolutionary. He organized strikes,
wrote articles, and at least once led a
major bank robbery and passed the
money to Lenin. He was often in
prison, or exiled to Siberia.
He met Lenin at a
Bolshevik
conference in
Finland in 1903.*
He consistently
supported Lenin
and the Bolsheviks
against the
*or 1905
Mensheviks.
Stalin Becomes Party Secretary
After the revolution, Stalin held various positions in
the party and the Red Army.
In April 1922, Stalin was made General Secretary
of the Communist Party, a position he kept until his
death in 1953.
In 1922, he was
one of several party
leaders.
After Lenin’s death
in 1924, Stalin
emerged as the
principal party
leader.
By 1927, he had
become the
Stalin: Cult of Personality
Stalin, like
Mussolini and
Hitler, used his
control over the
mass media to
build a "cult of
personality."
In posters,
articles, and on
the lips of the
"Comrades,
of the individual acquired such monstrous size chiefly
faithful,the
hecult
was
because Stalin himself, using all conceivable methods, supported the
proclaimed the
glorification of his own person."
"beloved
leader."Stalin’s successor, in his famous 1956 "secret speech"
- Nikita Khrushchev,
denouncing the excesses of Stalinism.
First
Five-Year
Plan:
1928-1933
Stalin resolved to quickly move the USSR to the forefront
of industrial nations. He was successful, but at the cost of
millions of deaths and much suffering.
"Old Russia was continually beaten
because of backwardness. It was beaten
by the Mongol khans. It was beaten by
Turkish beys. It was beaten by Swedish
feudal landlords...It was beaten because of
military backwardness, cultural
backwardness, industrial backwardness,
agricultural backwardness...That is why we
cannot be backward any more."
Under the
first two
Five-Year
Plans (19281937), the
USSR was
transformed
into a major
industrial
power.
Under construction, circa 1930
Construction on the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station in
the Ukraine began in 1927. When it came on line in
1932, producing 650 megawatts of electricity, it was
1929 propaganda poster showing enemies of the Five-Year Plan:
Landlords, kulaks (prosperous farmers), journalists, capitalists,
White Russians, Mensheviks, priests, and drunkards.
Forced Collectivization
The collectivization of
agriculture was key to
the Five-Year Plan.
Stalin needed peasants
to leave their farms and
work in the new
factories.
He believed that large
collective farms would be
more productive than
peasant agriculture.
Soviet Propaganda Poster
Projected
in
"Comrade,
comeincrease
join our kolkhoz"
(collective
farm)
grain yields was
150%.
Left: Collective farmers
demonstrate: "We kolkhoz
farmers, on the basis of
complete collectivization, will
liquidate the kulaks as a class."
Collectivization was
imposed in stages.
At first it was voluntary.
As the Five-Year Plan
proceeded,
collectivization was
imposed
on tractor
unwilling
Right: First
arrives at
peasants.
collective farm, 1929
Negative Consequences of
Collectivization in the First FiveYear Plan
Number of domestic cattle (meat,
dairy and draft animals) fell by 50%.
Many peasants killed their draft
animals rather than surrender them to
the collective.
Hundreds of thousands of kulaks
(prosperous farmers) were killed or
sent to Siberia for resisting
Holodomor: "The Hunger Plague"
There was tremendous resistance to collectivization.
Ordered to bring their draft animals and livestock to the
communal farm, many kulaks killed their animals instead.
With fewer draft animals and not enough tractors, grain
production declined.
When a drought hit in 1932, a great famine swept much of
the country, especially the Ukraine, and millions died of
hunger.
Famine victims, Ukraine, 1932-33
Historians dispute the cause,
nature and extent of the
famine:
Natural disaster.
Unintended consequence
of the Five-Year Plan.
Deliberate act of genocide
against the Ukrainian
people.
In 2003, the
Ukrainian
parliament declared
the Holodomor an
act of genocide.
Some historians
argue that the
famine was not a
deliberate attempt
to eliminate the
Ukrainian
population, but that
it could have been
prevented if Stalin
had not drawn off
Ukrainian
peasants
trying to
get to the
city in
search of
food, 1933.
Holodomor memorial at
the Andrushivka village
cemetery - Photo by
Håkan Henriksson
Second Five-Year Plan: 19331938 Plan was
The first Five-Year
declared a success in 1932, one
year ahead of schedule.
Industrialization and collectivization
were continued in the second FiveYear Plan.
By 1938, the USSR had been
transformed into a major industrial
power.
This would enable the Soviet Union
Moscow
Metro
The world’s secondmost heavily used
metro system.
First line opened in
1936.
Mayakovskaya Station
Much of the construction was
done by forced labor crews
working in terrible conditions.
Soldiers working on metro construction, 1937
Magnitogorsk: Founded 1929
Magnitogorsk was
one of the great
achievements of the
Five-Year Plans.
It was a giant
steelworks built to take
advantage of large
nearby iron deposits.
It became a major
steel center and
played a role in WWII
military production.
Moscow Show Trials and the
On Dec. 1,
Great Purge
1934, Sergei
Kirov, a popular
Party leader
and Stalin
loyalist,
His
murderwas
set off a series of
murdered.
public
"show trials" in which
many Bolshevik leaders
“confessed” to crimes against
the state and were executed.
The trials were followed by the
"Great Purge," in which many
Party members and others
suspected of disloyalty were
imprisoned or executed.
Many leading communists were tortured and their families
threatened and killed to get them to confess to false crimes
against the state. The show trials were public spectacles,
eagerly watched by international observers. These saw only
the staged confessions, not the torture and intimidation that led
up to them.
Lev Kamenev
Founding member of
the Politburo. Executed
1936 for anti-Soviet
terrorism.
Nikolai Bukharin
Opposed forced
collectivization. Executed
1938 for conspiring to
overthrow the Soviet
state.
Grigory Zinoviev
Leading Bolshevik
and close associate
of Lenin. Executed
1936.
Poster from a 1936
show trial in which
scientists were
forced to confess to
sabotage and
espionage in the
service of foreign
powers.
"A Blow Has Been Struck
against the Leadership of the
Interventionists"
Red Army Purge
In 1938, Tukhachevsky and other leading Red
Army commanders were tried for espionage with
Germany, convicted and executed.
This was the beginning of a
purge of the Red Army that
resulted in the deportation or
execution of 30,000 army officers.
One half of the officer corps was
purged.
This weakened the Red Army,
and may have emboldened Hitler
to attack Russia three years later.
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
The Red Bonaparte
The Great Purge: 1937-1938
A wave of terror swept
the Soviet Union.
8½ million were arrested,
most without any judicial
process.
One million were shot,
while many more died in
prison work camps.
Half the Communist
Party, including almost
all the old guard who had
been with Lenin and
Trotsky, was purged.
A prisoner about to be shot by
NKVD executioners - Painting by
Nikolai Getman
GULAG: The Chief Administration
of Corrective Labor Camps and
Colonies
A system of forced labor
camps for political and other
prisoners.
Hundreds
(perhaps
thousands) of
forced labor
camps provided
part of the
workforce for the
Five-Year Plan.
Criminals were
sent to the camps
by the courts.
Many political
Entering Labor Camp (a leaf from Eufrosinia
Kersnovskaya's notebook)
Prisoners in GULAGs and Penal
Colonies
1931-32
1935
1939
Labor
Camps
200,000
800,000
1.3 million
Penal
Colonies
300,000
350,000
Background: Prisoner labor at the construction of Belomorkanal, 1931–33
"Beloved Stalin Is the People's Happiness!"
USSR during the interwar years
• 1922 – USSR is founded with Lenin as
leader
– New Economic Policy (NEP) – attempt to
allow some free enterprise
• Collective Farming – get peasants to combine
efforts on farmland
• 1924 – Lenin dies – power struggle
afterwards
– Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin
– By 1928 – Stalin wins and Trotsky is exiled
• 1940 – Trotsky killed in Mexico on Stalin’s orders
Trotsky
VS
Stalin
Russia under Stalin
• Economy – ends NEP program
– Command Economy – gov’t controls all decisions
• Five Year Plan – ambitious growth plan
– 1st one in 1928
– Forced collective farming on peasants
• 90% of farmland turned into collective farming
– Agriculture dips sharply (millions die from famine and crop failure)
– The economy grows overall though
• 2nd Five Year Plan (1933) – more ambitious
– USSR still grows as industrial country
– People suffer many hardships though – scarce food and consumer
goods
– Life does not improve for regular citizens
– USSR only cares about growth of industry though (best for country)
Government under Stalin
• Politburo (Political Bureau) runs
government in Russia (Stalin controls them)
– near absolute authority
• Uses fear to control people of USSR
– He is a dictator (one of the worst)
• Government represses religion
– Take all religious property, close churches,
imprison or execute church officials
• Government represses art, music, and
writing
– Only “Socialist Realism” allowed (Soviet
propaganda)
The Great Purge
• 1934 – important communist official is
assassinated
– Stalin responds with purge of anyone he
thinks is an enemy of Communist efforts
– Starts in the Communist Party and then
moves on to rest of population
• Anyone who questions Stalin will either be
exiled, imprisoned, put into labor camps or
killed
– By 1939 he had supposedly gotten rid of 5
million of his own people (killed, exiled, or
imprisoned)
Next Class…
• We will discuss what is happening in Italy,
Germany and Japan in between the Wars
• By Thursday (3.26) we should start looking
into the aggression that lead to WWII