Transcript Transformations Around the Globe

Transformations Around the
Globe
1800-1914
Ch 28
China Resists Outside Influence
Sec 1
Chinese Resistance to the West
• Out of cultural pride, the Chinese looked down
on all foreigners
• In 1793, the Qing emperor agreed to receive an
ambassador from England
• The Englishman brought all kinds of gifts like
clocks, musical instruments and even a hot-air
balloon but the emperor was not interested
• The Chinese had everything they needed
Chinese Self-sufficiency
• China was able to reject the west because
they were largely self-sufficient
• China’s agricultural economy was healthy
enough to feed their large population
– Quick growing strains of rice grew throughout
the southern part of the country
– Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced
by the Spanish and Portuguese increased
productivity of the land
Other Resources
• Other resources included an extensive
mining and manufacturing industry
• Salt, tin, silver and iron mines produced
great quantities of ore
• The Chinese also produced beautiful silks,
cotton, and fine porcelain
Opium
• Because of their self-sufficiency, the
Chinese had little interest in trading with the
West
• European merchants who had been looking
for a product to sell the Chinese began
selling opium, a highly addictive drug made
from the poppy plant
Where is most of the opium in
the world grown today?
Opium
• Chinese doctors had been using opium to
relieve pain for hundreds of years
• In the late 1700s English merchants began
smuggling the drug in for nonmedical use
• By 1835, there were as many as 12 million
Chinese people addicted to opium
The Opium War
• The Qing emperor pleaded with Queen
Victoria to stop the opium trade but Britain
refused
• The Opium War- conflict between Britain
and China lasting from 1839-1842 over
Britain’s opium trade in China
Effects of Opium War
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Humiliating defeat for the Chinese
Treaty if Nanjing
Britain gained the island of Hong Kong
Extraterritorial Rights- foreigners were
not subject to Chinese law at 5 Chinese
ports
Internal Problems
• Population- by 1850, China had 430
million people
• Food production- not keeping up with
population growth
• Opium addiction grew as problems
increased
• People began to challenge the Qing
Dynasty
The Taiping Rebellion
• Taiping Rebellion- mid 19th century
rebellion against the Qing Dynasty
• The rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan
• Hong raised an army of nearly 1 million and
took control of large parts of southeastern
China before the rebellion failed
• 20-40 million people were killed
Sphere of Influence
• As China weakened many foreign nations
took advantage and attacked
• After each conflict treaties gave more
economic control to each nation
• Sphere of Influence- area in which a
foreign nation controls trade and investment
Map
Open Door Policy
• The US was afraid that other countries
would soon divide China into formal
colonies and they would be left out
• Open Door Policy- policy proposed by the
US in 1899 under which all nations would
have an equal chance to trade
Rise of Chinese Nationalism
• Humiliated by their losses, many Chinese
pressed for strong reforms
• Qing officials saw this as a threat to their
power and reversed any reforms
Boxer Rebellion
• Boxer Rebellion- a 1900 revolt in China,
nationalist movement aimed at ending
foreign influence in the country
• Poor peasants and workers resented the
special privileges given to foreigners
• Secret group called the Society of
Righteous and Harmonious Fists or Boxers
Boxer Rebellion
• In the Spring of 1900 the Boxers descended
on Beijing shouting “Death to foreign
devils”
• The surrounded the European section of the
city for several months but were eventually
defeated by an multinational force
Effects of the Boxer Rebellion
• The rebellion failed but a strong sense of
nationalism grew amongst the people in
China
• The government finally realized they
needed to reform
Modernization in Japan
Sec 2
What was the Japanese feudal
system?
Background
• In the early 17th century Japan shut itself
off completely from other nations
• Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns,
society was very tightly ordered
• Shogun parceled out land to daimyos
• Peasants worked for and lived under the
protection of the daimyo and his samurais
Demand for Foreign Trade
• Like China, Japan repeatedly refused to trade with
the West
• In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry took 4
ships into Tokyo Harbor
• Perry brought a letter from President Fillmore,
politely asking for trade with Japan
• Perry said he would be back in a year with a
larger fleet for the reply
Perry’s Ships
Treaty of Kanagawa
• Treaty of Kanagawa- opened two Japanese
ports to the US in 1854
• Important because it opened the door for
other countries as well
Meiji Restoration
• Meiji Restoration- period of modernization
and industrialization in Japan
• The Meiji Emperor realized that the best
way to counter western influence was to
modernize
• The Japanese then chose what they thought
to be the best that Western civilization had
to offer and adapted it to their own country
Germany
• From Germany, the Japanese took their
strong centralized government and strong
army
• Used the German constitution as a model
for their own
Britain
• From Britain the Japanese imitated the skill
of their navy
United States
• From the United States the Japanese
imitated the public education system
• Teachings included foreign experts
• Students also went abroad to study
Industrialization
• Japanese economy quickly became as
modern as any in the West
• Built thousands of miles of railroads
• Coal production
• Large state supported companies built
thousands of factories
What is the geography of Japan
like?
Imperial Japan
• As Japan grew more powerful, their feeling
of strength and equality with Western
nations grew
• As they grew stronger they became more
imperialistic
Sino-Japanese War
• In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports
for trade
• In 1894, China sent troops to Korea to stop
a rebellion
• Japan saw this as a threat and attacked
China
Effects of the Sino-Japanese War
• The Sino-Japanese War gave Japan a
foothold in Manchuria and its first
colonies
• Japan emerge as a major power in East
Asia
Why do you think modern China
is an ally with North Korea?
Russo-Japanese War
• 2 majors powers in East Asia were Russia
and Japan
• They both competed over resources in
Manchuria
• When the Russians refused to stay out of
Korea the Japanese launched a surprise
attack on the Russian fleet
Port Arthur
Effects of the Russo-Japanese War
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Russian fleet was destroyed
Japan gained more territory
Humiliating defeat for Russia
Russian Revolution
Occupation of Korea
Occupation of Korea
• Japan grabbed more and more power in Korea
until they finally annexed it in 1907
• Brutal rulers
• Shut down Korean newspapers and schools
• Replaced Korean studies with Japanese history
• Took land from Koreans to give to Japanese
settlers
• Forbid Koreans to go into business
Why was the Russo-Japanese war so
surprising to the rest of the world?
What are the long term effects of
the Meiji Restoration?
US Economic Imperialism
Sec 3
Warm Up:
How did the Meiji Restoration
lead to Japanese imperialism?
Latin America after Independence
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New nations were in shambles
Cities were destroyed
Farms had been neglected
Political independence meant little for most
Latin Americans
Colonial Legacy
• Rich got richer, poor got poorer
• Rich landowners controlled all the land
• Many army leaders that led the
independence movement continued to assert
their power
• Caudillos- military dictators
Caudillos
• Faced little opposition
• No experience with democracy
Economy
• Latin American economies grew as
technology developed
– Refrigeration
• Foreign nations benefited far more from
trade than Latin America did
• Remained largely unindustrialized
Outside Investment
• Latin American nations did not use their
export money to build roads, hospitals, or
schools
• Often borrowed money with high interest
rates to fund their export facilities
• When they couldn’t pay foreign companies
took over the industries
Monroe Doctrine
• Monroe Doctrine- document issued by
James Monroe stating that Latin America is
not to be considered as subjects for
colonization
• Warning for Europe to stay out of the
Americas
Spanish-American War
• Spanish American War- 1898 war in
which the United States gained the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Cuba
from Spain
Panama Canal
• Panama was a province of Colombia
• When Colombia refused to sell the canal
zone, the US supported a revolution in
Panama
• The Panamanians won their independence
and gave a 10 mile wide strip of the country
to the US in gratitude
Panama Canal
• Panama Canalallows sea transport
between the Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean,
opened in 1914
Importance of the Canal
• Latin America became a crossroads of the
world
• United States controlled the tollgate
Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt Corollary- gave the United
States the right to be an international police
power
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Santa Anna
• During the 1800s,
Mexican politics was
dominated by Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna
Texas
• In the 1820s, Mexico encourage Americans
to move into Texas
• In 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged
Texans to revolt after Mexico would not
grant them greater self-government
• Texas gained independence after the Alamo
and Sam Houston’s victory at the Battle of
San Jacinto
Benito Juarez
• After the fall of Santa
Anna, social reformer,
Benito Juarez came
to power
• La Reforma- Juarez’s
plan to redistribute
land and increase
education for the poor
Porfirio Diaz
• After Juarez’s death in
1872, a new caudillo,
Porfirio Diaz came to
power and essentially
ended the reforms
Revolution
• In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to
protest Diaz’s harsh rule
• Mexico’s revolution began in different parts
of Mexico
• Leaders like Francisco Madero supported
democratic reforms
Pancho Villa
• In northern Mexico,
Panco Villa used his
private army to lead
Robin Hood style
attacks against the rich
giving their money to
the poor
Emiliano Zapata
• In southern Mexico,
Emiliano Zapata,
raised a powerful
army to return land to
peasants and small
farmers