Transcript 20th Century World

Chapter 1
The Rise of Industry
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Began in Britain
◦ Causes
 Improvements in Agriculture
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Fed more people more cheaply
Better nutrition
Longer life span
Larger population
Surplus labor
◦ Increase in National Wealth
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Expanding trade
Money available for investment
Central bank
Flexible credit
People ready to invest
◦ Other Resources
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Small country- short distances to travel
Rivers, canals
New roads and bridges
Industrial centers linked
Lots of coal
◦ Foreign Markets
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Vast colonial empire
Colonies supplied raw materials
Well-developed merchant marine
Goods cheaply produced for overseas markets
◦ New Methods of Producing Goods
 Inventions for the textile industry (ex.: cotton
industry)
 Flying shuttle
 Spinning jenny
 Power loom steam engine
- By 1850 Britain was #1 in industry and a very rich nation
Spinning
Jenny
Power
Loom
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The Industrial Revolution spread to other
countries in the 19th century
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Belgium
France
Germany
The United States
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These nations borrowed ideas from Great
Britain, although Britain tried to prevent this
The other nations moved slowly at first
Governments in Europe backed this new
venture by setting up technical schools,
improving transportation, and encouraging
inventors and investments
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Began to develop industry after the War of
1812 when we were cut off from British
manufactured goods
We began shifting from an agrarian society to
an urban one
U. S. borrowed ideas from Britain, then began
to surpass Britain in inventions
◦ Ex.: Interchangeable parts
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U.S.
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Revolutionized production
Reduced the need for as much skilled labor
Reduced costs of production
Built railroads, roads, and canals
Had resources: cash, coal, labor, and markets
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A second wave of discoveries began in the
mid to late 19th century
◦ Steel replaced iron
◦ Electricity came into use and led to other inventions
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Light bulb – Edison
Telephone – Bell
Radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901 – Marconi
Streetcars
Subway
◦ Conveyor belts
◦ Cranes
◦ Internal combustion engine
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Cars, trucks, tractors using petroleum
Naval ships
Airplane
Zeppelin airship
_ The growth of production depended on the growth of
markets and competition
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To protect home industries, some countries
used the protective tariff
To cut costs and to increase profits,
industrialists became interested in efficiency
◦ Assembly lines
◦ Interchangeable parts
◦ Precision tools
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Between 1870 and 1914 Germany replaced
Britain as the industrial leader of Europe
Tensions arose in Europe when Germany
began taking a greater share of the world’s
trade
Two economic zones were created:
◦ Industrialized nations
◦ Non-industrialized nations
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Goods produced for the masses
Education and health services for the masses
Newspapers, magazines libraries for the
masses that helped to shape opinions
Problems: overcrowding, disease, bad
sanitation, and crime
Governments saw the need for city planning
and rules to live by
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Top 5%
Controlled 30-40% of the wealth
Landed elites ( aristocrats )
Upper middle class ( bankers and merchants )
1850s – aristocrats were 73% of Britain’s
millionaires
◦ 1900 – that number was reduced to 2% ( more
money was in the hands of the upper middle class )
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Middle Class
◦ Really the middle-middle class and lower middle
class
 Lawyers, doctors, civil servants, some merchants and
industrialists, engineers, architects, accountants, and
chemists (middle-middle, comfortable living)
 Tradesmen, small shopkeepers, small-scale
manufacturers, well-to-do peasants, those involved
with goods and services, traveling salesmen,
bookkeepers, telephone operators and secretaries
(lower middle class )
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Working Class
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80% of European population
Agricultural workers
Landholding peasants
Some skilled artisans
Unskilled laborers
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Women entered the work force
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Unskilled laborers
Secretaries
Clerks
Telephone operators
Sales clerks
- Women also received education and their legal
rights increased
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Still most women stayed at home ( upper and
middle classes )
Changes in women’s status led to Europe’s
first feminist movement and also one in the
United States
◦ French Revolution advocated equality for women
◦ Right to vote for most women didn’t occur until
World War I or after
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Liberalism
◦ People should be as free from restraint as possible
◦ Applied to politics and economics
◦ Supported constitutional monarchy or a
constitutional state with limits on powers of
government
◦ Not necessarily for equal rights
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Nationalism
◦ People of the same ethnic background or nationality
should have their own nation-state with selfdetermination
◦ Had a major effect on Europe in the 19th and 20th
centuries and helped cause World War I
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Socialism
◦ Karl Marx
◦ Proletariat (workers) will rise up and take over the
means of production (factories)
◦ No private property
◦ Classless society
◦ Each person will get what he/she needs
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Unification of Italy in 1870
Unification of Germany in 1871
Formation of Austria-Hungary from the
Hapsburg Empire in 1867
Unrest in Russia
◦ New ideas, political or otherwise, plus the industrial
revolution had little effect on Russia in the 19th
century
◦ Russian Revolution and the advent of Communism
in 1917
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Russia
Rural and poor
Agricultural
Absolute ruler – the Tsar
Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in 1861 (
for his own hidden agenda )
◦ Serfs remained poor and periodically rebelled;
rebellions were brutally squelched
◦ Intellectuals tried to organize peasants but were not
effective
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◦ Intellectuals turned to terrorism and assassinated
Tsar Alexander II
◦ Tsar Alexander III returned to old brutal treatment
of peasants
◦ Tsar Alexander III died in 1894 and was succeeded
by his son, Nicholas II
◦ Nicholas was weak, ineffective, and promised
reform
◦ Reforms did not come
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Countries of Latin America worked to throw
off their colonial rulers so they could gain
rights and privileges
Tended to replace colonial rule with powerful
elites who looked after themselves and others
of their class
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New ideas, new ways of viewing life
challenged the old tried and true beliefs of
the 19th century
◦ Albert Einstein brought about changes in Physics
with his Theory of Relativity
◦ Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and
defined personality and its parts
◦ Emile Zola in literature expressed naturalism
showing life as it was
◦ Charles Darwin and his Theory of Evolution
◦ Frank Lloyd Wright used geometric lines in his
designs for houses
◦ Louis H. Sullivan introduced skyscrapers using
reinforced concrete, steel skeletons, and the Otis
elevator
◦ Arnold Schoenberg created atonal music
◦ In art there were realists vs. the symbolists
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By the end of the 19th century many of the
traditional ways of governing, manufacturing,
transporting of people and goods, and
thinking were all changing
These radical new ideas helped to create a
new culture for the 20th century