Transcript Document

Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Decline of the Qing
Dynasty
Section 2 Revolution in China
Section 3 Rise of Modern Japan
Chinese Emperors
Chapter Assessment
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Main Ideas
• Why does the Qing dynasty declined?
• Why do Western nations increased their
economic involvement with China? 
• extraterritoriality 
• sphere of influence 
• self-strengthening 
• indemnity
Causes of Decline
• In 1800 the Qing dynasty of the Manchus
was at the height of its power. 
• After more than a century of Western
humiliation and harassment, the Qing
dynasty collapsed in the early 1900s. 
• Internal changes also played a role in
the downfall of the Qing dynasty.
(pages 465–466)
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• It began to suffer from
corruption, peasant unrest,
and incompetence. 
• Rapid population growth–
400 million by 1900–
• The ships, guns, and ideas of foreigners
probably hastened the end of the Qing
Era.
(pages 465–466)
The Opium War
• In 1800 European merchants in China
were restricted to a trading outlet at
Guangzhou, or Canton. 
• The British were not happy with the
arrangement. 
(pages 466–467)
The Opium War (cont.)
• Negotiations to address the trade
imbalance failed, and Britain turned to
trading opium to address their economic
concerns. 
• Soon silver was flowing out of China to
Britain.
(pages 466–467)
The Opium War (cont.)
• The Chinese makes Opium illegal.
• China appeals to Britain to stop. Britain
refused to stop. 
• The Chinese government blockaded
Guangzhou to force the traders to
surrender their opium, and Britain
responded by starting the Opium War
(1839–1842).
The Opium War (cont.)
• The Treaty of Nanjing
(1842) opened five coastal ports in China
to British trade, limited taxes on imported
British goods, and gave the British the
island of Hong Kong. 
• The Chinese also agreed to pay for the
war. 
• The treaty did not mention opium.
(pages 466–467)
The Opium War (cont.)
• extraterritoriality 
• China now has an open door.
(pages 466–467)
The Tai Ping Rebellion
• Chinese government failed to handle its
economic problems, the Tai Ping
Rebellion, a peasant revolt, occurred from
1850 to 1864. 
• Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as the
younger brother of Jesus Christ. 
• He was convinced God had given him the
mission of destroying the Qing dynasty.
(pages 467–468)
The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.)
• The rebellion called for social
reforms that included giving
land to all peasants and
treating women as the equals
of men.
The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.)
• Hong’s rebellion called for people to give
up private possessions. 
• Land was to be held in common, and food
and money were to be shared equally. 
• Hong outlawed alcohol, tobacco, and foot
binding. 
The Tai Ping Rebellion (cont.)
• The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of
history’s most devastating civil wars. 
• As many as twenty million people died
in the 14-year struggle.
Traditional Chinese Music Link
Efforts at Reform (cont.)
• Reformers called for a new policy of “selfstrengthening” for the Qing dynasty. 
• This policy guided China for the next 25
years.
(pages 468–469)
Efforts at Reform (cont.)
• Some reformers wanted to introduce
democracy, but such an idea was too
radical for most. 
• Rather, China tried to modernize its
military and industrialize while retaining
the basic elements of Chinese civilization
and values.
(pages 468–469)
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• European states began to create spheres
of influence inside China. 
• In 1894 another matter weakened the
Qing. 
• China went to war with Japan over
Japanese inroads into Korea, and
Japan soundly defeated the Chinese.
(pages 469–470)
Opening the Door to China
• Great Britain and the United States feared
other nations would overrun China should
its government collapse. 
• In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state John
Hay proposed the Open Door Policy.
(pages 470–471)
The Boxer Rebellion
• The Open Door policy did not stop the
Boxer Rebellion, however. 
• Who are the
Boxers?
“destory the
foreigners”
(page 471)
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• The Empress Dowager Ci Xi
• She ruled China for almost 50 years.
(pages 469–470)
The Fall of the Qing
• After the Boxer Rebellion, China
desperately tried to reform. 
• Even the Empress Dowager now
embraced educational, administrative,
and legal reforms.
The Fall of the Qing
• After the Boxer Rebellion, China
desperately tried to reform. 
• Even the Empress Dowager now
embraced educational, administrative,
and legal reforms.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• Sun Yat-sen and his Revive
China Society, founded in the
1890s. 
• Long term goal democracy
(pages 473–475)
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
(pages 473–475)
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• The infant Henry Pu Yi now occupied the
throne. 
• In 1911… major turning point 
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• The events of 1911 did not produce a
new social and political order. 
(pages 473–475)
Chinese Society in Transition (cont.)
• Chinese society was already changing
in the mid-1800s. 
• commodities–
• Transportation was improving, and new
crops from abroad increased food
production.
(pages 476–477)
An End to Isolation
• By 1800, the Tokugawa shogunate had
ruled the Japanese islands for two
hundred years. 
• The country was virtually isolated from
foreigners. 
• Foreign ships were driven away, and
the little foreign trading was done only
through Nagasaki.
(pages 479–480)
An End to Isolation (cont.)
• Western powers approached Japan in the
hope of opening it up to their economic
interests. 
• The United States was the first foreign
country to succeed with Japan. 
• In 1853, four warships under Commodore
Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (now
Tokyo Bay).
(pages 479–480)
An End to Isolation (cont.)
• Perry carried a letter from President
Millard Fillmore, asking to open relations
between the two countries. 
• Some shogunate officials argued against
contact and others recommended
concessions, or political compromises. 
• The shogunate’s response was ultimately
dictated by the guns of Perry’s ships when
he returned for an answer with a larger
fleet.
(pages 479–480)
An End to Isolation (cont.)
• Under military pressure Japan agreed to
the Treaty of Kanagawa. 
• It provided for the return of American
shipwrecked sailors, who previously
were treated as criminals, the opening
of two ports to Western traders, and
the establishment of a U.S. consulate
in Japan.
(pages 479–480)
Resistance to the New Order
• Resistance to this change in relations with
the West was especially strong among the
samurai warriors in the territories of
Satsuma and Choshu. 
• In 1863, the Sat-Cho alliance forced the
shogun to promise to end relations with
the West.
(page 480)
Resistance to the New Order (cont.)
• The Sat-Cho rebels were convinced they
needed to strengthen their military after
losing an exchange with Western ships. 
• They also demanded that the shogun
resign and restore the power of the
emperor. 
• Sat-Cho armies attacked the shogun’s
palace in Kyoto in 1868. 
• They declared the emperor restored. 
• The shogun’s forces and the shogunate
soon collapsed.
(page 480)
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The young emperor Mutsuhito called his
reign the Meiji, or “Enlightened Rule.” 
• This period is known as the Meiji
Restoration. 
• Mutsuhito was controlled by the Sat-Cho
leaders, and the capital was moved to
their location, Edo (now Tokyo).
(pages 480–484)
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The Meiji reformers set
out to create a Westernstyle political system. 
• A commission under Ito
Hirobumi traveled
to Great Britain, France,
Germany, and
the United States to
study their
governments. 
(pages 480–484)
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• Real executive authority lay not with the
emperor but with the prime minister and
his cabinet ministers, handpicked by the
Meiji leaders. 
• Further, the upper house included royal
appointments and elected nobles. 
• The government was democratic in form
but authoritarian in practice. 
• The traditional ruling class kept its
influence and economic power.
(pages 480–484)
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The Meiji reformers transformed other
institutions, especially the military. 
• In 1871, a new army based on
compulsory military service was formed. 
• All men served for three years.
(pages 480–484)