Transcript french Niger

CHAPTER 18 – Nationalism,
Imperialism, and Resistance
• French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism
– French government based on contract with the nation--a political group--not
with a ruler
– French armies took their nationalism and Code Napoleon on their European
conquests
– European nationalism a response to French dominance and French power
• The Periphery of Western
Europe
– Nationalism strongest on edges
of Europe
– Two faces of nationalism
• Positive: Empowers masses of
nation
• Negative: Leads to conflicts such as
World War I
– Nationalism in Latin America was
“top down”
– Canadian nationalism prevails
over regionalism
– U. S. nationalism tied to
constitutional oath
• Italy and Germany
– Neither unified before 1870
– Composed of culturally similar but politically separate small
states before 1870
– Regional leaders in both countries sought unification to
obtain national power
– Italy had common language and borders, Germany not as
well situated
• Italy and Germany
[cont.]
– Giuseppe Mazzini
provide vision for
Italy
• Formed Young Italy in
1831
• Camillo Cavour
provided political
power and alliances
from Peidmont
• Garibaldi added
Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies
• Victor Emmanuel II
leads unified Italy
• Italy and Germany [cont.]
– Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany
– Strong cultural and economic basis for country
• Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers
• Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs union)
– Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”)
• Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871)
• Southern German states voted to join
• The Rise of Zionism
– The movement to create a Jewish state
– Success of European nationalism transform prayer for Israel into a
movement for it
– Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders
• Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe
– Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary
– Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel
The Quest for Empire
• Nationalism led to wars of unification and
willingness to control affairs of others to
benefit the “nation”
– British taxes on India took money out
of Indian economy for British home
treasury
– British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles
during early industrialization
• Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s
Suez Canal
100 mile waterway connecting Med.
Sea and the Red Sea (to avoid going
around Africa. Originally designed by
Ferdinand de Lesseps (a French
Entrepreneur). FINISHED IN 1869
• Fierce economic competition from US, Germany and
France
• Trade and the related desire to control territory led to
creation of empires
– By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled by Europe or
nations of European ancestry
– Economics of nominally independent countries under
European control
• Western European power based on “dual revolutions” of
political & industrial change
• Success led to belief in superiority over those parts of the
world that had not achieved gains of the “dual
revolutions”
• Attitude often carried racial overtones to reinforce belief
of superiority
Social Darwinism –
Europeans were superior
to all other races.
Imperial conquest &
destruction of weaker
races was nature’s way of
strengthening the human
species.
• The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76
– Was close to Europe and growing weaker as demonstrated by
Crimean War (1854-6)
– Social organization on the “millet system”
• People organized by religious group under religious leader to enforce
religious laws and collect taxes in contrast to European practice of unified
people
• After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict of 1856 with
“equality under the law”
The Quest for
Empire
• Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880
– Earlier colonial competition continues
• Britain claims Malaya & Burma
• France conquers Indochina by 1893
• Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel, an exploitive
agricultural system that made peasants devote 1/5 of land to
cash rather than personal food crops
• India, 1858-1914
– British defeat French for control of India, 1763
– British East India Company administers the colony
• Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs
• Indian economy structured for British benefit
– 1857 mutiny ends East India Company control
– Independence movement had to find balance of positive and
negative aspects of British rule
British brought RRs, telegraph,
Postal system to India which
Opened India to unity because
Now they could communicate
• China, 1800-1914
– Manchus colonized extensively & felt invulnerable in
face of the West
– Internal problems from 1800
• Population growth but no government response
• Did possess production for export
• Opium supplied by West to pay for goods
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
– The Opium Wars
• 1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain
• Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to second war, 185660
• Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure of Chinese
disorganization
• Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats China in 1894-5 war over
Korea
Opium War
Britain won easily
Because China was
Using technology 100s
Of years old.
The Boxer Rebellion
The Qing finally fell and an uprising
Called the “Righteous Harmonious Fists”
Rose up to drive out the “Foreign Devils.”
Result: They were defeated by a multiNational western force (also Japan)in 1900
• China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
– The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900
• Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive Europeans out of China
• Western victory results in more concessions from China to the West
• Promoters of modernization in China opposed by Empress Cixi who
served as regent to emperor
– Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu dynasty in 1911
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat Sen) helped to spread
Chinese nationalism. His goal was to rebuild
China on “Three Principles of the People.”
1. Nationalism (freeing China from foreigners)
2. Democracy (representative government)
3. Livelihood (economic security for all Chinese)
Africa, 1652-1912
• South Africa, 1652-1910
– Dutch settlement in 1652
– British gain control from Napoleonic Wars
• Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land
• Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act
– Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs
– Zulu War to resist British control
– South African importance less after Suez opens
• Egypt, 1798-1882
– Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after French leave and
Ottomans are ineffective
– Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia
• Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism (Conservative Sunnis)
• Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal
– Modernization policy had mixed results
– Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness
• Algeria, 1830-71
– Part of weakening Ottoman empire
– French attack Algeria as center of piracy in 1830 and then claim
control of country
• Meet extensive resistance from Muslim Brotherhood
– Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria and take best farmland
– European minority (13%) controls majority Muslim population
by 20th century
Africa, 16521912
• Islamic Religious Revival
– Revival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara)
– West African revivals
• Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland
• al-Hajj Umar in Massina
• Samori Toure on Niger River
– East Africa
• Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan
•
Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]]
– Western Orientation in West Africa
• Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves
• Liberia created by American Colonization Society
• New European export communities
– Cotton production on Niger River
– Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain inland contacts and
production
– River transport with short stretches of railroad
• Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa
– Knowledge of Africa provided by exploration
• Needed for commerce, missions, & science
• Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode
– Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open competition
among European powers
– African resistance to European claims met with force
• Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]
– Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization
• 1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of South African land
• Need for miners in South African gold and diamond mines leads to low pay
and the break up of families that can’t afford to move to the mines
• Trade union membership restricted to white workers
• Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity
Gender Relationships in Colonization
• Sexual liaisons with local colonial women ended with arrival
of European women
– Create boundaries between Europeans & locals
– European families claim role as models of highest values of
imperial country
– No female solidarity between local & Europeans
– Some adoption of European models in colony
• Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied by resentment at
discrimination
• Colonials initially sought restoration of idealized, independent
past
• Later movements sought freedom within setting of modern
institutions
– Young Turks
– African National Congress (South Africa)
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• The End of the Shogunate
– Japanese isolation ends with Commodore Perry
– Regional leaders decide to remove Shogun-- administered Japan
in name of the emperor and stood in way of modernization
– Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt & ended with
confiscation of Shogun’s land and restoration of direct rule by the
emperor assisted by daimyo
• Policies of the Meiji Government
–
–
–
–
Seek knowledge of world with two year tour
Import advisors in industry & agricultural
130 foreigners in government by 1879
Restructure Government
• Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors
• War with those who won’t
• Create western style army using German model
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Restructuring the Economy
• Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for investment in
commerce and industry
• Government finances early industrial ventures
– Urbanization
• Existing cities were regional capitals
• New cities combined old businesses and entertainments with new
westernized sectors
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Cultural and Educational Change
• Westernization in fashion, calendar & measurement
• Extensive study of western writings including Mill and Spencer
• Centralized, compulsory education
– Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by 1905
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– Gender Relations
• Restoration of emperor reinforced male control of
household
• Women & minors barred from political activities
• Women gain vote after World War II
• Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil Code
• Goal of women’s education was to create “good wives
and wise mothers”
• Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
– War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of Nations
• Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911
• Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan dominant East
Asian power
• Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain
• Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession of “great power”
military
• Annex Korea, 1910
Nationalism and Imperialism
• Nationalism instilled pride and hope but also
competition for resources & prestige
• Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples more
closely together
• Imperialism claim to benefit those colonized
but meet resentment