Transcript chapter21 ppt-1x

21
Shadows over the Pacific: East
Asia Under Challenge
The Qing Empire
Decline of the Manchus
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In 1800, the Qing was at the height of its power.
-Peace and prosperity, secure borders, cultural accomplishments
-But peasant unrest, corruption, and royal incompetence existed
-Population growth was 400 million by 1900
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Opium and Rebellion
 West/Britain frustrated by limitation on trade
British desire for Chinese tea created a balance of payment problem
Solution- ship Indian opium to China
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•British problems with China
- The opium trade-Chinese became concerned and tried to negotiate
-Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu; 1785-1850), 1839, appealed to Queen
Victoria, then tried to impose penalties to smokers, arresting dealers,
and seizing supplies from importers (who tried to smuggle it in)
-He blockaded the foreign factory area in Canton to force traders to
hand over their remaining chests of opium, The British government
launched a naval attack to punish the Manchus and force the court to
open China to foreign trade.
•The Opium Wars (1839-1842)-demonstrated the superiority of
British firepower and military tactics.
- Treaty of Nanjing (1842)-opened 4 coastal ports, grant
extraterritorial rights to British citizens in China, pay to cover war
costs, and cede the island of Hong Kong
•Taiping (T’ai p’ing) Rebellion, 1853-1864) led by Hong Xiuquan
(Hung Hsiu-ch’uan), a Christian convert (Jesus's younger brother)
wanted to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace "
-Causes of the Rebellion
wanted to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace "
peasant unrest and decline in government services
-Results
Hong captured Nanjing in 1853, but rebellion finally put down 1864
British and French capture Beijing and burn summer palace
Treaty of Tainjin- more concessions by the Qing
Efforts at Reform
 Self-strengthening
Adoption of Western technology combined with
the retention of Confucian principles and
institutions or "East for Essence" and "West for
practical use"
 Proponents of more radical reform
 Wang Tao (Wang T’ao) (1828 – 1897)journalist argued that China needed a
government that understands its people and acts
on their behalf; her proposals were shut down
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Foreign Possessions and Spheres of
Influence About 1900
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The
Climax
of
Imperialism
Russia, France, and Britain penetrate China
Spheres of influence in China- Germany seized Shandong province in 1897
Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895-China was defeated (1894) over control of Korea
 Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu) and progressive Confucian scholar and Kang
Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei) launched the One Hundred Days of Reform 1898
 Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u Hsi), emperor's aunt along with other
conservatives crushed the reform
Opening the Door to China
 United States’ “Open Door” policy- would protect China's territorial integrity,
but would open Chinese markets to everyone
 Boxer Rebellion, 1900- led by members of secret society, frustrated by
drought, unemployment, foreign economic activities - attacked foreign
residents,
Opening the Door to China
United States’ “Open Door” policy- would protect China's territorial
integrity, but would open Chinese markets to everyone
Boxer Rebellion, 1900- led by members of secret society, frustrated by
drought, unemployment, foreign economic activities
- attacked foreign residents, besieged the foreign legation quarter in
Beijing
-the foreigners were rescued by an international expeditionary
force, and the Chinese government was forced to pay indemnity to
foreign governments who suppressed the uprising
Collapse of the Old Order
Empress Cixi, who was always against reform, now embraced a
number of new reforms
*Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905
*Civil service examination system was replaced by a new educational
system based on the Western model.
*Legislative assemblies established and elections for a national
assembly were held in 1910
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•Rising rural unrest
-Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans, miners, transportation workers
-Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) a young radical, formed the Revive China Society
-He united radical groups across China in the Revolutionary Alliance
-The alliance was based on "Three People’s Principles" of nationalism, democracy,
and people’s livelihood - he would start with a military take over and end with a
constitutional democracy
•Revolt of October, 1911
-General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-k’ai), was supposed to crush the rebellion, but
he changed sides, and became president of the new Chinese republic in 1912
•Revolution or collapse of the old order? Chinese middle class too small to implement
Sun Yat-sen's vision, so this was a collapse of the old order
Chinese Society in Transition
Obstacles to industrialization-Chinese economy in transition before West arrived
 Traditional methods of production-no uniform system of weights and
measurements, primitive banking system, few paved roads
 Little use of Western technology
 Rapid increase in the population led to smaller plots of land and tenant farmers
 Impact of imperialism on the economy-improved economy, introduced modern
means of production, transport, and communication
 Western presence accelerated Chinese development-improved economy, but
distorted local economic development since raw materials were taken out of the
country
 Daily life
 Changes in coastal cities; decline of Confucianism and adoption of Western
educational practices
 Increased Western cultural presence
 Education- based on western model
 Women-now worked in factories (cotton mills, silk industry)
-Qui Jin, wrote a manifesto calling for women's liberation and even organized a revolt
against the Manchu government, but was captured and executed in 1907
 Impact of missionaries-educational opportunities, girl schools opened
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A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan
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Isolation: Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan for two hundred years, limited contact
with China, Dutch, and Korea
Emergent commercial and manufacturing center- even though majority depended
on agriculture
Tokugawa feudalistic system falling apart
 Factionalism and corruption plaguing the central bureaucracy
An End to Isolation
 Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1853, arrived in Edo (Tokyo now) with a fleet
of 4 American warships asking for open relations between the 2 nations
-Treaty of Kanagawa was signed after battle, Japan return shipwrecked
American sailors , open two ports, and U.S. established consulate
 Townsend Harris, 1858, U.S. negotiated opening of more ports
 Sat-Cho alliance, 1863, attacked Western ships, but realized needed better
weapons; Rebel armies attacked shogun’s palace at Kyoto in 1868 and
proclaimed the authority of the emperor who had agreed to end cooperation
with the West; after few weeks resistance collapsed and shogunate system was
brought to an end
Meiji (enlighten rule) Restoration
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Transformation of Japanese Politics- realized Japan must modernize
to survive
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Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen the executive- new emperor
Meiji supported modernization
Charter Oath, 1868- promised to create a new deliberative assembly within the
imperial rule (samurai now known as genro-elder statesmen, dominated key
posts
Political parties develop-Liberal Party(favored Western liberal democratic
model) and the Progressive Party (favored distribution of power between the
legislative and executive branches)
Meiji Constitution of 1890-based on Bismark model, authority vested in
executive branch, males could vote
-members of cabinet were handpick by the Meiji oligarchs
-upper house of parliament was appointed and had equal rights as lower
house, called the Diet- members would be elected
-ideology of state was called the kokutai-national polity, Japanese system
unique and based upon supreme authority of the emperor
Meiji Economics
-Land reform- farmers given land, but had to pay high taxes
-Japan’s industrial revolution- stimulated by the government rather than rely on
foreign capital (major industries were silk, tea, weaponry, shipbuilding, and sake)
-Impact of changes on the rural population- many became tenants, or fled to city to
become cheap industrial labor
• Building a Modern Social structure- abolished hereditary rights, privileges of the
aristocracy, and legal restrictions of eta (slave class) -Military structure- was
modernized and became a route to upward mobility for males
• Education-adopted the American model of education, women for the first time were
receiving an education as well.
• Changing culture- western fashion became popular in elite circles, ministers
adopted western style of ballroom dancing, baseball introduced
• Civil Code, 1898- deemphasized individual rights and placed women within context
of their role in the family
Role of Women
By the end of 19th century, women's role in society began to change
-young girl were sent to work in textile mills
-from 1894-1912, women represented 60 percent of the Japanese labor
forces
-by 1914, Japan was the leading exporter of silk, thanks to women
-It wasn't until 1922, that women could join political organizations
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Japanese Overseas Expansion
During the Meiji Era
Joining the Imperialist Club
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Conflict with China- obtained suzerainty over the Ryukyu Islands
from China
Korea opens ports to Japan- pressured Korea to allow Japan to trade
 Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea- Japan supported the radical
faction that wanted to break loose from Chinese influence and
China supported the conservatives in the Korean court
 Treaty of Shimonoseki- peasant rebellion broke out in Korea in
1894, Japan and China supported the opposing sides- treaty ended
War, and Korea's independence was recognized by the Manchus
- China ceded Taiwan, Liaodong peninsula, and naval base at Port
Arthur to Japan
Russo-Japanese War, 1904- shocked the world by defeating the
Russians, gained Southern Sakhakin and the Kurile Islands
 Korea
annexed in 1908
Japanese Culture in Transition
Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists
from Europe and United States
 Japanese culture also influenced the West in arts and crafts,
porcelains, woodblock prints, and Japanese gardens
 Tokyo School of Fine Arts founded in 1889, to promote
traditional arts
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The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above
Some historians argue it was an incomplete revolution
because it did not end economic and social inequalities
 Others argue it did put Japan on a path of economic and
political development
 Most successful in industrial development
 A “conservative revolution”, non-violent, also traditional
elites did not maintain power, accomplished by Japanese
themselves
 Combination of kokutai and capitalism- fusion of modern
industrial capitalism with warrior/feudal ethic
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Discussion Questions
 How
did opium help the British force concessions
from the Chinese?
 What steps did the Chinese take to block European
domination of China? Why did these measures
fail?
 How did the presence of European powers in
China shape Chinese cultural development?
 Was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution”?