Transcript Presentation

World War I
Standard 15 and 16
The Outbreak of World War I
• The outbreak of WWI in 1914 was a
test for America’s new foreign policy
–The USA was an imperial power after
the Spanish-American War
–The U.S. built the Panama Canal,
used the Roosevelt Corollary to
control Latin America, & created the
Open Door Policy in China
–But, the USA maintained a policy of
neutrality in European affairs
What caused World War I?
MILITARISM
ALLIANCES
IMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM
Causes of the Great War
• Nationalism: Strong feeling of pride toward one’s
country
-sparked intense competition among
nations, seeking to overpower one another
• Imperialism: strong countries taking over weaker
countries & establishing colonies
-Europe competed fiercely for African &
Asian colonies, created rivalry & mistrust
• Militarism: countries started building up arms to
prepare for war
-truly great=strong military
Causes of the Great War
• Alliance System: Growing
rivalry & mistrust led to
creation of military alliances
-Designed to keep peace but
instead will
push Europe into war
-Triple Alliance (1882)
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
-Triple Entente (1907)
Great Britain, France,
Russia
*Did not bind GB to fight
with F & R
Feelings of nationalism led strong countries to
want to gain more power & led many weaker
Nationalism
was strong
nations to want
to re-define their boundaries
in the Balkans, where
Serbia hoped to unite
with Austrian Slavs
In 1914, Serbian
terrorists assassinated
Austrian Archduke
Nationalism
Franz Ferdinand
Timeline to the start of World War I
• July 23- A-H issued an ultimatum to Serbia; Serbia only
met a few demands; A-H did not want to negotiate
• July 28-Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia (ally of
Serbia) then declared war on Austria
• August 1-Germany declared war on Russia
• August 3-Germany declared war on France
American Neutrality
• When World War I began in 1914, President
Woodrow Wilson declared
U.S. neutrality
But by 1917,
the USA entered
WWI as an
Allied Power…
WHY?
Gallery Walk
America Enters the War
Americans were killed when the
• By 1917,
the USA
entered
WWI
as an
Lusitania,
Sussex,
& Arabic
sank
Allied Power because:
–German unrestricted submarine
warfare violated U.S. free trade
–Germany’s Zimmerman Telegram
offered to return the Mexican
Cession if Mexico invaded the USA
–President Wilson hoped to stop the
Central Powers & make the world
“safe for democracy”
• The USA declared war in April 1917
Total War
• Combatants in World War I quickly
began to use total war tactics
–Governments committed all their
nation’s resources & took over
industry to win the war
–Soldiers were drafted, the media
was censored, propaganda was
created to support the war
–The enemy became the other
nation, not just its soldiers
Total War
• New weapons were introduced, such as machine
guns, tanks, airplanes, flame throwers, poison gas,
blimps, heavy artillery, & submarines
• To protect soldiers from enemy fire, both the Allies
& Central Powers built trenches
• But, trench warfare made it difficult for either side
to gain an advantage
When the U.S. declared war in 1917,
The
British,
French,
&
Germans
World War I had been going on for 3 years
had fought to a bloody
stalemate on the Western Front
Russia was so devastated that
German u-boatssoldiers were sent to fight on
patrolled the the Eastern Front without
Atlantic Oceanweapons while civilians starved
When the U.S. declared war in 1917,
World War I had been going on for 3 years
In Nov 1917, Vladimir Lenin &
the Bolsheviks successfully
overthrew the Russian gov’t &
established the Soviet Union,
the 1st communist nation
Espionage Act
• Many Socialists questioned the reasons for fighting.
– Many felt the nations at war were using lower class
citizens in order to fight a war to win the title of capitalist
leader (The nation that wins the war has the most money).
• Congress is worried that those that disagree with the
US being in the war might become spies for the Soviet
Union.
• Espionage Act- outlawed acts of treason and made it a
crime to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal… or
abusive language” criticizing the government, draft,
military, flag, etc.
Eugene Debs
• Had run for President in
1912 and won 6% of the
popular vote but no
electoral votes.
• Leader of the Socialist Party
– believed in public ownerships
of all major industries.
• Although some thought the
Espionage Act violated the
1st Amendment, Debs was
sentenced to 10 years for
making a speech against the
war
American Entry into World War I
• After America’s declaration of war in 1917,
America had to mobilize before it could fight in
Europe
– The army had only 200,000 soldiers & needed
armaments
– Wilson & Congress created 5,000 new bureaucratic
agencies to manage & win the war
Mobilization: The Military
• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:
–The American Expeditionary Force led
by John Pershing;
The AEF was an
“American” military
independent of the
Allied armies fighting
in Europe
Mobilization: The Military
• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:
–The Selective Service Act to draft
men between the
ages of 18 & 45
into the army
–2.8 million were
drafted to fight
–Black soldiers
were placed into
segregated units
African-American Soldiers
“True Sons of Freedom”
“Colored Man is No Slacker”
Mobilization: The Military
• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:
–War Industries Board oversaw the
production of military supplies;
Encouraged mass-production & set
production quotas
–Food Administration created food
rations & encouraged Americans to
grow “victory gardens”
–Fuel Administration rationed coal, oil
& encouraged “lightless nights”
War Industries
Board
U.S. Food
Administration
U.S. Fuel Administration
Mobilization: The Military
• To mobilize the military, President
Wilson & Congress created:
–Committee on Public Information to
create propaganda in support of the
American war effort
–The CPI created posters, movies,
speeches & censored the press
–The CPI helped encourage bond
drives to raise money for the war
Bond Drives
Recruitment Posters
CPI Propaganda
With the military & economy mobilized for war,
the 1st U.S. troops began fighting in 1918
To combat
German u-boats,
the USA used a
convey system to
deliver soldiers &
supplies to
Europe
The U.S. on the Western Front, 1918
U.S. soldiers saw their 1st
action in May 1918 outside
Paris, helped resist a German
offensive, & participated in a
counter-attack into Germany
The End of World War I
• The arrival of fresh American soldiers
& war supplies helped the Allies at a
crucial time:
–By October 1918, the German gov’t
knew the war was over
–The Ottomans, Austria-Hungary, &
Bulgaria had surrendered
–Nov 11, 1918 Germany signed an
armistice with the Allies & World
War I came to an end ----
The End of World War I
• The world was transformed by
WWI:
– 22 million soldiers & civilians
died; 20 million were
wounded;
10 million became refugees
– Towns & farms along the
Western & Eastern Fronts
were destroyed
– The war cost an estimated
$338 billion & massive funds
were needed to rebuild
Europe
22 million dead
20 million wounded
WWI Deaths
(Not Including Wounded or POW)
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• President Woodrow Wilson
believed that America ought
to take a lead in shaping the
peace process
• Near the end of the war,
President Wilson developed his peace plan
known as the Fourteen Points:
–Based on eliminating the reasons for
WWI (militarism, imperialism)
–Hoped to avoid all future wars by creating
an international forum to discuss &
arbitrate problems
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
contained three main themes:
• (Points 1-5) Create new rules that
would eliminate the causes of WWI
–No more secret treaties
–Reduction of militaries
–Freedom of the seas
–International control over colonies
to end imperialism
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• (Points 6-13) Divide weak empires like
Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman
Empire into new nations based on
national “self-determination”
–New nations should have their
borders drawn with consideration to
ethnic & national identities
–New nations should be free to
choose their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• (Point 14) To create a League of
Nations to settle all future
international problems by
compromise rather than by war
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace
Conference in 1919 to help create the
Treaty of Versailles:
–He hoped his Fourteen Points would
become the framework for the peace
treaty
–But, Wilson quickly learned that
European leaders did not share his
vision for a “peace without victory” &
wanted Germany to be punished
British Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
French Premier
George Clemenceau
“The Big Four”
Italian Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• Delegates agreed to create a League of
Nations that included:
–General Assembly of 27 nations with
an Executive Council
–Court of International Justice
–Agreement that arbitration &
economic sanctions would be used to
settle conflicts
–An agreement that member nations
would work together to stop future
acts of aggression
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• Other treaty provisions included:
– Austria-Hungary was split in two, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, & Poland were formed
– Germany had to accept the “war guilt clause,” pay
$33 billion in reparations, & lost all colonies
– No mention of free trade; No end to imperialism,
no reduction in militaries for any of the Allies
Land
wasEurope
taken from
Germany
Ottoman
Empire
given tothe
was
Central
wasThe
redrawn
to&reduce
Poland;
Germany’s
border
divided;
with
Britain
France
& France
was
power
of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
demilitarized to avoid
gained
a future
mandates
invasion
in the
Middle East
New nations were
created
from
territory
Europe & Middle East
taken from Russia
(who
left WWI early
Before
& After
after the Bolshevik
Revolution)
World War
I
The Treaty
Versailles,
1919
But, President
Wilsonof
could
not sign the
treaty
because
Article
I of the
gives was
the
• On June
28, 1919,
theConstitution
Treaty of Versailles
Senate
theGermany
power &
toofficially
ratify allended
treaties
signed by
WWI
But, many U.S. Senators did not like the treaty
because of the League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
• All the major European powers signed the
Treaty of Versailles & joined the League of
Nations
• But, the
Senate was
divided
about what
joining the
League would
mean for the
future of the
United States
The Debate over the League of Nations
• 2/3 of the Senate was needed to ratify the
treaty & join the League:
–Internationalists supported Wilson &
saw the League as a way to guarantee
world peace in the future
–Strong reservationists led by Henry
Cabot Lodge wanted major changes to
Article 10
–Irreconcilables led by William Borah
wanted isolationism & refused to join
the League under any circumstances
Rejection in the Senate
• Reservationists & Irreconcilables
attacked the treaty & League:
–Wilson did not want to weaken the
League of Nations & refused to
compromise with the Senate
–Wilson toured the U.S. to gain public
support for the treaty, but had a
stroke during the tour
• In 1920, the Senate voted against the
treaty & U.S. membership in the
League of Nations
Members of the League of Nations (in black)
The U.S. never joined the League & signed its
own peace treaty with Germany in 1921
Conclusions
• The impact of the Great War:
–The U.S. began the 20th century as an
imperial power & reluctantly entered
WWI to protect free trade
–Involvement in WWI led to changes
for women & blacks, an economic
boom, & the restriction of liberties
–The U.S. played a major role in the
peace process, but refusal to join the
League weakened the ability of world
leaders to stop World War II
Effects of World
War I
Great Migration
• During the WWI, the Mexican Revolution
caused people to flee from Mexico to the
Southern portions of the United States.
• A job shortage, especially for African
Americans who were still discriminated
against followed.
• Hundreds of thousands of African Americans
decide to move to northern cities for job
opportunities and to escape the
discrimination of the south.
Life in the 1920s
• The 1920s were an era of change:
–Increased wealth, consumerism,
leisure time, & new forms of
entertainment led to a “Jazz Age”
–By 1920, more Americans lived in
cities than in rural areas
–Rural Americans reacted to these
changes by attacking behaviors they
viewed as “un-American”
1920s Legislation
Amendment
Date
Law
16
February 3, 1913
Income Tax
17
May 31, 1913
18
January 16, 1919
Direct Election of
Senators
Prohibition
Repealed December 5,
1933
19
August 18, 1920
Prohibits any US
citizen from being
denied the right to
vote based on sex.
Prohibition
• In 1920, the 18th Amendment went
into effect & Prohibition began:
–Supported by rural Protestants who
believed drinking led to crime,
abuse, & job accidents
–26 states had already outlawed
alcohol before 1920
–The Volstead Act made the sale,
manufacture & transportation of alcohol illegal
The U.S. Treasury Dept was in charge of
enforcing the Volstead Act
Prohibition
• But, many urban Americans resisted
prohibition:
–Most immigrants considered drinking
part of socializing
–Wealthy urban Americans wanted to
enjoy themselves
–Bootleggers made illegal alcohol & rum
runners smuggled foreign alcohol into
the country
–Secret saloons (speakeasies) were
created to sell booze
– Rum Runners smuggled booze from
Canada, the Caribbean, & Europe
Bootleggers & moonshiners made illegal booze
Why are they called
“bootleggers”?
Speakeasies were secret saloons or nightclubs
Prohibition
• Prohibition had some negative effects
on America in the 1920s:
–Smuggling & bootlegging increased
crime & lawlessness
–Organized crime grew & took
control of the illegal alcohol trade
–Mob bosses paid off politicians,
judges, & police departments
–The federal gov’t could not enforce
prohibition effectively
grew
in American
ToOrganized
control thecrime
liquor
trade,
mobsters cities,
resorted
especially
in Chicago
Al Capone’s
gang
to
bloody gang
killings;where
The most
notorious
was
was
dominant
the St. Valentines Day Massacre in 1929
Gangster Al Capone made $60 million per year
in bootlegging & became a notorious icon
The Roaring Twenties
• Participation in WWI transformed the
United States in the 1920s:
–The USA was the richest & most
developed country in the world
–Mass production, high wages, new
consumer goods & forms of
entertainment labeled the decade
the “Roaring Twenties”
“A Return to Normalcy”
• In 1920, Americans elected Republican Warren
Harding who promised a “return to normalcy”
“America’s present need is not heroics,
but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy;
not revolution, but restoration…”
—President Warren Harding, 1920
What would a “return to normalcy”
mean for America after WWI?
• In the 1920s,
American foreign
policy “returned to
normal” by
embracing
isolationism:
– The U.S. rejected
the Treaty of
Versailles & never
joined the League of
Nations
– Many citizens felt
the U.S. was
“duped” into joining
WWI & became
committed to
neutrality
Foreign Policy
• However, U.S. isolationism was
selective because the USA did play a
role in world affairs:
–The U.S. hosted a naval conference
aimed to reduce the military strength
of all nations
–Loaned European nations billions of
dollars to help rebuild after WWI
–Joined other world powers in a
commitment to world peace by
signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact
“The chief business of the American people is business.”
—President Calvin Coolidge, 1925
• In the 1920s, three
Republican presidents were
elected (Harding, Coolidge,
& Hoover) who helped
America “return to
normalcy” by adopting probusiness policies:
– Kept taxes low so Americans
could spend their wages
– Kept gov’t interference in
business to a minimum to
allow private enterprise to
flourish
Pro-Business Policies
• Pro-business policies meant no new
progressive reforms:
– Americans felt confident that reforms had limited
the influence of monopolies, cleaned up cities, &
regulated the economy
– As workers wages rose & their hours declined,
Americans were happy to spend their money
The “Roaring Twenties”
• Pro-business policies & mass
production techniques developed
during WWI led to an industrial
revolution in consumer goods:
–Industrial growth led to high wages
for workers & cheap products for
Americans to buy
–The appetite for consumer goods &
availability of cheap credit led to a
decade of spending known as the
“Roaring Twenties”
America entered an industrial revolution making
consumer goods like cars & appliances
Henry Ford’s mass production
techniques made automobiles
affordable for many Americans
Urbanization
By 1920, more
people lived in
cities than in
rural areas due
to the industrial
revolution, mass
immigration, &
jobs during WWI
Urbanization
• The dominance of urban America divided
society:
– Urban society was characterized by diversity,
consumerism, freedom, & entertainment
– Rural society was characterized by religious
fundamentalism, nativism, & tradition
• Throughout the 1920s, the values of these 2
societies clashed
The 1920s: A Clash of Values
Urban: Women
Rural: Women
The 1920s: A Clash of Values
Urban:
African-Americans
Rural:
African-Americans
The 1920s: A Clash of Values
Urban: Immigration
Rural: Nativism
The 1920s: A Clash of Values
Urban: Drinking
Rural: Prohibition
The 1920s: A Clash of Values
Urban: Science
Rural: Religion
Consumerism
• The 1920s saw a burst of personal
prosperity & consumer spending
–Mass production led to a huge
number of new products: Cars,
electric appliances, new fashions
–Advertising boomed to convince
people to spend their money
–Companies offered ways for
consumers to buy on credit through
monthly installment plans
Consumer Goods, Advertising, & Credit
Harlem Renaissance
• The Great Migration during WWI led
to a concentration of African
Americans in northern cities
• The Harlem Renaissance was the
flourishing of black culture:
–Jazz blended African & European
musical traditions into a distinctly
“American” style of music
–Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington
were popular jazz musicians
The
“Jazz Age”
Harlem Renaissance
– The most popular
author was
Langston Hughes,
who wrote poems &
novels about black
pride
• Harlem represented
the “New Negro”: the
idea that African
Americans should
freely express
themselves, embrace
their culture, & strive
for racial equality
Changing Role of Women
• Women’s roles changed in the
1920s
– In 1920, the 19th Amendment
granting women the right to
vote (But, many women did not
vote)
– New fashion trends, voting
rights, & more leisure time led
to an increased sense of
freedom
– Advertisers emphasized
women’s sexuality &
appearance
Changing Role of Women
• Many young, unmarried
women embraced their
independence & sexuality
as “flappers”:
– Fashions like shorter
hemlines, “bobbed”
hair, & hats
– Smoked cigarettes,
drank alcohol, danced
at clubs, used makeup
– Many had sex outside
of marriage & used cars
to “park” with boys
• These behaviors were
shocking to traditionalminded women
Literature
• The 1920s produced some of
America’s most important literature
–Authors F. Scott Fitzgerald & Sinclair
Lewis were critical of 1920s
consumerism & conformity
–Some authors became part of a the
“Lost Generation” who rejected war
& were very critical of American
society
Significant Authors of the 1920s
Sports Mania
• New forms of entertainment emerged in
the 1920s as Americans gained more
leisure time & personal income
–Baseball, boxing, & football were
popular sports
–Radio broadcasts brought sporting
events to national audiences
–Sports gave Americans a new
generation of heroes
Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Baseball
segregated;
Babe
Ruthwas
of the
New York
Satchel
Paige
Josh
Gibson
Yankees
was&the
biggest
and
Jackie
Robinson,
were
sports
hero
of the 1920s
Negro League heroes
Sports Heroes of the 1920s
Other sports heroes of the 1920s include:
Red Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Bobby Jones
Popularity of Movies & Radio
• Movies & radios became widely popular in the 1920s:
– Over 500 stations connected the nation by
broadcasting music, sports, as well as news,
religious, comedic, & dramatic programming
– “Talking” movies helped grow Hollywood & celebrity
movie stars
– By 1929, over 100 million people went to movies
each week
Music of the 1920s
Tin
Pan
Alley
produced
Irving Berlin was the
90%
of
the
popular
most popular of the
music
in
the
1920s,
ragtime composers
focusing
on
ragtime,
of the 1920s
dance music, & jazz
Movies in the 1920s
“The Jazz Singer” was
the first “talking” picture
Improved Transportation
• Automobiles transformed
America:
– Henry Ford’s assembly
line made cars
affordable; By 1929, 1 of
5 Americans owned a car
– Car manufacturing
became the biggest
industry in the nation &
stimulated the U.S.
economy
– New roads, gas stations,
& shopping centers were
built
– Cars gave people
freedom & became a
symbol of status
Improved Transportation
• Airplanes captured the attention of
Americans in the 1920s
–In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made
the 1st transAtlantic
solo flight,
becoming
the biggest
celebrity
of the 1920s
The First
The Shopping
Automobile
Center
Intolerance in the 1920s
• In the 1920s, America experienced a
new wave of nativism:
–800,000 Southern & Eastern
European immigrants arrived each
year in the early 1920s
–Rural folks associated immigrants
with “anti-American” cultures: nonProtestant religions & supporters of
anarchy or socialism
The Red Scare
• In 1917, Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution &
created the 1st communist gov’t
• During WWI & 1920s, Americans feared a similar revolution in
the U.S.
– Eugene Debs formed an American Socialist Party & ran for
president
– Unskilled workers were unhappy with low wages & went on
strike
Palmer Raids
• Under the leadership of Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer, arrests and deportations of
possible leftist, radical, and communist
immigrants were carried out in 1919 and 1920.
• All part of the Red Scare
– 10,000 arrested
– 3,500 held in detention
– 556 Deported under the Immigration Act of 1918
• Later many of the arrest warrants were deemed
illegal and groups such as the American Civil
Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved.
Sacco & Vanzetti
• During the Red Scare, suspected
immigrants were under attack:
–In 1920, two Italian immigrants
named Sacco & Vanzetti were
arrested & charged with murder
–Sacco & Vanzetti were anarchists
(believed in no gov’t) but claimed to
be innocent of the crime
–With only circumstantial evidence,
they were found guilty & executed
Immigration Restrictions
• In 1921 & 1924, the gov’t passed new laws restricting
immigration:
– These laws created quotas that placed a maximum number
on how many immigrants could enter the United States
– The laws discriminated against Southern & Eastern
European immigrants & Asian immigrants
The Ku Klux Klan
• The 1st KKK disbanded when Reconstruction
ended in the 1870s, but the 2nd KKK formed in
1915 to protect rural, Christian values
• The 1920s saw an increase in membership in
the Ku Klux Klan:
–The KKK promoted traditional values &
“100% Americanism”
–Used violence & fear to attack African
Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews,
unions, socialists
• By 1924, the KKK had 4.5 million members &
elected politicians to power in several states
Religious Fundamentalism
• In the 1920s, rural Americans found
comfort in religious fundamentalism (a
literal interpretation of the Bible)
–Disliked the immigrants, flappers,
socialists they saw in cities
–Evangelists used the radio to
broadcast Christian messages
–Rejected many modern scientific
theories; Towns in the South & West
outlawed teaching evolution
Religious Fundamentalism
• In 1925, teacher John Scopes was
arrested in Dayton, TN for teaching
evolution in his biology class
The Scopes “Monkey Trial” was a
national sensation
ACLU
attorney
Clarence
Scopes was found guilty & fined $100, but
Darrow
defended
Scopes;
Former
presidential
candidate
evolutionists believed they
won because
Represented
America,
William
Bryan
served
as prosecutor;
DarrowJennings
goturban
Bryan
to admit
that
the world
science
& fundamentalism
modernity
Represented
& rural
America
might
not have
been made in six
24 hour
days
Conclusions
• America in the 1920s experienced a
decade of change:
–Wealth, consumerism, credit, cars,
radios, advertising
–Pro-business gov’t attitude &
isolationist foreign policy
–New freedoms for women & African
Americans
–Attempts by tradition-minded rural
folks to protect against the rapid
changes of America