Transcript 08GWH Chapter 22

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Decline of the
Qing Dynasty
Section 2: Revolution in China
Section 3: Rise of Modern Japan
Visual Summary
In what ways can one
culture influence another?
During the Meiji Restoration, the imperial
court was moved to the shogun’s palace
in Edo (now Tokyo). The palace was
eventually replaced with the Japanese
Imperial Palace, which houses the
emperor and his family today. It has been
rebuilt many times because of fires and
war. It has been restored using traditional
Japanese architecture. In this chapter you
will learn how Japan emerged as an
industrial society.
• What elements of traditional Japanese
culture were affected by ideas of
Western civilization?
• How has Japanese culture influenced
life in the United States?
The Decline of the Qing
Dynasty
What factors led to the
decline of China’s Qing
dynasty?
Revolution in China
How did China change as a
result of revolution and
Western Influence?
Rise of Modern Japan
How did Western
technology lead to Japan’s
modernization?
The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries As the Qing dynasty
declined, Western nations increased their economic
involvement with China.
Content Vocabulary
• extraterritoriality
• Open Door policy
• self-strengthening
• indemnity
• spheres of influence
Academic Vocabulary
• highlighted
• exclusive
People and Places
• Guangzhou
• Chang Jiang
• Hong Kong
• Hong Xiuquan
• Guang Xu
• Empress Dowager Ci Xi
• John Hay
Can a country close its borders to all
trade and still be successful?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
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B
A
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Causes of Decline
Pressure from the West and corruption,
government incompetence, and
peasant unrest from within led to the
decline of the Qing dynasty.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• Western powers wanted China to loosen
trade restrictions that limited trade to the port
at Guangzhou.
• To compensate for Britain’s unfavorable trade
balance, the British began trading opium.
Opium Imported Into China
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• The Chinese retaliated with a blockade on
Guangzhou, sparking the Opium War.
• The British navy quickly defeated the
Chinese by sailing up the Chang Jiang to
Nanjing.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese
agreed to:
– Open five coastal ports
– Limit taxes on British imports
– Pay for the cost of the war
– Give Hong Kong to Great Britain
– Allow Westerners living in China the right
of extraterritoriality
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• The Qing dynasty began to suffer from
corruption, peasant unrest, and
incompetence. Population growth created a
food shortage and many people died of
starvation.
• Hong Xiuquan led a peasant revolt called
the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850–1864).
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• The rebellion called for social reforms, such
as giving land to peasants and making
women equal to men.
• Europeans helped the Qing dynasty defeat
the Tai Ping when they saw how destructive
the Tai Ping forces were.
• The Tai Ping rebellion was one of the most
devastating civil wars in history, during which
as many as 20 million people died.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
• The Qing dynasty was in decline and called
for reforms under a new policy called “selfstrengthening.”
• The Chinese government wanted to adopt
Western technology but keep Confucian
values. It modernized the military and built
up industries while keeping the culture.
In retaliation to the unequal trade
imbalance, what did the British begin
to sell to the Chinese?
A. Opium
B. Silk
C. Tea
D. Silver
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A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
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C
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D
The Advance of Imperialism
Western nations and Japan set up
spheres of influence in China to gain
exclusive trading rights.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• Between 1886 and 1985, France, Russia,
and Great Britain seized land throughout
East Asia.
• European states began creating spheres of
influence throughout China’s heartland by
negotiating with warlords for exclusive
trading rights and railroad and mining
privileges.
Spheres of Influence in China, 1900
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• The Chinese lost control of many territories:
– Russia forced China to give up territories
in Siberia.
– Tibet became independent from Chinese
influence.
– The Japanese gained the island of Taiwan.
– Germany demanded territories in the
Shandong Peninsula.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• The emperor Guang Xu called for One
Hundred Days of Reform. Guang Xu wanted
to base the Chinese government, education
system, and military on Western models.
• Many conservatives opposed the reforms,
including Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who
became a dominant force at court.
• Ci Xi and the imperial army imprisoned the
emperor and exiled, prosecuted, or
imprisoned supporters of the reforms.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
• The reforms were met with limited support
because of the following weaknesses:
– Damaged careers of many scholars
– Neglected agriculture
– Focused too heavily on the elite classes
– Could not end foreign influence
Which is not a reason that Guang Xu’s
reform policies were not supported by
Chinese society?
A. Agriculture was neglected.
0%
D
A
D. Scholars were given too
much power.
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A
B
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C
C. Reforms could not end
foreign influence.
A.
B.
C.
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B
B. Reforms were focused too
heavily on the elite.
Responses to Imperialism
The United States proposed an Open
Door policy to guarantee it would have
equal trading rights with European
countries in China.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
• In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state, John
Hay, wrote notes to Britain, Russia,
Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking
each country to respect equal trading rights
in China.
• There was no opposition to Hay’s
proposal, leading to establishment of the
Open Door policy.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
• The Open Door policy reduced trade
restrictions and foreign influences.
• The policy also eased fears throughout the
Western nations that one country would obtain
overwhelming influence throughout China.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
• A secret organization called the Society of
Harmonious Fists formed in opposition to
foreign influence in China and initiated the
Boxer Rebellion.
• The Boxers began killing foreigners,
including Western businessmen, and
Christian missionaries and converts.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
• An allied army formed in retaliation and
crushed the rebellion and demanded more
concessions from the Chinese government,
including a heavy indemnity.
What is an indemnity?
A. A payment for damages
B. A trade restriction
C. Land won in a war
D. A legal fine
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A.
B.
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The BIG Idea
Self-Determination Reforms led to a revolution in
China, and the arrival of Westerners brought changes
to its culture and economy.
Content Vocabulary
• provincial
• commodities
Academic Vocabulary
• phase
• motive
People and Places
• Sun Yat-sen
• Henry Pu Yi
• General Yuan Shigai
• Shanghai
• Wuhan
A government needs to change as
society progresses.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
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B
A
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The Fall of the Qing
Sun Yat-sen led a successful
revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but
he was unable to establish a stable
government.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• After the Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager
Ci Xi implemented numerous reforms in an
attempt to hold onto power, including the
formation of legislative assemblies at the
provincial level.
• Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing dynasty
could no longer govern China.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China
Society and a three-stage reform process:
– Military takeover
– Transitional phase preparing people for
democracy
– Establishment of a constitutional
democracy
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• After the death of the Empress, the infant
Henry Pu Yi became China’s last emperor.
• In 1911, the followers of Sun Yat-sen
revolted and the Qing dynasty collapsed.
Fall of the Qing Empire
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• The Nationalist party lacked political and
military power and was forced to allow
General Yuan Shigai, a member of the old
order, to serve as president.
• Yuan did not have much support. The
reformers did not like his traditional,
dictatorial manner of ruling and supporters of
the Qing dynasty viewed him as a traitor.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
• Yuan dissolved the parliament, sparking a
rebellion led by the Nationalists. The
Nationalists fled to Japan after the rebellion
failed.
• After Yuan’s death, China experienced
several years of civil war.
Why was General Yuan Shigai chosen
to be the new president?
A. He was the leader of the
Nationalist party.
D. He was elected by the people.
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D
A
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D
C
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A
C. He supported the
Qing dynasty.
A.
B.
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C.
D.
B
B. He controlled the army.
Cultural Changes
Western culture had a dramatic effect
on many Chinese people, especially
those living in cities.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
• Western culture in China was most evident
in the cities, where a national market for
commodities such as oil, salt, copper, tea,
and porcelain appeared.
• Westernization affected China in three ways:
– Introduced modern means of transportation
– Created an export market
– Integrated the Chinese market into the world
market
Cultural Changes (cont.)
• Imperialism also had negative effects.
– China depended on the West.
– Many Chinese were exploited, and local
industries were destroyed.
– Profits went to foreign countries rather
than to the Chinese economy.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
• After World War I, foreign investment drawn
out of China, enabling Chinese
businesspeople to develop new ventures.
• Modern cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan,
Tianjin and Guangzhou became major
industrial and commercial centers.
• In the rural areas, life remained largely
unchanged. Traditional jobs and family roles
remained the same.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
• The cities experienced the most change,
with Western cultural influence at it strongest
and Confucian social ideas on the decline.
• The culture began to truly change when
intellectuals introduced Western books, art,
music, and ideas to China.
• Conservatives remained loyal to traditional
culture, clashing with radical reformers who
wanted it eliminated.
What event gave the Chinese a chance to
develop modern businesses?
A. World War I
B. World War II
C. Shanghai Rebellion
D. Revival of Confucianism
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A.
B.
C.
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The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries Western intervention
opened Japan to trade, and the interaction between
Japan and Western nations led to a modern industrial
Japanese society.
Content Vocabulary
• concessions
• prefectures
Academic Vocabulary
• subsidy
• context
People and Places
• Matthew Perry
• Edo Bay
• Millard Fillmore
• Kyōto
• Mutsuhito
• Edo
• Ito Hirobumi
• Port Arthur
Countries benefit from trade with one
another.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
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B
A
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Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure
Under military pressure from the
United States, Japan signed the Treaty
of Kanagawa, which opened two ports
to Western trade.
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
• Ruling for 200 years, the Tokugawa
shogunate kept relations with outside
countries at a minimum and carried on a
policy of isolationism.
• Western nations wanted Japan to open their
ports to trade.
• U.S. President Millard Fillmore sent
Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
• Concessions were made by shogunate
officials, and they signed the Treaty of
Kanagawa with the United States.
• The Treaty approved:
– The return of shipwrecked American sailors
– The opening of two ports to Western traders
– The establishment of a U.S. diplomat
in Japan
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
• Other European nations forced Japan to sign
similar treaties.
• A group of samurai warriors called the
Sat-Cho opposed opening foreign relations
with the West and forced the shogun to
promise to end foreign relations.
• The Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace
at Kyōto, resulting in the collapse of the
shogunate system and the beginning of the
Meiji Restoration.
Why did Japanese leaders agree to
sign the Treaty of Kanagawa?
A. They wanted U.S. products.
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D
C
D. They wanted foreign
relations with the West.
A
C. They wanted to overthrow
the shogun.
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
B
B. They were afraid of
U.S. guns.
The Meiji Restoration
The Meiji government attempted to
modernize Japan’s political, economic,
and social structures.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The young emperor, Mutsuhito, called his
reign the Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.”
• The Sat-Cho held the real power and moved
the capital from Kyōto to Edo.
• The new leaders stripped the daimyo of their
land and created prefectures.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• Ito Hirobumi led a commission that traveled
to many Western countries to study their
governments.
• The result was a political system modeled
after Imperial Germany. It was democratic in
form, but authoritarian in practice.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The Meiji implemented a land reform that
gave land to the peasants. Because of bad
harvests, many peasants could not pay their
taxes and became tenant farmers.
• The government used the land-tax revenues
to promote industry. The revenue went
toward struggling industries and to improving
transportation and communication.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• A new imperial army with modern weapons
was created that was based on required
military service.
• A new educational system, based on the
American model, was created, and foreign
specialists were brought to Japan to teach.
• Western fashion and culture became
popular, and women gained more rights.
Which of the following is not a social change
resulting from Meiji modernization?
A. Women gained more rights.
B. Traditional values were
replaced with capitalism.
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D
A
B
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A
D. People began wearing
Western-style clothes.
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
C. Laborers faced harsh
working conditions in
some industries.
Joining the Imperialists
By the early 1900s, Japan
strengthened its military and started
building an empire.
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
• The Japanese needed raw materials and
wanted to expand by obtaining colonies, as
the Europeans had done.
• Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands,
which belonged to the Chinese Empire.
• The Japanese next forced the Koreans to
open their ports to Japanese trade.
Japanese Expansion
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
• China and Japan went to war over influence
in Korea. Japan won, resulting in Korea’s
independence.
• China also ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong
Peninsula to Japan.
• Japan led a successful surprise attack on
the Russian naval base at Port Arthur.
• The Japanese navy defeated the
Russian fleet.
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
• The Russo-Japanese War made Japan one
of the world’s great military powers.
• The United States recognized Japan’s role in
Korean affairs, and, in return, the Japanese
recognized the U.S. role in the Philippines.
• Some Americans began to fear the rise of
Japanese power. In 1907 President
Theodore Roosevelt stopped Japanese
immigration into the United States.
Significance of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
Which event made it clear that Japan
was one of the world’s great powers?
A. Russo-Japanese War
B. Communist Revolution
C. Meiji Revolt
D. Korean War
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A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
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C
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D
Culture in an Era of Transition
The culture of Western nations greatly
influenced Japanese traditional culture.
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
• From literature to architecture, the Japanese
modeled Western styles and techniques.
• Western technology strongly influenced
traditional Japanese culture:
– Japanese authors began translating
Western novels.
– Writers began to imitate Western styles,
such as Realism.
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
– The Japanese invited technicians,
engineers, architects, and artists from
Europe and the United States to teach
modern skills in Japan.
• The Japanese also influenced other cultures.
– Japanese arts and crafts, including
porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens,
and woodblock prints, became popular
throughout Europe.
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
– Japanese gardens became popular in the
United States.
• By the end of the nineteenth century, many
Japanese began a return to Japanese
traditions.
What aspect of Japanese culture
became popular in the U.S.?
A. Japanese music
B. Japanese clothing
C. Japanese
education system
D. Japanese gardens
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A
A.
B.
C.
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D.
B
A
B
C
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D
C
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D
IMPERIALISM in China
• The Qing dynasty began to decline due to
pressure from the West and internal corruption.
• Western nations and Japan created spheres of
influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.
• In order to secure its own trading rights, the
United States proposed
an Open Door
trading policy.
REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION
in China
• After China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a
rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty.
• Lacking military and
political strength, Sun
was unable to establish
a stable government.
• European traders brought
new ideas to China that
changed the lives of
many Chinese.
TRADE AND IMPERIALISM of Japan
• After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan
opened two ports for Western trade.
• The Meiji government tried to modernize its
political, economic, and social structure.
• Japan built up its military and began expanding
its territory.
• Western ideas and
technology influenced
Japanese culture.
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extraterritoriality
living in a section of a country set
aside for foreigners but not subject to
the host country’s laws
self-strengthening
a policy promoted by reformers
toward the end of the Qing dynasty
under which China would adopt
Western technology while keeping its
Confucian values and institutions
spheres of influence
areas in which foreign powers have
been granted exclusive rights and
privileges, such as trading rights and
mining privileges
Open Door policy
a policy, proposed by U.S. secretary
of state John Hay in 1899, that stated
that all powers with spheres of
influence in China would respect
equal trading opportunities with China
and not set tariffs giving an unfair
advantage to the citizens of their own
country
indemnity
payment for damages
highlighted
centered attention on
exclusive
limited to a single individual or group
provincial
local; of or relating to a province
commodity
a marketable product
phase
a part in the development cycle
motive
a reason to take action
concession
a political compromise
prefecture
in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a
territory governed by its former
daimyo lord
subsidy
government payment to encourage or
protect a certain economic activity
context
the circumstances surrounding a
situation or event
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