Transcript Early US History Review

2
MORE
WEALTH
EXPLORE
THE WORLD
SPREAD
CHRISTIANITY
REASONS
FOR
EUROPEAN
EXPANSION
EXPAND
TRADE
MORE
TERRITORY
3
Columbus’s Arrival
• 1492
• Landed on an island in the Carribean.
• Thought he was in India
• Called the people Indios
• Claimed the island he
Landed on and named it
San Salvador
-Died thinking he had found
India
4
His impact on natives:
• Enslaved them
• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox,
small pox, typhus)
• His presence led to the downfall of many
tribes
5
Columbus’s Impact on Africans?
• Loss of native work force led to settlers
bringing in Africans to help
• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves
being brought over.
• Civil War
6
His Impact on Europeans?
• Started mass migrations
• Started Columbian Exchange
– Transfer of goods between Europe and the
Americas
7
EUROPE
RECEIVED
COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
AMERICAS
RECEIVED
FOOD
FOOD
CORN, WHITE POTATOES,
PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO,
STRAWBERRIES, QUININE,
TOBACCO
SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS
FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE,
BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,
OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALS
ANIMALS
TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,
RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO,
RACCOONS
HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,
COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS,
OXEN
DISEASES
DISEASES
SYPHILIS
SMALLPOX, MEASLES,
INFLUENZA
RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLS
GUNS AND IRON TOOLS 8
SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND
COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF
MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF
PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO
ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR
GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT
NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING
OF MISSIONS
9
Why were Spanish
unstoppable?
•
•
•
•
•
Guns
Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)
Steel
Horses
Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10
cannons
• How then were they able to take Mexico?
10
THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW
WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY
Jamestown 1607
1st permanent settlement in U.S.
Captain John Smith and Pocohontas
11
John Smith’s Mistakes
•
•
•
•
•
Built town on a swamp
No women
No food
Bad water
Unlike Spanish there policy was total
defeat of natives
• How was it saved?
12
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME
SO successful?
ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF
THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN
EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS
RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS
LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT
COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN
BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES
INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH
13
The First!!!!!!!!!!
THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH
ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620
Thanksgiving
Understand why they left Europe?
Wanted to break away from the Church of England
14
THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE
RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE
CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE
PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM.
THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW
WORLD”
*knew they could be punished severely for this
With the help of Puritans the New England Colonies were
formed: Mass, New Hampshire, Conn, Rhode Island
15
Took 125 years to found 13
colonies
• They existed primarily to benefit England
• A lot of materials were exported to Europe
from the Colonies.
16
Homework!
• Do the Unit map on the 13 colonies and
vocab words 1-14 next time.
17
•CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
•PROTESTS ESCALATED
•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
•THE WAR BEGAN
Slide 3
18
MERCANTILISM
FRENCH AND
INDIAN WAR
ENLIGHTENMENT
IDEAS
CAUSES OF
AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT
POPULATION
EXPLOSION AND
EXPERIENCES
OF COLONIAL
SELF-RULE
RESTRICTIVE
LAWS
PASSED
BY BRITISH
GREAT
AWAKENING
19
1. MERCANTILISM
BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED
AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET
THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE
MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A
COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES.
GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW
MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A
LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT.
THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE
FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH
PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE
NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO
TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Gov sets prices
THIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE
COLONISTS WHO HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN THEIR
ECONOMIC POLICIES.
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2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE
COLONISTS
JOHN LOCKE ARGUED THAT PEOPLE
POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS
LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. HE
BELIEVED THE PURPOSE OF
GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT THOSE
RIGHTS.
Believed that a social contract
existed between people and gov.
LOCKE
People gave consent to be
governed, in return people had
right to overturn gov.
COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH
GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND
DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE
OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III
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3. THE GREAT AWAKENING
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE
COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON
REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING
CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD.
Challenged the authority of established
churches.
New churches popping up everywhere
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4. POPULATION EXPLOSION AND
COLONIAL SELF-RULE
THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN
EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700
NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED
SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM
AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTS
CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD,
AND GOOD CLIMATE WERE MAJOR
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE SPIKE IN
BIRTHS BETWEEN 1680-1776
Happy people = more people
Did not want to be run by a gov. across the
ocean.
23
5. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763
FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD
STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH
HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS
BOTH FRANCE AND ENGLAND WANTED TO EXPAND
THEIR TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN
MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY
French built a fort on British land
The British tried to evict them but failed.
A 22 yr old G. Washington led a militia to evict them
but failed. Was crushed
He went in again with 1500 soldiers and were
ambushed by French and Indians.
2 horses shot out from him and 4 bullet holes
through his clothes
FRENCH
POWDER
HORN
WITH
RIVERS
ENGRAVED
ON IT
24
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE
DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE
COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND
THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A
SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR
TO THE CONFLICT.
A new General led the way William Pitt.
Started winning victories therefore the natives joined
the British because they wanted to be on the winning
side.
War ends in 1763 with a British victory (what would
of happened if the British would have lost?)
Terms of treaty: Britain claims all lands East of
Miss. And Canada. And took Florida from Spain.
France lost everything.
Look at map on Pg 38
25
What did the natives do?
• British were not as kind to the natives
• Pontiac the great Ottowa leader realized
they were bad and attempted to fight back.
• British offered blankets with small pox and
this destroyed them.
• To avoid further conflict the British ordered
all colonists to not cross the Appalachians.
Proclamation of 1763
So how does the French and Indian war help lead to the
Revolution?
26
6. Taxes
THE BRITISH IMPOSED MANY
TAXES ON THE COLONISTS TO
PAY FOR THE WAR EFFORT
WITHOUT ANY COLONIAL INPUT
OR REPRESENTATION IN
PARLIAMENT.
THE BRITISH RESTRICTED
FURTHER WESTERN SETTLEMENT
WITH THE PROCLAMATION LINE
OF 1763. THE COLONISTS FELT
ENTITLED TO THE LANDS GAINED
DURING THE WAR THEY HAD
HELPED WIN.
27
GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE
LAWS THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART
OF THE COLONISTS
SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX
ON SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND
CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING
STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS
FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS
TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED imported GOODS from
britain AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY
SMUGGLING
TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST
INDIA TEA COMPANY
INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO
PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM
SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING (quartering act)
28
PROTESTS OVER THE
NEW TAXES LED TO
THE CREATION OF
GROUPS SUCH AS
THE SONS OF
LIBERTY WHO WERE
WILLING TO USE
VIOLENCE IF
NECESSARY TO
CONVINCE THE
BRITISH
GOVERNMENT TO
REPEAL THE LAWS
MADE WITHOUT
REPRESENTATION
THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED,
FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK
STEAMING HOT TEA
29
What events led to the start of
the war?
30
BOSTON
MASSACRE
1770
THE BRITISH SENT
TROOPS TO BOSTON
IN AN ATTEMPT TO
RESTORE ORDER,
HOWEVER A CLASH
BETWEEN SOLDIERS
AND TOWNSPEOPLE
RESULTED IN 5
COLONISTS’ DEATHS.
THE TROOPS WERE
BASICALLY
ACQUITTED IN A
TRIAL, WHICH
FUELED THE ANGER
OF THE COLONISTS.
ENGRAVING OF THE
EVENT BY PAUL
REVERE
31
BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773
THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT
OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA
MONOPOLY. ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY
ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND
DUMPED THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO
THE BOSTON HARBOR.
32
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
PHILADELPHIA,
PENNSYLVANIA 1774
FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE
COLONIES. MET TO DISCUSS
THE INTOLERABLE ACTS
PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO
PUNISH THE COLONISTS FOR
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY
DRAFTED THE DECLARATION
OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES
TO BE SENT TO KING GEORGE.
Stated that if British used force
against the colonies. The
Colonies should fight back.
.
33
BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST
SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN
LEXINGTON. COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH
WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH
STARTED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775.
JOHN HANCOCK
SAMUEL ADAMS
IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73
BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE
KILLED.
34
IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY
SENT A PETITION TO THE KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR
THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR
RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF 20,000 MEN
AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN
CHIEF OF THE MILITARY.
35
THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE
WIDELY
READ
PAMPHLET
PUBLISHED
IN JANUARY
OF 1776
THAT
OUTLINED
THE
REASONS TO
SEPARATE
FROM GREAT
BRITAIN
36
THE CONGRESS
MET AGAIN IN
JUNE 1776 AND
COMMISSIONED
THOMAS
JEFFERSON TO
DRAFT A
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE.
THE DOCUMENT
HAD THREE PARTS:
THE PURPOSE OF A
GOVERNMENT, 27
REASONS FOR
SEPARATION, AND
THE OFFICIAL
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE.
37
56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH
THE ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776
38
The War Begins
• With the Declaration, the colonists were
asking for war.
– Colonists had to choose a side.
• Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed
Independence.
– Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid
punishment
– Some Africans because British promised Freedom to
those who fought.
– Natives also supported
• Patriots-supporters of Independence
39
BOTH SIDES HAD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
COLONISTS
BRITISH
STRENGTHS
STRENGTHS
STRONG MILITARY
LEADERS
LARGE NUMBER OF TROOPS
FOREIGN AID
PROFESSIONAL ARMY
MORAL ADVANTAGE
WEALTHY
AGRICULTURALLY SELFSUFFICIENT
ABILITY TO HIRE MORE
TROOPS
LARGE AREA fighting on
home ground
WEAKNESSES
WEAKNESSES
DISORGANIZED,untrained,
Weak navy
3,000 MILES AWAY: DIFFICULT TO GET
SUPPLIES, ORDERS
LACK OF UNITY
WEAK GENERALS
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
FRANCE WANTED REVENGE
40
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE LASTED
UNTIL 1783 WITH MANY PIVOTAL
MOMENTS FOR EACH SIDE
BATTLE OF SARATOGA
WASHINGTON CROSSED
THE DELAWARE RIVER
41
The War
• U.S. Led by Washington,
– Idolized, acted like soldier, lived with them
– Suffered a lot of early defeats.
– Saratoga, Valley Forge
42
Life during war
• Problems with paying soldiers.
• Solution for getting more money.
– Just make it
– Problem?
• Women’s roles
43
THE COLONISTS, WITH THE HELP OF THE
FRENCH, FINALLY DEFEATED THE BRITISH AT
THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN 1781
44
The End
• British Surrender at Yorktown
– Were completely surrounded
• Treaty of Paris 1783
– Colonies were now independent
– Controlled everything to Miss. River.
45
A new Gov.
• The citizens of U.S. Had to create a new
gov.
– Many favored a republic
• Were citizens rule through elected rep
– Many wanted democracy
• Gov. directly by people
46
IN 1777 THE
ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION
WERE WRITTEN BY
THE SECOND
CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS AS THE
FIRST
INDEPENDENT
GOVERNMENT IN
THE UNITED
STATES OF
AMERICA. IT WAS
OFFICIALLY
ADOPTED IN 1781.
47
Laws
• Each state had only one vote
• Powers divided between state and nat.
gov.
• Nat. government had power to declare
war, make peace, sign treaties
– Could borrow money, set standard for money
48
THE ARTICLES REFLECTED THE FEAR OF A STRONG
EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND LACKED THE ABILITY TO
FUNCTION IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT AREAS
NO POWER
TO TAX
NO DIRECT
POWER OVER
CITIZENS
COULD NOT
ENFORCE
LAWS
WEAKNESSES OF
THE ARTICLES
OF
CONFEDERATION
COULD NOT
BE CHANGED
WITHOUT
CONSENT OF
ALL
13 STATES
COULD NOT
REGULATE
TRADE
49
Slide 3
50
55 DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA IN
SEPTEMBER 1787 AND DECIDED TO DRAFT A
NEW CONSTITUTION RATHER THAN REVISE
THE ARTICLES
SOME OF THE DELEGATES FROM VARIOUS STATES
GEORGE
WASHINGTON
WAS CHOSEN
AS THE
PRESIDENT OF
THE
CONVENTION
51
DIFFERENT FACTIONS AT THE CONVENTION
FACTIONS ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE UNITED BY A
COMMON BELIEF, LIKE AN INTEREST GROUP
SMALL STATES VERSUS LARGE STATES
SLAVE HOLDERS VERSUS ANTISLAVERY ADVOCATES
STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VERSUS WEAK
52
DEBATE OVER REPRESENTATION IN
CONGRESS
VIRGINIA PLAN
•LARGE STATE
•FAVORED
NUMBER OF
REPRESENTATIVES
ALLOTTED BASED
ON POPULATION
NEW JERSEY
PLAN
•SMALL STATE
•EQUAL NUMBER
OF
REPRESENTATIVES
FOR EACH STATE
53
THE GREAT COMPROMISE
THE DELEGATES AGREED ON
TWO HOUSES IN CONGRESS,
THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
THE SENATE WOULD HAVE
EQUAL REPRESENTATION,
MEANING EVERY STATE WAS
ALLOTTED 2 SENATORS.
THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES WOULD BE
BASED ON POPULATION AND
THEREFORE THE NUMBER
WOULD VARY FROM STATE TO
STATE.
54
SLAVERY:
Do You count a slave as part of population?
D
SOUTHERN DELEGATES INSISTED
THAT SLAVES
SHOULD COUNT AS PART OF A STATE’S
POPULATION
THIS WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM THE ADVANTAGE
IN CONGRESS AS THEIR POPULATION WOULD
HAVE BEEN GREATER AS A REGION
NORTHERN DELEGATES DISAGREED AND REFUSED
TO COUNT SLAVES AS PART OF THE STATE’S
POPULATION FOR PURPOSES OF REPRESENTATION
55
THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE, SLAVE TRADE,
AND FUGITIVE SLAVES
THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE
ALLOWED TO COUNT SLAVES AS
3/5 OF A PERSON FOR
REPRESENTATION PURPOSES
IN THE HOUSE. SLAVES WERE
ALSO COUNTED TO DETERMINE
THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL
TAXES OWED BY EACH OF THE
SOUTHERN STATES.
THE SLAVE TRADE WAS
ALLOWED TO CONTINUE UNTIL
1808, HOWEVER ALL OF THE
NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS
EXCEPT GEORGIA’S BANNED
OVERSEAS SLAVE TRADE.
ARTICLE I SECTION 2 Representatives
and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be
included within this Union, according to
their respective Numbers, which shall be
determined by adding to the whole
Number of free Persons, including those
bound to Service for a Term of Years,
and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons.
ARTICLE I Section 9. The Migration or
Importation of such Persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to
admit, shall not be prohibited by the
Congress prior to the Year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or
duty may be imposed on such
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for
each Person.
ARTICLE IV SECTION 2 No Person held
to Service or Labour in one State, under
the Laws thereof, escaping into another,
shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from
such Service or Labour, but shall be
delivered up on Claim of the Party to
whom such Service or Labour may be
due.
56
CLAUSE ON ESCAPED SLAVES
THE DELEGATES AGREED THE BEST FORM OF
GOVERNMENT WOULD BE FEDERALISM
A FORM OF GOVERNMENT WHERE POWER IS
SHARED BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
GOVERNMENT.
IN THE UNITED STATES THIS TRANSLATES TO A
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN WASHINGTON D.C.,
STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS. IN THE U.S. THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE
STATE GOVERNMENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS
57
NATIONAL SUPREMACY.
EXECUTIVE
BRANCH
•ENFORCES THE
LAWS
•HEADED BY THE
PRESIDENT
THE
DELEGATES
AGREED ON
SEPARATION
OF POWERS
JUDICIAL
BRANCH
•INTERPRETS THE
LAWS
•SUPREME COURT
HIGHEST COURT
LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH
•CONGRESS DIVIDED
•MAKES THE LAWS
INTO TWO HOUSES:
SENATE AND HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
58
DEBATE OVER RATIFICATION
FEDERALISTS
ANTIFEDERALISTS
Supporters of
constitution
IN FAVOR OF STRONG
STATE GOVERNMENTS
ADVOCATED A STRONG
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL SUPREMACY
IN FAVOR OF
RATIFICATION
BILL OF RIGHTS
UNNECESSARY SINCE
GOVERNMENT HAD
LIMITED POWERS
STATE SUPREMACY
AGAINST RATIFICATION
BILL OF RIGHTS
ESSENTIAL TO
GUARANTEE CITIZEN’S
RIGHTS
59
IN ORDER TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION TWO-THIRDS OF
THE STATES, NINE, HAD TO APPROVE IT. THE PROCESS
BEGAN IN DECEMBER OF 1787 WITH STATE CONVENTIONS
SOME OF WHICH WERE HEATED DEBATES AND OTHERS
WERE UNANIMOUSLY IN FAVOR.
STATE
DATE
VOTE IN CONVENTION
DELAWARE
DECEMBER 7, 1787
UNANIMOUS
PENNSYLVANIA
DECEMBER 12, 1787
46 TO 23
NEW JERSEY
DECEMBER 18, 1787
UNANIMOUS
GEORGIA
JANUARY 2, 1788
UNANIMOUS
CONNECTICUT
JANUARY 9, 1788
128 TO 40
MASSACHUSETTS
FEBRUARY 7, 1788
187 TO 168
MARYLAND
APRIL 28, 1788
63 TO 11
SOUTH CAROLINA
MAY 23, 1788
149 TO 73
NEW HAMPSHIRE
JUNE 21, 1788
57 TO 46
VIRGINIA
JUNE 26, 1788
89 TO 79
NEW YORK
JULY 26, 1788
30 TO 27
NORTH CAROLINA
NOVEMBER 21, 1789
195 TO 77
RHODE ISLAND
MAY 29, 1790
34 TO 32
60
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
IN THE BATTLEGROUND
STATE OF
MASSACHUSETTS THERE
WAS MUCH SKEPTICISM
ABOUT THE
CONSTITUTION. ANTIFEDERALISTS LOBBIED
HARD AT THE
CONVENTION TO
REQUIRE A BILL OF
RIGHTS BE ADDED IN
ORDER TO GUARANTEE
RATIFICATION. THIS
STARTED A MOMENTUM
WHICH LED TO THE
EVENTUAL ADDITION OF
THE BILL OF RIGHTS,
WRITTEN IN 1789 BY
MADISON AND RATIFIED
BY THE STATES OVER THE
NEXT TWO YEARS.
61
Turn to page 96
• Read through the “Bill of Rights”, find one
that affects you the most.
– For the one that affects you the most write 1
page explaining why It is so important to you.
Explain why and how different your life would
be w/o it.
– What one should be changed and why?
– Also if you could write your own amendment
what would it be.
• Should be at least a page in length.
• Be serious
62
JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT 1796-1800
FEDERALIST
SIGNED INTO LAW ALIEN ACT
WHICH GAVE HIM THE POWER TO
DEPORT ALIENS OR “DISLOYAL”
FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENTS
DURING THE WAR BETWEEN
EUROPEAN POWERS
SIGNED INTO LAW THE SEDITION
ACT WHICH MADE IT A CRIME TO
“WRITE, PRINT, UTTER, OR
PUBLISH…ANY FALSE,
SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS
WRITING” ABOUT THE PRESIDENT
OR THE GOVERNMENT
SERVED ONE TERM
63
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY:
THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801-1809
ELECTION OF 1800 SPURRED
THE 12TH AMENDMENT WHICH
REQUIRED SEPARATE BALLOTS
FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE
PRESIDENT
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
64
Jeffersons theory of
Government
• Called Jeffersonian Democracy
– People should control gov.
– Tried to reduce gov to cut costs
• Smaller military
• Eliminating internal taxes
65
THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY
INCLUDED PARTS OF LOUISIANA, ARKANSAS, MISSOURI,
IOWA, MINNESOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA,
NEBRASKA, KANSAS, OKLAHOMA, COLORADO, WYOMING,
TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND MONTANA
66
The Purchase 1803
• Napoleon sold for 15
Million
• To reduce his war
debt
• 524,800,000 acres
(640 acres in a
square mile)=
.03 cents an acre
• 820,000 sq. miles =
$18.29 (approx.) per
sq. mile
67
EXPLORING THE NEW LANDS
PRESIDENT JEFFERSON SENT MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM
CLARK ON A JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY TO MAP AND INVESTIGATE
ON THE NEW WESTERN LANDS
CONFIDENTIAL LETTER FROM
PRESIDENT JEFFERSON TO
LEWIS AND CLARK ON THE
PURPOSE OF THEIR
EXPLORATORY JOURNEY
68
MAP THEY TOOK WITH THEM
MAP OF LEWIS AND CLARK’S JOURNEY OF
EXPLORATION
69
WHAT DID LEWIS AND CLARK ACCOMPLISH?
THE EXPEDITION’S MAIN GOAL WAS TO FIND AN ALL-WATER
ROUTE ACROSS THE CONTINENT. EVEN THOUGH THE WATER
ROUTE WAS NEVER FOUND IT HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE
FUTURE COURSE OF U.S. HISTORY. THE GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION RETURNED SHOWED THE GREAT POTENTIAL OF
THE CONTINENT AND SET THE STAGE FOR INCREASED
EXPLORATION, TRADE, SETTLEMENT AND ANNEXATION.
70
WILLIAM ASHLEY, A ST. LOUIS TRADER, PLACED AN
ADVERTISEMENT IN THE ST. LOUIS GAZETTE (1822) ASKING FOR
"ONE HUNDRED ENTERPRISING YOUNG MEN" TO JOIN HIM IN A
TRAPPING AND TRADING VENTURE IN THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI
WEST. THIS SIGNALED THE BEGINNING OF THE "MOUNTAIN MAN
ERA." ($200 IN 2003 DOLLARS WOULD BE WORTH $2637.00)
71
WHO WERE THE MOUNTAIN MEN AND WHAT DID
THEY DO?
THEY WERE FUR TRAPPERS WHO VENTURED INTO THE RUGGED,
UNCIVILIZED ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA IN SEARCH
OF BEAVER AND OTHER FUR BEARING ANIMALS. AFTER THE BEAVER WERE
NEARLY EXTERMINATED AND THE FUR HAT WENT OUT OF STYLE MANY
REMAINED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND GREAT PLAINS. THEY BECAME
EXPLORERS, GUIDES AND EVEN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
THE MOUNTAIN MEN BECAME
NATIONAL HEROES. THERE WAS
GREAT INTEREST IN THEIR 72
ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS.
Fur Trappers in this area
• Jim Bridger
• Peter Skeen Ogden
• Jeremiah “Liver
Eating” Johnson
•
•
•
•
Marriage
Rendevoux
Indians
Life span
73
JAMES MONROE, PRESIDENT 1817-1825
MOVED INTO THE NEWLY
RESTORED WHITE HOUSE THAT
HAD BEEN BURNED BY THE
BRITISH IN THE WAR OF 1812
OBTAINED FLORIDA FROM
SPAIN
NEGOTIATED A BOUNDARY
LINE WITH CANADA (49th
parallel)
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
74
The Monroe Doctrine
• When Napoleon was defeated, Portugal
and Spain wanted their land back. Russia
was also staking claim.
• U.S. was being surrounded
• Doctrine states:
– All European Powers shall not create new
colonies or try to overthrow existing ones. To
do so would be an act of war
75
The Missouri Compromise
• American politics was continuing to split
nation.
• 1818 settlers in Missouri wanted to be
admitted as a state in Union.
– Issue was to decide if it should be a slave
state or not.
– Only be allowed in if Maine could enter as a
free state
– WHY?
76
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY:
ANDREW JACKSON 1829-1837
WAR HERO FROM THE WAR OF 1812
At age of 13 fought in Revolutionary
War. (OLD HICKORY)
No college education
Slave holder
Sought to give the common people a
chance to participate in gov.
Spoils System-new administrations
hire their own supporters
Giving jobs to friends and
whoever gives you most money
77
NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVAL, 1830s
THE INDIAN REMOVAL
ACT WAS PASSED MAY
1830 AFTER HEATED
AND BITTER
ARGUMENTS IN
CONGRESS. THIS LAW
MOVED MOST OF THE
NATIONS OF TRIBES IN
THE EASTERN PORTION
OF THE UNITED STATES
INTO “INDIAN
COUNTRY”, WHICH
TODAY IS OKLAHOMA.
THE MOST TRAGIC
REMOVAL INVOLVED
THE CHEROKEE WHO
TRIED TO FIGHT IT IN
COURT, HOWEVER THEY
WERE FORCED THE
DEPART THEIR LAND.
THOUSANDS DIED ON
THE LONG JOURNEY
FROM WEATHER,
STARVATION, AND
ILLNESS. THAT
JOURNEY IS
REMEMBERED AS THE
TRAIL OF TEARS.
78
Manifest Destiny
• U.S. was ordained to expand to the Pacific
and into Mexican and Native American
Territory.
• Reasons people moved:
– Abundance of free and cheap land.
– Personal economic problems
79
MANIFEST DESTINY WAS THE BELIEF THAT THE U.S. HAD A GOD GIVEN MISSION
TO SPREAD ITS CIVILIZATION BY CONQUEST TO THE ENTIRE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE NO MATTER WHO IT HARMED.
80
REASONS FOR MANIFEST DESTINY
BELIEF THAT THE DEMOCRACY MUST CONTINUE TO GROW IN
ORDER TO SURVIVE AND A DESIRE TO EXPAND THE BENEFITS OF
AMERICANS
SOUTHERNERS WERE ANXIOUS TO ACQUIRE NEW LANDS FOR
ADDITIONAL SLAVE STATES
A NEED TO DEVELOP NEW MARKETS MADE THE ACQUISITION
OF THE PACIFIC PORTS A PRIORITY
FEAR THAT GREAT BRITAIN WOULD TRY AND BLOCK AMERICAN
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND MIGHT EXPAND HER OWN HOLDINGS
IN NORTH AMERICA
81