Transcript Nationalism, Imperialism and Resistance Nationalism

Chapter 18: Nationalism, Imperialism and
Resistance
Nationalism
French Revolution, Napoleon & Nationalism
French government based on contract with the
nation--a political group--not with a ruler
French armies took their nationalism and Code
Napoleon on their European conquests
European nationalism a response to French
dominance and French power
Nationalism
The Periphery of Western Europe
Nationalism strongest on edges of Europe
Two faces of nationalism
• Positive: Empowers masses of nation
• Negative: Leads to conflicts such as World War I
Nationalism in Latin America was “top down”
Canadian nationalism prevails over regionalism
U. S. nationalism tied to constitutional oath
Nationalism
Italy and Germany
Neither unified before 1870
Composed of culturally similar but
politically separate small states before
1870
Regional leaders in both countries sought
unification to obtain national power
Italy had common language and borders,
Germany not as well situated
Nationalism
Italy and Germany [cont.]
Giuseppe Mazzini provide vision for Italy
• Formed Young Italy in 1831
• Camillo Cavour provided political power and
alliances from Peidmont
• Garibaldi added Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• Victor Emmanuel II leads unified Italy
Nationalism
Italy and Germany [cont.]
Otto von Bismarck of Prussia unified Germany
Strong cultural and economic basis for country
• Unifying folklore from work of Grimm brothers
• Economic ties from 1828 zollverein (customs union)
Unification achieved by wars (“Blood & Iron”)
• Defeated Austria (1866) and France (1871)
• Southern German states voted to join
Nationalism
The Rise of Zionism
The movement to create a Jewish state
Success of European nationalism transform
prayer for Israel into a movement for it
Nationalism prompts persecution of outsiders
• Dreyfus Affair leads to Jewish fears in Europe
Theodore Herzl the founder and visionary
Not all Jews supported the hope of Israel
The Quest for Empire
Nationalism led to wars of unification
and willingness to control affairs of
others to benefit the “nation”
British taxes on India took money out of
Indian economy for British home treasury
British tariffs harsh on Indian textiles during
early industrialization
Trade rivals for Britain by early 1800s
The Quest for Empire
Fierce economic competition from US,
Germany and France
Trade and the related desire to control
territory led to creation of empires
By 1914: 85% of earth’s surface controlled
by Europe or nations of European ancestry
Economics of nominally independent
countries under European control
The Quest for Empire
Western European power based on
“dual revolutions” of political & industrial
change
Success led to belief in superiority over
those parts of the world that had not
achieved gains of the “dual revolutions”
Attitude often carried racial overtones to
reinforce belief of superiority
The Quest for Empire
The Ottoman Empire, 1829-76
Was close to Europe and growing weaker as
demonstrated by Crimean War (1854-6)
Social organization on the “millet system”
• People organized by religious group under religious
leader to enforce religious laws and collect taxes in
contrast to European practice of unified people
• After Crimean defeat, the Ottomans pass Humayun edict
of 1856 with “equality under the law”
The Quest for Empire
Southeast Asia & Indonesia, 1795-1880
Earlier colonial competition continues
• Britain claims Malaya & Burma
• France conquers Indochina by 1893
• Dutch take Indonesia and institute Kulturstelsel,
an exploitive agricultural system that made
peasants devote 1/5 of land to cash rather than
personal food crops
The Quest for Empire
India, 1858-1914
British defeat French for control of India, 1763
British East India Company administers the colony
• Increased tax collection & manipulated tariffs
• Indian economy structured for British benefit
1857 mutiny ends East India Company control
Independence movement had to find balance of
positive and negative aspects of British rule
The Quest for Empire
China, 1800-1914
Manchus colonized extensively & felt
invulnerable in face of the West
Internal problems from 1800
• Population growth but no government response
• Did possess production for export
• Opium supplied by West to pay for goods
The Quest for Empire
China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
The Opium Wars
• 1839-42 war gains extraterritoriality for Britain
• Refusal to grant diplomatic recognition leads to
second war, 1856-60
• Taiping Rebellion (began 1850) one measure
of Chinese disorganization
• Weakness confirmed when Japan defeats
China in 1894-5 war over Korea
The Quest for Empire
China, 1800-1914 [cont.]
The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900
• Boxers were nationalists seeking to drive
Europeans out of China
• Western victory results in more concessions
from China to the West
• Promoters of modernization in China opposed
by Empress Cixi who served as regent to
emperor
– Sun Yat-sen leads nationalist revolt to end Manchu
dynasty in 1911
Africa, 1652-1912
South Africa, 1652-1910
Dutch settlement in 1652
British gain control from Napoleonic Wars
• Abolish slavery, 1834, but claim best land
• Restrict vote but pass Masters and Servants Act
Dutch Boer Trek to avoid British customs
Zulu War to resist British control
South African importance less after Suez opens
Africa, 1652-1912
Egypt, 1798-1882
Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) controls Egypt after
French leave and Ottomans are ineffective
Expands Egyptian power to Sudan and Arabia
• Ali a moderate on religion but faces Wahabism
• Son Ismail agrees with French to build Suez Canal
Modernization policy had mixed results
Egyptian power underscores Ottoman weakness
Africa, 1652-1912
Algeria, 1830-71
Part of weakening Ottoman empire
French attack Algeria as center of piracy in
1830 and then claim control of country
• Meet extensive resistance from Muslim
Brotherhood
Numerous Europeans migrate to Algeria
and take best farmland
European minority (13%) controls majority
Muslim population by 20th century
Africa, 1652-1912
Islamic Religious Revival
Revival in Sahel region (edge of Sahara)
West African revivals
• Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland
• al-Hajj Umar in Massina
• Samori Toure on Niger River
East Africa
• Muhammad Ahmed, a mahdi in Sudan
Africa, 1652-1912
Islamic Religious Revival [cont.]]
Western Orientation in West Africa
• Sierra Leone a haven for freed slaves
• Liberia created by American Colonization Society
• New European export communities
– Cotton production on Niger River
– Europeans stay along coast while Africans maintain inland
contacts and production
– River transport with short stretches of railroad
• Europeans seek greater control from the 1880s
Africa, 1652-1912
Europeans & the Scramble for Africa
Knowledge of Africa provided by
exploration
• Needed for commerce, missions, & science
• Most famous is the Stanley-Livingston episode
Berlin Conference of 1884 prevents open
competition among European powers
African resistance to European claims met
with force
Africa, 1652-1912
Europeans & the Scramble for Africa [cont]
Labor Issues: Coercion and Unionization
• 1913 Native Lands Act excludes Africans from 87% of
South African land
• Need for miners in South African gold and diamond
mines leads to low pay and the break up of families that
can’t afford to move to the mines
• Trade union membership restricted to white workers
• Race trumped free market capitalism and labor solidarity
Gender Relationships in Colonization
Sexual liaisons with local colonial women
ended with arrival of European women
Create boundaries between Europeans & locals
European families claim role as models of highest
values of imperial country
No female solidarity between local & Europeans
Some adoption of European models in colony
Anti-Colonial Revolts, 1857-1914
Benefits of empire (jobs, e.g.) accompanied
by resentment at discrimination
Colonials initially sought restoration of
idealized, independent past
Later movements sought freedom within
setting of modern institutions
Young Turks
African National Congress (South Africa)
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
The End of the Shogunate
Japanese isolation ends with Commodore
Perry
Regional leaders decide to remove
Shogun-- administered Japan in name of
the emperor and stood in way of
modernization
Meiji Restoration began as regional revolt
& ended with confiscation of Shogun’s land
and restoration of direct rule by the
emperor assisted by daimyo
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
Policies of the Meiji Government
Seek knowledge of world with two year tour
Import advisors in industry & agricultural
130 foreigners in government by 1879
Restructure Government
• Daimyo give lands to emperor & become governors
• War with those who won’t
• Create western style army using German model
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
Restructuring the Economy
• Revitalized agriculture yields landlord profits for
investment in commerce and industry
• Government finances early industrial ventures
Urbanization
• Existing cities were regional capitals
• New cities combined old businesses and
entertainments with new westernized sectors
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
Cultural and Educational Change
• Westernization in fashion, calendar &
measurement
• Extensive study of western writings including
Mill and Spencer
• Centralized, compulsory education
– Ninety per cent of boys and girls attend school by
1905
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
Policies of the Meiji Government [cont.]
Gender Relations
• Restoration of emperor reinforced male control
of household
• Women & minors barred from political activities
• Women gain vote after World War II
• Women have few legal rights after 1898 Civil
Code
• Goal of women’s education was to create “good
wives and wise mothers”
Japan: From Isolation to Equality, 1867-1914
Policies of the Meiji Governemnt [cont.]
War, Colonialism & Equality in the Family of
Nations
• Seek control of tariffs--done by 1911
• Expansion into Korea & Manchuria makes Japan
dominant East Asian power
• Equality with Europe in 1902 alliance with Britain
• Defeat of Russia in 1905 underscores possession of
“great power” military
• Annex Korea, 1910
Nationalism and Imperialism
Nationalism instilled pride and hope but
also competition for resources &
prestige
Dual revolutions tie nations and peoples
more closely together
Imperialism claim to benefit those
colonized but meet resentment