Transcript Period V Vocab Review

Period V Vocab Review
Monroe Doctrine
• Established the Americas as a protectorate of
the United States in 1823
• Limited European interaction in American
affairs and claimed that any interference
would be considered an act of aggression.
Suffragette
• Females who led the call for voting rights for
women
Social Darwinism
• Belief that some races were more evolved
than others and therefore had a right to
dominate “inferior” races
• One of the leading justifications for
imperialism
Abolitionist
• Person seeking to end slavery
• As public outcries against slavery increased
and religious leaders/Enlightenment thinkers
began to view slavery as immoral, slavery was
abolished during the 1800s
Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s
Burden”
• Poem displaying the view that civilizing the
“Backwards” people of Africa was a burden
upon Europeans and that they were doing the
Africans a favor by instituting European
culture and religion
EIC control of India
• Prior to the Sepoy Rebellion, the EIC (East
India Company) colonized India using
economic manipulation and a military
comprised of British and Native Indian soldiers
• Helped bring the Industrial Revolution to India
along with railroads and education
Sepoy Mutiny/India Rebellion of 1857
• Rebellion of Indian soldiers (Sepoy’s) agains
the EIC for forcing them to use rifle cartridges
greased with Beef and Pork fat (real issue was
blatant racism and disrespect of Indian people
and culture)
• The British military was sent in for support
and Britain would directly colonize India,
reducing the power of the EIC
British Raj
• 1858-1947
• Period of British rule in India after the
putdown of the Sepoy Rebellion and the
transfer of power from the EIC to Queen
Victoria
Indian National Congress
• Founded in 1885
• Sought more power and rights for the Indian
people during British rule
• Failed to unite the people due to the majority
of people being upper-class
Opium Wars
• Attempts made by the Chinese to stop the
flow of Opium to China by the British
• British military superiority prevailed and China
was “carved up like a melon” into spheres of
influence by the European powers
• Showed the people of China that they were
not as superior as they had thought
Treaty of Nanjing/ Kanagawa/Unequal
Treaties
• Unequal treaties were made between European
powers and Japan/China that put the Asian countries at
a disadvantage. Led to the Westernization of Japan
and “Self-strengthening movement” in China
• Treaty of Nanjing- signed at the end of Opium Wars.
Forced China to pay reparations, give up Hong Kong,
and gave British economic rights in Chinese ports, also
allowed for Christian missionaries
• Treaty of Kanagawa- Came as a result of Commodore
Perry’s “Gunboat Diplomacy” and opened up Japanese
ports to the United States
Taiping Rebellion
• 1850-1864
• Civil War starting in Guangxi province against
the rule of the Qing dynasty, which was seen
as a foreign ruler who was largely responsible
for the losses to the Europeans
Self-Strengthening Movement
• Half-hearted Chinese attempt to westernize
while holding on to Chinese culture and
traditions
• Ultimately failed in its goal of resisting
Western encroachment
Sino-Japanese War
• Japanese War with China for control of Korea
once they realized the extent of China’s
weakness
• Marks the start of Japan’s imperialist age
Sphere of Influence
• Form of imperialism where a foreign country
dominates the economic interests of an area
without having to fully control them
governmentally
• Order of imperial control from most
controlling to least controlling:
• 1. Colony 2. Protectorate 3. Sphere of
Influence
Boxer Rebellion
• Rebellion against the Manchu rulers in protest
of their failures against the British during the
Opium Wars and the signing of “unequal
treaties”
Matthew Perry
• United States Commodore who used his
“gunboat diplomacy” to intimidate the
Japanese into opening up their ports for trade
Meiji Restoration
• Japanese period of emergence from feudalism
and a transfer of power from the shoguns to
the emperor, largely spurred on by the
samurai
• During this period, Japan westernized at a
rapid pace and was able to become an
imperialist power who competed with
Western nations for dominance in Asia
Russo-Japanese War
• War between Japan and Russia over control of
Manchuria and it’s resources
• Russia would eventually lose, which marks the
first defeat of a European power at the hands
of an Asian nation
• Signals Japan’s strength and imperialist goals
End of the Slave Trade/Slavery
• Slave trade was ended by 1820 by European
nations, but slavery existed in the Western
Hemisphere until the late 1800’s (Brazil was
the last to abolish ownership of slaves)
• In large part due to Enlightenment thought
and a rise in morality against the very
existence of slavery
Boer War
• War between the British colonists and Dutch
colonists (Boers) over control of the diamond
and gold mines of South Africa
• Results in South Africa officially being annexed
Britain and becoming part of the British
Empire
African National Congress
• Imitation of the Indian National Congress, this
was an attempt by educated South Africans to
oppose European colonialism and its racist
policies
Suez Canal/British control of Egypt
• Suez Canal connected the Red Sea with the
Mediterranean Sea. This vastly increased
European dominance of trade and made
goods more available and affordable.
• The British desired control of Egypt for this
very reason and decidedly kicked out the
French
Berlin Conference
• Meeting of European powers to solve disputes
over the Congo region of Africa in 1884
• Led to the eventual partitioning of Africa
through the colonial efforts of most of the
major European powers, who paid little
attention to the various cultures and tribes
that lived in Africa
Ethiopia and Liberia
• Only two countries in Africa who were
independent as of 1914
• Ethiopians kicked out the Italians
• Liberia was also resettled by freed American
slaves who returned to Africa
Differences in European Control: India,
China, Africa
• India- Dutch EIC and British EIC initially used India
as a trading post and eventually would be
completely dominated and fully colonized by the
British: Indirect Control by Britain, which used
native Indian gov’t bureaucrats
• China- European powers carved up China into
spheres of influence: Economic Control!
• Africa- Several European countries utilized
Africa’s people, resources, and land by creating
mostly directly colonies (except some British
ones): Goal = resource extraction
Nationalism
• A movement of pride and loyalty based on
bonds such as ethnicity, language, religion,
culture, ideology, or location
• Is a leading cause of reform movements and
revolutions throughout the globe in the wake
of imperialism
Westernization
• Introduction and assimilation of all aspects of
Western (European) society including:
religion, culture, education, military and
government
• Countries that westernized, such as Japan,
were able to compete with European powers
during the Age of Imperialism
Industrial Revolution
• Started in Britain in 1750’s
• Rapid technological advances led to increases in
textile production, the factory system,
urbanization, and the growth of European
nations
• Ultimately changed the social, economic, and
political structures of industrialized societies
• 1st wave- textile production, coal, steam
• 2nd wave- steel, chemicals, electricity, precision
machinery
Enclosure Movement
• Closing of “common lands” to increase
centralized agricultural production
• Came about due to advances during the
Agricultural Revolution of the 1700s
• Forced people off of farms and created a labor
supply and food surplus which would be
crucial to the Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
• Movement of people from farms to the city
• Led to problems with sanitation, building
codes, disease, poverty
Factory System
• Organizing business in a very mundane and
efficient method
• Use of assembly lines, specialized tasks,
interchangeable parts, and machines created
products at an increased rate and made them
more affordable
Factories’ effect on Women/Families
• Middle class women were kept at home and
taught to develop their domestic skills while
lower/working class women went to work in
the factories yet were still expected to fulfill
their domestic duties
• Reinforced strict gender roles and also broke
apart lower class families as individual family
members moved to the factories where they
would live
Adam Smith
• Laissez Faire/Free Market Capitalism- Belief
that businesses should be left to operate free
of government interference
Karl Marx
• Father of communism who advocated shared
property and saw history as a series of conflict
between the “haves” and the “have-nots”
Factory Act of 1883
• Limited working hours
• Restricted child labor in factories
• Forced owners to make factories cleaner and
safer
Labor Unions
• Workers organized together to collectively
bargain for their rights, including:
– Safety
– Hours
– Wages
Social Mobility
• Social Mobility increased as more and more
people began to see an increase in earned
wages, especially as worker conditions
improved
• The middle class grew as a result of this
newfound social mobility
French Revolution
• Revolution of the French people (mainly 3rd
estate) against the abuses of the monarchy
(Louis XVI) and Nobility
• People were seeking a representative
government based on Enlightenment ideas
Estates General
• Meeting called by Louis XVI for
representatives of the 3 Estates (1st= Clergy,
2nd= Nobles, 3rd= Everyone Else) to address
taxes and complaints
• 3rd Estate rejected the idea of meeting
separately and instead walked out and formed
the National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
• Decision by the National Assembly to convene
until a constitution was drawn up
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
of the Citizen
• Recognized the natural rights of man and was
based largely on the ideas of the
Enlightenment, the American Declaration of
Independence, and writings of Rousseau
Paris Mob/Jacobins
• Radical political party who would form the
Convention and establish France as a Republic
• Imprisoned the royal family and had them
beheaded
Robespierre/Committee of Public
Safety
• Leader of the Jacobins who formed the
Committee of Public Safety in response to
foreign and internal threats
• Used his power to go on a “Reign of Terror”
against political and anti-revolutionary
opponent, beheading large numbers of French
citizens
• Was later beheaded himself
Napoleon
• French general who gained popularity with
the people and would be eventually become
Emperor
• Expanded France’s borders across Europe and
went on continuous military campaigns,
including the infamous Russian campaign
which began his demise
• Finally defeated at Waterloo after a brief
return from exile
Congress of Vienna 1815
• Meeting of European powers to discuss how
to restore order in Europe
• Decided to:
– Take French territory back
– Reinstitute absolute rule and reseat the French,
Spanish, and Holland rulers
– Attempted to erase the French Revolution’s legacy
Haitian Revolution/L’Ouverture
• Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture to
get rid of their French colonial masters
• Despite attempts by Napoleon to put down
the revolt, including the capture of
L’Ouverture, the revolution succeeded and
Haiti became the first indpendent nation in
Latin America
Simon Boliva/Jose de San Martin
• Creole military leaders who helped lead
revolts in South America against the Spanish
• Goal of Bolivar was to unify South America
into a single nation (Gran Columbia), but
ultimately failed as internal conflicts
prevented true unification
Mexican Revolution (1810)/Father
Hidalgo
• Revolution against the Spanish led by Father
Miguel Hidalgo
• Amerindians and mestizos were the primary
rebels who were seeking more rights and
freedom
• With the Treaty of Cordoba, Mexico gained
independence and other Central American
countries would soon follow
Emancipation Edict (Russia)
• 1860’s, abolished serfdom in Russia
The Eastern Question
• What to do with the VERY weak Ottoman
Empire?
– Russia wanted their land for WARM WATER
PORTS!
– Britain wanted to keep Russia OUT of Ottoman
territory, so they didn’t get too close to British
India or the Suez Canal