Transcript Part II: Global Interactions & the First Global Age

Part II: Global Interactions & the
First Global Age 1200-1650
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Early Japan and feudalism
The Mongols and their impact
Global trade and interactions
African Civilizations
Mesoamerican Civilizations
The Ming Dynasty in China
Early Japan and Feudalism
• The island nation was influenced by
Korean and Japan
• Japan had been ruled by an emperor since
about 500 AD
• Feudalism developed in the 1100s as a
result of fighting between rival warlords
Early Japan & Feudalism
• Geography: a mountainous archipelago
vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes
– Effects of geography: sea food and
transportation, isolation, protection from
invasion
Early Japan
• Shintoism – worship of the spirits found in all
living and nonliving things, which were thought
to control the power of nature
• Influence from China & Korea: contact resulted
from warfare and trade
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System of writing adopted and adapted
Buddhism
Confucianism
Customs such as the tea ceremony, music, dancing,
garden design, architecture
Early Japan
• Feudalism: developed as central authority of the
emperor declined
– Shoguns – top military commanders who set up
dynasties called shogunates
– Diamyo – the European equivalent to a vassal, they
received their land from the shogun in exchange for a
promise to support him with their armies
– Samurai – Equivalent to a knight, this warrior class
lived by the bushido code and pledged loyalty to the
daimyo in exchange for land
– Peasants and artisans
– Merchants
– Status of women declined
Early Japan
• Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1903
– Created a strong centralized feudal
government
– Ruled over a period of economic prosperity
– Hostile to foreigners, they banned all western
merchants and Japanese travel abroad
• Led to a long period of isolation
– Cultural advances – kabuki theater, haiku
The Mongols
• Swept out of central Asia around 1200
• Known as fierce fighters, they conquered a huge
empire from China to Persia
• Rulers provided peace, prosperity, and stability in
conquered lands
• Big names – Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan
• Biggest regents topic: THEY ISOLATED
RUSSIA FROM WESTERN EUROPE FOR
OVER 200 YEARS
• Declined because of poor leaders, huge and
diverse empire, resentment of conquered people
The Mongol Empire
Global trade & interaction
• Chinese traded along the Silk Road to
Russia and beyond in the 1200s
• Zheng He – Chinese seaman, explored
coast of India, East Africa, Arabian
peninsula in 1400s
• Chinese felt others were barbarians and
had nothing to offer, so exploration was
ended
The Silk Road
Global trade & interaction
• European trade with the east was sparked
by contacts made during the Crusades
• Italian city states used their geographical
advantage and traded extensively with the
east and west
African Civilizations 800-1600s
• Geography led to many diverse societies
• West African kingdoms traded with Arab
traders, which led to cultural diffusion
– Sahara
– Savanna (grassy plains)
– Rain Forests
• Major kingdoms
– Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Benin in the west
– Axum in the east
Africa
• Traditional life
– Families were generally extended, not nuclear
– Religion – animism, ancestor worship
Mesoamerican Civilizations
• Early people likely crossed a land bridge
between Siberia and Alaska and migrated
south
• The Olmecs – 1400 – 500 BC – centered
along the Gulf coast of Mexico, invented a
calendar, writing system
The Mayas
• Located in southern Mexico and much of Central
America
• Excellent farmers
• Priests held high place in social structure
• Built great pyramid temples and large palaces
• Developed a pictograph writing system
• Calendar, books, numbering system with zero
• Reason for decline is not known for certain
The Aztecs
• Located in the central Mexico, they were known
as fierce warriors
• Ruled by a single emperor, with nobles, warriors,
traders, farmers, and slaves under his control
• Religion – Human sacrifices
• Contributions:
– Accurate calendar, schools, medical advances, floating
capital city of Tenochtitlan, floating gardens
• Conquered by Cortez and a few soldiers
The Incas
• Located in the Andes Mountains, they used
terrace farming
• No written language, but used quipus, a
system of knotted strings to record info
• Extensive road system linked the empire
with a strong central government
• Created a calendar, excelled in medicine
• Defeated by Pizarro
The Ming Dynasty
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Established in mid 1300s and overthrew Mongols
Fostered economic and cultural revival
Reinstated the civil service system
Sponsored Zheng He and exploration
New crops from the Americas were introduced,
improving agricultural output
• Excelled in the arts – landscape painting,
porcelain, silk
• Saw little reason to deal with outsiders
• Influenced cultures in Korea, Japan, Southeast
Asia
What happened in Europe?
• Trade and cultural diffusion from the Crusades,
deaths from the bubonic plague in the 1300s,
declining feudalism and the growing power of
monarchs sparked major changes
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Renaissance
Commercial Revolution
Age of Exploration
Reformation
What came next?
• Age of Absolutism in Europe
• Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
• Political Revolutions
– The American Revolution – 1776
– The French Revolution – 1789
– Latin American Independence Movements –
Late 1700s
Latin American independence
• Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas
spread from Europe and the US to Latin
America
• Key people
– Toussaint L’Ouverture – Led independence
movement in Haiti in 1798
– Simon Bolivar – Known as The Liberator, he
led movements that won independence for
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Boliva,
Argentina, and Chile
Part III: Nationalism, Imperialism,
Militarism, Alliances
• Nationalism:
– What is it?
– How could it lead to revolutions?
– What would be the likely outcome of
nationalism?
The Birth of Nationalism
• Congress of Vienna 1814-1815
– Met after Napoleon’s defeat
– Led by Austrian Clemons von Metternich
– Redrew boundaries of Europe, restored
traditional monarchies, created a balance of
power
– Turned back the clock
• Ignored feelings of nationalism and oppressed all
movements that threatened the status quo
The Metternich Era 1815-1848
• Revolutions occurred throughout Europe
and were crushed by Austria, Prussia, and
Russia
Latin American revolutions
• Inspired by the American and French
revolutions and a weakened France, leaders
in Latin America began rebelling for
independence
• New governments there were run by
military dictators
The Industrial Revolution (1750)
• Coincided with the French Revolution
• An outgrowth of the domestic system
• Began in England, which had the
resources, capital, and work force for the
new industries
• FACTORY SYSTEM
• New technology – new power source –
STEAM
Economic theories of the
Industrial Revolution
• Laissez-faire – leave it alone – Adam
Smith, father of capitalism
• In the mid-1800s, Karl Marx will write the
Communist Manifesto and describe his
theory of communism
Impact of the Industrial Rev.
• Horrendous working conditions at first for
men, women, children
• Urbanization led to poor living conditions
• Exploitation of workers
• Increased the need for raw materials and
markets and led to competition between
nations & imperialism of weaker lands
Unification of Italy - 1861
• Led by three men:
– Garibaldi – the sword
– Mazzini – the soul
– Cavour – the brains
• He used shrewd diplomacy to gain support for the
unification and his king’s leadership of the new
nation (King Victor Emmanuel)
Unification of Germany - 1871
• Led by Prussia’s chancellor Otto von
Bismarck, a strong willed Machiavellian
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Blood and Iron
Realpolitik
Waged war with Denmark, Austria, France
Crushed France in the Franco-Prussian War
• Tricked France into attacking after editing the Ems
Telegram
• Forced France’s submission at the Palace of
Versailles – adding insult to injury.
• A master of
diplomacy, Bismarck
nearly singlehandedly orchestrated
the unification of the
German states under
Prussian rule.
Nationalism as a
divisive weapon
• The Balkan peninsula was considered the powder
keg of Europe because of the nationalist tensions
there
• Ruled by the Ottoman empire, Greece,
Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria all
gained independence between 1829 and 1908
• Austria-Hungary, Britain, and France all
intervened to gain territory from the weakening
Ottoman Empire
Nationalism as a
destructive factor
• Tensions on the peninsula will ultimately
lead to the outbreak of World War I
New Imperialism
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Raw materials and markets for goods
National pride
Social Darwinism
Superior technology
Geopolitics
British imperialism
• Controlled India
– Sepoy Mutiny in 1857
• Southeast Asia
• Egypt (Suez Canal)
• Africa
Effects of Imperialism
Pros
Built hospitals, schools,
roads, railroads,
telegraph
(done for European
benefit, not necessarily
native populations)
Cons
No respect for traditions
Natives treated as 2nd
class people, inferiors
Ethnic boundaries
ignored, especially in
Africa
Exploitation of resources
Reliance on cash crops
Scramble for Africa
• 1880s – Europeans began a quest to
colonize the continent
• 1884 – Berlin Conference – Europeans
agree to divide it amicably (no Africans are
invited!)
China
• A giant market for European goods, but
resistant to open markets
• 1840s – Opium Wars – Britain forced
China to open more ports and got Hong
Kong
• Boxer Rebellion – 1899 – nationalist
rebellion against foreigners in China, but
crushed
Japan
• Tokugawa had banned foreigners and
isolated Japan from 1600-1868
• Matthew Perry – 1853 – opened Japan to
foreign powers
• Meiji Restoration – (1867-) modernized
Japan by copying the western advances
– Realized the necessity of modernizing or face
exploitation as China had experienced
Latin American independence
• Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas
spread from Europe and the US to Latin
America
• Key people
– Toussaint L’Ouverture – Led independence
movement in Haiti in 1798
– Simon Bolivar – Known as The Liberator, he
led movements that won independence for
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Boliva,
Argentina, and Chile
NIMA – Causes of WWI
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Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliances
WWI
• The spark was the assassination of the
Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in
1914
• The Alliance system kicked in and the
world was suddenly at war.
WWI 1914-1919
• Welcomed at first as a way to clear the air
of tensions, but soon found to be a hellish
endeavor
• New weapons made the fighting more
deadly than ever imagined
– Machine gun, poison gas, tanks, land mines,
submarines, planes
– Trench warfare – western front between
France and Germany was the bloodiest
Russia in WWI
• Only 1 in 3 soldiers actually had guns with
bullets – not a good thing
• Popular support at home was extremely low as
the people wanted land, peace, and bread
• 1917 – Russian Revolution let to Russia’s
withdrawal from the war and the establishment of
the world’s first communist government
Russian Revolution
• Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, the
new government pulled out of the war by giving
up vast territory in the west
• A civil war in Russia followed this period as noncommunists tried to overtake the communists, but
they failed
• Czar Nicholas II and his family were executed by
the Bolsheviks in an effort to forever cut the
royal lineage
Treaty of Versailles - 1919
• The major treaty ending World War I
• Extremely harsh terms imposed on the
Germans, which ultimately led to WWII
• US Pres. Woodrow Wilson proposed the 14
Points as guiding principles for peace, but
they were rejected as Britain and France
pushed for more harsh penalties
Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations was created but the US
did not join due to growing sentiment of
isolationism in the country
– It had no way to enforce anything and was not
successful in influencing much
The Rise of Dictators
• People suffered from the shell shock of the
horrors of the war
• Desperate times called for desperate
measures
– Stalin in USSR
– Mussolini in Italy
– Hitler in Germany
Stalin in USSR
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Man of Steel
Collectivized agriculture
Five year plans for industry
Great purges of enemies in the communist
party
• One-party Communist state
Economic depression
• Hit its peak in 1929 with the crash of the
US stock market
• Resulted in high inflation and
unemployment
Mussolini - Italy
• A fascist
– Political ideology of extreme nationalism,
militarism, anti-communist, supports private
ownership of property, domination of the weak
by the strong, and a single powerful leader
– Popular in Italy in reaction to the communism
in Russia, which was seen as a threat to the
middle and upper classes
Hitler - Germany
• Nazi Germany became a single party
fascist state
• Secret police – the gestapo
• Censorship
• Persecution of Jews
• Public indoctrination of Nazi thought
• Hitler rose to power legally
The Road to WWII
• Hitler repeatedly violated the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles, but was appeased
each time (British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain was Mr. Appeasement)
• 1936 Spanish Civil War provided a testing
ground for Hitler and Mussolini’s new
weapons as they support the fascist leader
Franco
Picasso’s Guernica
World War II
• September 1, 1939 – Hitler invaded
Poland, the final straw in his pre-war
actions
– Phony War – Hitler had a quick victory in
Poland with his blitzkrieg attack, and little
happened again until spring
• By spring, Hitler was on the move again
and Britain and France were mobilized
against him
Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Hitler made an agreement with Stalin in
order to avoid a two-front war
– Stalin was ticked at the west for not including
him in the post-WWI treaty process
– Non-aggression pact
• Hitler broke the agreement and attacked in
1943, resulting in a two-front war for
Germany
War in the Pacific
• Japan’s imperialist expansion in Asia
launched war there
• Dec. 7, 1941 – Attack on Pearl Harbor
brought US into the war
• US used an island hopping campaign in the
Pacific against the Japanese
Major events of WWII
• D-day – June 1944 – Allies invaded France and
forced German surrender in May 1945
• Atomic bombing of Japan – August 1945 –
brought the war in the Pacific to an end and
ushered in the atomic age
• The Holocaust – genocide of Jews by Nazis in
Europe
– Nuremberg Trials – convicted Nazi war criminals
Post-WWII
• US occupation of Japan as it was
demilitarized
• United Nations established
• Imperial holdings in Africa, India, Middle
East, SE Asia were lost to national
determination
Post-WWII
• Marshal Plan – rejected by the USSR, it
provided US money to rebuild Europe
• Truman Doctrine – US would help anyone
resisting a communist takeover
• Origins of the Cold War
• NATO – US & Western European alliance
• Warsaw Pact – USSR & Eastern European
alliance
Communism in China
• Mao Zedong led a communist revolution
and drove Chiang Kaishek and his
nationalists to Taiwan
• Mao
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Strict cultural controls
Little Red Book
One child policy
Great Leap Forward (5 year plans)
Hot Spots of the Cold War
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Berlin Wall and airlift during the blockade
Cuban missile crisis
Vietnam War
Korean War
Collapse of Communism
• Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of
the USSR and took reform actions
– Perestroika – a restructuring of the economy
that allowed aspects of capitalism
– Glasnost – a policy of openness in the press,
speech, etc.
• Nationalist demands grew in the hugely diverse
country
Collapse of Communism
• 1991 – hardliner communists overthrew
Gorbachev and tried to reinstate a
communist government there, but were
rejected by the people
• The Communist party was outlawed & the
USSR dissolved into several separate states
that would later form the Commonwealth
of Independent States (CIS)
Europe Today
• The EU (European Union) – single
currency (Euro), relaxed trade and travel
barriers between member countries,
designed to create greater economic
opportunities for members
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Effect
Proposed solution
Deforestation
Latin
America
Africa
Rain
forests
Slash and burn
agriculture is
being
undertaken to
create
farmland
Endangerment
of unidentified
plants and
animals with
incredible livesaving potential
- Depletion of a
crucial source
of Oxygen
Replant areas
Alternative
fertilizers
Education about
the waste there
Sale of
valuable
woods
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Effect
Proposed solution
Urbanization
Latin
America
People are
leaving the
countryside in
search of job in
the cities
Overcrowding,
poor housing
and sanitation,
pollution,
general strain
on limited
resources
Create jobs in the
suburbs and
countryside
Establishing better
housing codes
Carpool
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Human Rights China –
Who knows?
violations
1 child
policy
Pakistan
– child
sex abuse
Africa –
women
Afghanis
tan –
Taliban
Effect
Proposed solution
Forced
abortions in
China and
abandonment
of unwanted
children
International
economic
sanctions against
offending nations
Death of
women in
Africa &
Afghanistan
Reward
compliance
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Effect
Proposed solution
Deforestation
Latin
America
Africa
Rain
forests
Slash and burn
agriculture is
being
undertaken to
create
farmland
Endangerment
of unidentified
plants and
animals with
incredible livesaving potential
- Depletion of a
crucial source
of Oxygen
Replant areas
Alternative
fertilizers
Education about
the waste there
Sale of
valuable
woods
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Effect
Overpopulation Latin
America
Resistance to
birth control
due to strong
Catholic faith
Scarcity of jobs, Education on
strain on natural other birth
resources,
control methods
housing
shortages,
unemployment,
etc.
Malnutrition
Poor soil,
overpopulation,
political
upheaval, etc.
Low life
expectancy,
government
corruption &
turmoil, high
infant death,
disease, etc.
Africa
Proposed
solution
Education about
better farming
methods, more
resistant crops,
population
control,
international aid
programs
Modern Problems
Problem
Place
Cause
Effect
Proposed
solution
Nuclear
proliferation
Iran,
North
Korea
Nations want
nukes so they
will be
powerful
and/or equal to
their neighbors,
friends,
enemies
Increases the
possibility of a
cataclysmic
event and
annihilation
Economic
sanctions
Negotiations
Reward
compliance
Military
intervention
Other modern problems
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Spread of infectious disease
International terrorism
Poverty
Global warming
Desertification
AP Euro exams