Transcript Chapter 14
Europe and the World: New Encounters 1500-1800 By Kylie Marsh “God, Glory, and Gold” On the Brink of a New World Motives: Fantasy literature about “other worlds” influenced people to explore - “The Travels of John Mandeville” spoke greatly of far off places he had never seen By reading this fiction piece, Marco Polo got interested in gaining precious spices for money People from merchants to adventurers to government officials hoped to find precious metals and set up trade Others sought to explore for the purpose of gaining as much religious faith as possible • European countries could not have explored without the help of the following: • Portolani (charts made be medieval navigators) • Coastal contours • Distances between ports • Compass readings • The flat scale • Ptolemy’s “Geography” • Spherical • Showed 3 major land masses (Europe, Asia, Africa) • Advances in ships such as the axial rudder and combined lateen sails and the square rig (these advances helped to sail against wind, engage in warfare, and carry goods longer distances) • The compass and astrolabe • Knowledge of wind patterns in the Atlantic Ocean New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires Portugal took the lead of expansion Their motives were to: Seek Christians Ally against Muslims And to get trade Prince Henry sent navigators on ships to search for gold They returned with black Africans from the Senegal River and sold them as slaves 1,000 slaves were sold per year Prince Henry and his crew found the “Gold Coast” • The Portuguese searched for a route to India • Vasco de Gama sailed to Calicut searching for “Christians and Spices” • De Gama returned with spices such as ginger and cinnamon • This cargo earned several thousand percent • Portugal annually sailed to Calicut to destroy Arabic shipping and to established a monopoly in the spice trade • In 1509 the Portuguese Armada destroyed a combined fleet of Turkish and Indian ships off the coast of India • Portugal blocked off the entrance to the Red Sea (to cut off spices to Egypt and The Ottoman Empire) Portuguese in India Continued Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque set up port facilities at Goa on the west coast of India Goa became the headquarters for Portugal’s trade Portugal continued to raid Arab ships in search of spices Albuquerque sailed to Malacca to Help destroy Arab spice trade Provide Portugal with a way station to spice islands With a short, bloody battle Portugal won the city and killed most of the Arab population Portugal went to China for the Spice Islands and signed a treaty for purchase and export of cloves to the European market The Portuguese were successful because of their supply of guns and seamen ships Columbus believed that Asia could be reached by sailing west so he persuaded the Spanish Queen to fund his mission • Columbus took 3 ships (Santa Maria, Nina, and Pintina) and 90 men to the Bahamas then through to Cuba • He thought he reached Asia • He took a total of 4 voyages New Voyages South America was accidentally found be the Portuguese (Pedro Cabral) Americas Vespucci wrote letters describing the Americas so they were named after him Vasco Nunez de Balboa went through the Isthmus of Panama to get to the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan was the 1st to circumnavigate the world • These civilizations helped develop the Spanish Civilization to be what it is today • The Spanish conquered these civilizations with the help of smallpox • Smallpox was a disease that killed many townspeople weakening them for attack of the Spanish • The Spanish wiped out the Mayans and Aztecs in less than 20 years • They wiped out the Incas in 5 years Administration of The Spanish Empire Queen Isabella of Spain issued an encomienda (a system permitting Spaniards to collect tributes from Indians and use them as laborers) The Spaniards were supposed to keep good care of their laborers but they did not manage to do so and many Indians died of disease Bartolome de Las Casas got rid of the encomienda The viceroy was the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas Spanish was divided into New Spain and Peru Viceroys were the king’s chief civil and military officers Was aided by groups called audiencias (supreme judicial bodies) • Catholic monarchs of Spain were given the right to appoint bishops and clergy, build churches, collect fees, and supervise religious orders that sought to Christianize the reckless people • Catholic missionaries (Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits) converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of Indians • Brought along organizational and institutional structures New Rivals on the World Stage Portugal and Spain were the 1st to explore (which happened in the 15th century) then the Dutch, French, and British followed • Portuguese built forts on the west and east coasts of Africa and dominated the gold trade • Dutch soon took over the West African coast trade and Portugal trade in the Indian Ocean Origins of Slave Trade 1,000 slaves were taken to Portugal each yr. Cane sugar increased the number of slaves sold because they needed more laborers Growth of Slave Trade was due to: 10,000,000 slaves between the 16th and 19th centuries Triangle trade (between Europe, Africa and America) ○ Sold guns, gin, cloth in exchange for slaves ○ Tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, and cotton were sold from Europe ○ 2,000 slaves were sent to America each year So many slaves because there was a high death rate • The journey across the ocean of slaves from Africa to the Americas was the middle passage • 300-450 slaves were packed into one boat without bathrooms or room to stand up • The voyage usually took at least 100 days • Mortality rates were at 10% • The Africans who survived the trip were exposed to new diseases and lots of them died • Death rates were lower for slaves raised in the New World but owners rarely encouraged their slaves to reproduce (buying a new slave was less expensive than raising a baby until adolescence) Slaves and Their Effect At the beginning of the slave trade, most slaves were prisoners of war The white men who went in to Africa to collect slaves went to the coast to gather slaves, but once demands increased they had to travel inward Protest of the Africans were usually ignored by the Europeans Often other Africans sacrificed their neighbors as slaves The effects were devastating in all areas Slave trade often led families into poverty Depopulation of some areas Deprived African cities of the strongest and youngest men and women The political need to supply slaves led to increased warfare and violence Portugal never dominated trade in southeast Asia They lacked numbers and wealth to overcome local resistance Empire was too large and the country too small to maintain it The Spanish established themselves in a the region when Magellan landed in the Philippines • Spanish were about to gain control of the Philippines and become a major Spanish base in trade • • • • • Silk went to Mexico in return for silver from the mines of Mexico • The primary threat to the Portuguese was when the Dutch and the English arrived (they were better financed than Portugal) • The Dutch seized a Portuguese fort in the Moluccas • The Dutch drove the English traders out of the spice market • Portuguese established limited trade relations with Thailand, Burma, Vietnam • The founders of the Mughal empire were from a mountain range and the leader was Babur • His grandson created the greatest Indian empire since two thousand years earlier • The first to arrive in India were the Portuguese and they dominated trade in the Indian Ocean • The British and English arrived and increased steadily the trade • The Dutch concentrated on the spice trade • Sir Robert Clive was an aggressive British empire- builder who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Co. • He combined the British control in Bengal • In the Battle of Paisley, the British beat an army 10 times bigger • During the 7 years war, the British forced the French to withdraw from India Portuguese fleet dropped anchor off the coast of China The Ming dynasty ruled from 1369-1644 A major epidemic wiped out the Ming dynasty Manchus created the Qing dynasty after the fall of the Ming dynasty • Qing dynasty was very peaceful • • • • • European economy was affected by things such as the price revolution, joint stock company, mercantilism and banks. • Some banks included The House of Fugger and the Bank of Amsterdam.