Transcript why-england-presentation

Why the Industrial Revolution
Started in Great Britain
1760 AD – 1840 AD in England
1800s-1900s in France and Germany
1840s -1920s in United States
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
How did the world go from this?
To This ?
SO WHY ENGLAND?
REASON # 1
Agricultural Revolution
 More FOOD was available.
 Food production increased over 60% during the 1700s; twice
the rate between the 1500s and 1700s.
 Introduction of new crops, Columbian Exchange, from the New
World.
 English farmers began to raise potatoes which proved cheap
and nourishing.
 Other new crops indirectly benefitted humans as they
improved animal feed: corn, buckwheat, carrots and cabbage.
 This new animal feed produced larger quantities of better
tasting meat and milk.
Charles Townshend-Crop Rotation
• Charles 'Turnip' Townshend
• He popularised new techniques and proved that they were more profitable.
• He introduced the Norfolk Four-Course Crop Rotation (wheat, turnips, barley,
clover) to Britain.
• Turnips were used as a cleansing crop to allow the land to be hoed to kill the
weeds, and clover was grown to replace the nutrients in the soil that the crops
had depleted.
• This rotation prevented land from lying fallow and both turnips and clover were
fodder crops, which could be fed to animals to allow more of them to survive cold
winters.
• Used a method called marling, which mixed rich subsoil with a poorer sandy soil
to produce better quality crops and increasingly more profit.
• Gave his tenant farmers longer leases to encourage them to invest more money
to experiment with new ideas and improving their land.
Planting Crops Before The Seed Drill
The First Seed Drill
Additional Machines
 Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull
 Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold
 Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American
Cyrus McCormic (1834)
 Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837)
 Thresher – separated grain from stalk
 Harvester – cut and bind grain
 Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain
 Tractor – pulled equipment through the field
 Corn planter
 Potato digger
 Electric milker
 Cotton picker
Selective Breeding?
•Some farmers such as Robert Bakewell and the Culley brothers
•This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest of their
•cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate.
•You can tell how successful they were:
•In 1710 the average weight for cattle was
•168 Kg by 1795 - it was 363 Kg
Enclosure Movement
• By the late eighteenth century enclosures were becoming very
common in Great Britain.
• Enclosure simply meant joining the strips of the open fields to make
larger compact units of land.
• These units were then fenced or hedged off from the next person’s
land.
• This meant that a farmer had his land together in one farm rather
than in scattered strips.
• The farmer now had a greater amount of independence.
• This was not a new idea
• Enclosures had been around since Tudor times, but increased
dramatically in the 1700s because they made it easier for farmers to
try out new ideas.
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System
ADVANTAGES
• All villagers worked
together
• All the land was shared
out
• Everyone helped each
other
• Everyone had land to
grow food
• For centuries enough
food had been grown
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System
DISADVANTAGES
•Strips in
different fields
•Fallow land
•Waste of time
•Waste of land
•Common land
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Agricultural production
increased
Cost of foodstuffs
dropped
Increased production of
food resulted in part, in a
rapid growth of
population
Large farms, using
machines and scientific
methods, began to
dominate agriculture
Number of small farms
began to decline
6.
The number of farmers,
in proportion to total
population, decreased
sharply
7. Many farmers moved to
the cities
8. The population of cities
increased rapidly
9. Farmers found their work
less difficult because
machines performed the
back breaking labor
10. Farming changed from a
self-sufficient way of life
to big business
REASON 2
WEALTH
 Aristocracy and middle class had grown wealthy from
overseas trading and large-scale farming.
 Now wealth individuals had capital, or money, to
invest in new industries.
 Parliament encouraged investments in new
businesses by passing laws to help growing
businesses.
Banking and Capital
• Britain had a ready supply of capital for investment
– Britain excelled at banking
– Had flexible credit facilities because they used paper
money for transactions
• Parliament was controlled by the land owning
aristocrats. They created very business friendly laws
for increasing their wealth
This provides the money needed to start the new factories,
to invest in the new machinery and to encourage new
inventions.
Reason # 3 Geography
A country with many
rivers and streams…so
water power can be
harnessed.
Natural Resources/Geography
 Rich in natural resources
 Large number of harbors and rivers that could be used yearround for shipping
 Water also could be used as a power source
 Huge supplies of iron and coal---raw materials for the building
of machines and fueling the new machines
 The damp climate was good for textile production, because it
helped to keep the fibers in the material soft and easy to work
with.
 Separated from the continent, Britain was able to remain apart
from the wars plaguing Europe during the 1600 and 1700s and
thus conserve their resources.
The key to development was the abundance of natural
resources
What natural resources would be needed to
create the power for the new machines and
what resource would be necessary for building
the new machinery?
Natural Resources/Geography
• England substituted coal for charcoal in the
manufacturing of iron because by the 1700s,
most of the forests were gone.
• In 1708, the Darby family of Coalbrookdale
started smelting iron using coke that was
processed from coal. It made the highest
quality of iron.
• Since England had a large supply of coal, it
was able to dominate the iron industry.
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
British Pig Iron Production
England’s Natural and Manmade Rivers
England’s natural river system
provided a basis for transportation of
heavy items.
Canals were used to link river systems
and create a waterway network to
move resources and goods.
Reason # 4 - Population
• A large population created 2 key things
– An available workforce for the new factories
– An increased demand for food and consumer
goods / services
Large Labor Supply
 Growing population of workers due to the improvements in
farming---more food available leads to better diet and longer
life expectancy
 1700---less than 7 million, 1800---11 million
 Rapid population growth increased demand for goods
 Displaced farmers due to the enclosure movement took over
jobs in factories and mining
 Birth rates rose in the 1700s, while death rates dropped.
 In 1700 in London, there was a half-million more deaths than
births.
 By 1800 in London, the deaths only outnumbered births by
20,000.
Large Labor Supply
 The death rate dropped because more babies were surviving
childbirth due to the better training of midwives and
formation of maternity hospitals.
 Both children and adults were dying less from disease.
 The major health epidemics like the Bubonic Plague had
vanished in Britain after 1660 and the Great Fire of London.
 Other major diseases followed a similar pattern like Syphilis
which stopped being an epidemic in the 1700s.
 Inoculations started in 1760 with Jenner’s Smallpox vaccine.
 Other reasons for the reduction of the epidemics are
unknown.
Population
(tentative estimates in millions - much of it guesswork)
*
1750/1
1800/1
1850/1
1990
Great Britain
7.4
10.5
20.8
57.1
France
21
27.3
35.8
56.1
34.0
79.0
7.6
10.5
9.9
57.6
Germany |
|-[Germ+Aust]
18
23
Austria |
Hungary
Belgium
Italy
3.5
2.2
16.0
5.0
3.1
19.0
17.5
13.2
4.3
24.4
Netherlands
1.6
2.1
3.1
14.9
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Sweden
2.3
28
8.2
1.8
2.9
40.0
10.5
2.3
3.5
68.5
15.0
3.5
10.5
146.4
39.6
8.4
132.0
190.0
260.0
775.0
EUROPE (approx)
Reason # 4 - Urbanization
• Most people moved to the cities
instead of living in rural areas.
• This was only seen in Britain and
Germany.
• By the mid 1800s, 70% to 80% of
Britain’s population lived in urban
areas.
• Society During the Industrial
Revolution
– Urbanization-The movement
of people from the country to
the city.
– Social Classes during the
Industrial Revolution
• Upper class elite, 5%
(owned most of the country’s
wealth)
• Middle classes, 15% (women
worked at home raising kids)
• Lower classes, 80% (lived mostly
in tenement housing-tightly
packed apartment like housing)
Openness to New Ideas
 Ambitious upper and middle class people willing to invest in new
inventions and industries---ENTREPRENEURS
 British people were interested in science and technology due to the
Scientific Revolution
 Not afraid to take risks to make a profit
 Most of the early inventors were British or Scottish
a)John Kay---flying shuttle
b)James Hargreaves---spinning jenny
c)Richard Arkwright---waterframe
d)Samuel Crompton---spinning mule
e)Edmund Cartwright---power loom
(all of these led to the development of textile factories)
f)James Watt---steam engine
g)Henry Bessemer---inexpensive way to make steel
h)Thomas Telford & John McAdam---paving roads
i)Richard Trevithick---steam locomotive
The first inventions are in the textile industry.
With the increased population, the demand for
cloth was great.
Openness to New Ideas: Inventions
•
Steam Engine– Provided a new source
of power in factories.
– Eventually redesigned
by James Watt
– Led to all factories
being run by steam
and not water.
• The location of
factories was now
unlimited
Reason # 6 - Transportation
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Openness to New Ideas: Inventions
•
Steam Locomotive
– Started in 1820’s to
improve transportation
– Led to a boom in railroadswhich helped business and
increased jobs
– Eventually was a major
cause for westward
expansion in the Canada
– Why is the development of
the Railroad so important
to history?
Importance of Railroads
• Most important thing about railroads is that
they provided a faster and cheaper means of
transportation
• Reduced the price of goods
– Which increased sales
– Which created more factories and machines
– And the process started over again
Reason # 7 – Political Stability
Great Britain is an island nation with a relatively
stable constitutional monarchy.
Political Stability/Government
 Britain fought many wars during the 1700s, but never on
British soil.
 So they never had to rebuild farms or towns due to war
damages.
 British citizens did not have to worry about the threat of
war destroying their property and had more time to
consider ways to improve the quality of their lives.
 The British government favored economic growth by
passing laws that encouraged investment in new
inventions and industries.
 There were no internal trade barriers within Britain
unlike most European countries.
Government: Parliament
• Parliament helped by
providing a favorable
business climate
– Provided a stable
government
– Passed laws to protect
private property
– Very few restrictions
on private enterprises
Reason # 8 - Demand
• An increased population lead to increased
demand for consumer goods
• Great Britain had colonies which also provided
them with markets for their manufactured
goods
England’s Resources: Colonies and
Markets
Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread
beyond the merchant class
England had more colonies than any other nation
Its colonies gave England access to enormous
markets and vast amounts of raw materials
Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries
 Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico
and gingham, were originally created in India
 China had a silk industry
Britain’s Colonial Empire By End of
1800s
Colonial Markets
• Had a large supply of
markets for their
manufactured goods
– Included Europe, the
Americas, Africa & the
East
• Efficient merchant
marine system to
transport goods
anywhere in the world
The Industrial Revolution
• Benefits of Industrialization
– Better clothes, better heat, better food
– Increased goods
– More jobs
– More opportunities
Advantages of Industrializing First
 Growth of early British factories was impressive.
 As early as 1820, only 30% of the British labor remained in
agriculture, while 80 to 100% of the continental labor was still
devoted to agriculture.
 Britain was able to specialize in industry and import agricultural
products from the continental Europe.
 Due to the effects of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
Wars, the Industrial Revolution was delayed in continental Europe.
It would not arrive until 1830.
 The French only began industrializing in the period 1830 – 1871, and
only with a focus on luxury items and small-scale manufacturing.
 German industrialization happened even later in the 1870s and
1880s after the German unification process.
The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
• New inventions and
development of
factories
• Long hours worked by
children in factories
• Increase in population
of cities
• Poor city planning
• Loss of family stability
• Expansion of middle
class
• Harsh conditions for
laborers
• Workers’ progress vs.
laissez-faire economic
attitudes
• Improved standard of
living
• Creation of new jobs
• Encouragement of
technological progress
• Rapidly growing
industry in the 1800s
• Increased production
and higher demand for
raw materials
• Growth of worldwide
trade
• Population explosion
and a large labor force
• Exploitation of mineral
resources
• Highly developed
banking and investment
system
• Advances in
transportation,
agriculture, and
communication
Political Effects
• Child labor laws to
end abuses
• Reformers urging
equal distribution of
wealth
(i.e.
Karl Marx)
• Trade unions
• Social reform
movements, such
as utilitarianism,
utopianism,
socialism, and
Marxism
• Reform bills in
Parliament