Transcript 11_Lec 10 Hist 1303

Lecture 10: Historical
Developments 1303-1648
March 29, 2011
Ann T. Orlando
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Introduction
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Historical Review
The Troubled 14th C
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More Troubled 15th C
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Conciliar Movements
Development of Nations
Fall of Byzantium
Reformation in 16th C
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Famine and Plague
Avignon Papacy and Great Western Schism
Hundred Year’s War
Germany: Luther
Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin
Spain, Netherlands, Germany: Hapsburg Empire
Peace of Augsburg
Thirty Year’s War: Treaty of Westphalia
Beyond Europe: Voyages of Discovery
Readings
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Review: Middle Ages (Key changes in
Reformation)
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1. European Developments
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Normans (Merged with France or England in this period)
England (Consolidates holdings in Scotland, Ireland)
France (King becomes more powerful than Dukes)
Holy Roman Empire (Germany, Spain, Netherlands)
2. Pope-King relations summarized throughout this period as:
‘Who’s in charge, Pope or King?’ (Which King, Which Pope??)
3. Western Christendom attempts to recapture Holy Land from the
Muslims to guarantee safety of Christian pilgrimages (Crusades)
(Western Europe barely able to defend itself from Ottoman Turks)
4. Eastern and Western Christianity become increasingly at odds
with each other (Eastern Christian Roman Empire ceases to exist)
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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C: Famine and Plague
12th and 13th C were period of population growth; agriculture
could not keep pace
 Severe Famine in early 14th C
Part of population increase led to significant move to cities
 Poor sanitation
 Concentration of fleas and rats
Increased trade led to less desirable imports
 Plague started in Asia; Spread to Europe in 1347
 Approximately 1/3 of Asians, Indians, Europeans died in 14th C
 Young more susceptible than old
 Effected every country in Europe between 1347-1348; sporadic
outbursts throughout 14th C
Search for a cause: “the Jews poisoned the wells”
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The Pope tries (unsuccessfully) to protect Jews from persecution
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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Pope Boniface VIII
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C: Papal Status as of 1303
Unam Sanctam
Philip IV ignores Encyclical;
Captures Boniface and humiliates him
Boniface dies 1303
Boniface’s successor
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Tension between Roman families and French over who
should be Pope; political/economic driver is control over
Papal States (from Pepin the Short in 750)
Clement V was elected through French influence and lived
in France, beginning of Avignon Papacy
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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C: Avignon Papacy
During this period (1309-1377), Papacy dependent on France
Some of Popes in this period were guilty of nepotism as well as
simony
Catherine of Sienna (1347-1380)
 Mystic who was very popular; educated by Dominicans
 Able to end warring family factions in Italy
 Pressured Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, which he did in
1377
 Declared a doctor of Church in 1970
Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373)
 Mother of Queen Catherine of Sweden
 After becoming a widow, moved to Rome, founded an order
(Brigitines) devoted to poor of Rome and politics of returning
Pope to Rome
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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Urban VI succeeded Gregory XI
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Managed to alienate both French and Romans
Cardinals who had elected Urban abandoned him and
elected a new pope, Clement VII who moves back to
Avignon
Everyone in Western Europe chooses sides
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C: Great Western Schism
France, Scotland back Clement
England and HRE (Germany and Spain) back Urban
Italian city states changed sides frequently
Rival Popes needed funds
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Simony
Sale of indulgences
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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C: Conciliar Movement
In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to
elect Pope
Council gathers at Pisa in 1409, and both Popes are asked to
resign
 Takes steps against simony
 Elects Alexander V
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Now there are three Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa
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Another Council at Constance in 1414-1418
 Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope
 Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism
Council of Ferrara-Florence 1438-1445
 Constantinople under threat from Ottoman Turks seeks help
 Formula for reunion of East and West
 Leads to enhanced stature of Pope Eugene IV in Rome
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CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Popes of
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and
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Centuries
Pius II (1458-1464) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the
Pope, repudiates Council of Constance
Alexander VI (1492-1503), most notorious Borgia Pope
Julius II (1503-1513), leads armies in battle to solidify Papal States,
decides to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica;
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Old St Peter’s built by Constantine in very bad condition
What had been largest church in Christendom now a mosque
Donation of Constantine accepted as a forgery
Leo X (1513-1521), “Now that God has given us the Papacy, let us
enjoy it.”
Popular joke is ROMA = Radix Omnia Malorum Avaritia (Avarice the
Root of All Evil)
Note, however, that these same Popes were also patrons for some
of the most important artists of Renaissance and Baroque
These same Popes were champions of learning and encouraged
establishment of major libraries, including Vatican library
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th – 16th C Political Situation: France
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Philip IV (Fair) 1285-1314
 Enemy of Boniface VIII
 Strengthen French throne
Hundred’s Year War Between England and France 1339-1453
 Continuation of dispute over who is proper successor to French
throne
Joan of Arc, 1412-1431
 Rallied French behind Charles VII; crowned in Rheims
 Captured and burned as a heretic by English Inquisition
Francois I 1515-1547
 At war with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V over southern
France and eastern France
 French-German wars lasted until 20th C
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th – 16th C Political Situation:
England
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Edward I 1272-1307
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Edward III 1327-1377
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Starts 100 Years War with France
Henry V, Battle of Agincourt 1415
War of Roses (civil war) 1455-1485
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Annexed Wales and Scotland
Henry VII and House of Tudor finally successful
Henry VIII 1491-1547
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th – 16th C Political Situation:
Holy Roman Empire
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14th C period of weakened HRE (German monarchy), elected by duchies
(Bohemia, Saxony, Luxemburg, Bavaria, Moravia, Austria)
 Three families vie for power, Bohemia, Luxemburg, Hapsburg
 Sigismund last of Luxemburg’s to rule all of Germany; called Council of
Constance
 Eventually Hapsburg rule dominates
Maximilian I (Hapsburg) 1493-1519
 Son marries Spanish heiress (Joanna the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella)
 Their son in Charles V
Charles V reigns 1516-1556
 King of Spain starting in 1516; HRE in 1519, but only after making
significant concessions to Fredrick the Wise of Saxony
 Abdicates in 1556; son Phillip II rules Spain and Netherlands; and
brother Ferdinand I becomes HRE, rules Germany and Austria
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th – 16th C Political Situation: Spain
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Throughout 14th C and 15th C Christian
kingdoms of northern Spain fight against
Muslims
Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand
of Aragon succeed in expelling Muslims from
Spain in 1492
Charles V (their grandson) becomes king of
Spain in 1516
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
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Dominated by Medici Family
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Florentine family
International bankers
Opposed by Pazzi Family in Florence: Pazzi conspiracy of 1478
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C Political Situation: Italy
Pazzi’s took Vatican banking business away from Medici
Pazzi allies including Sextus IV and the Archbishop of Pisa formed a
conspiracy to kill Lorenzo (the Magnificent) and his brother Giuliano in
Pazzi Chapel at Easter Mass
Giuliano was murdered, but crowd rises up against Archbishop, hangs
him in his vestments
Pope Sextus IV forced to reconcile with Lorenzo
16th C Medici Popes: Leo X and Clement VII
Machiavelli (1469-1527), The Prince, written with Caesar Borgia,
illegitimate and tyrannical son of Pope Alexander VI as model
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
14th – 16th C Political Situation: Eastern
Mediterranean
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Mongol expansion in 13th and 14th C in Asia pushes Ottomon
Turks Westward
 Ottomon succeed Seljuk Turks for control of Persia, Syria, Egypt
Mohammed II captures Constantinople 1453
 Other than a few priests, West sent no aid to Constantinople after
Council of Florence
 Day before final battle, Eastern Church repudiates Council of
Florence
 Mohammed II renames Constantinople Istanbul; Hagia Sophia
becomes a mosque
Suleyman Magnificent becomes sultan 1520
Ottoman expansion is checked at Battle of Vienna 1533 and by
Spanish at Battle of Lepanto 1571
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Recap: Situation Early
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C
Byzantine Empire destroyed; Constantinople renamed Istanbul
Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern
Mediterranean
Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims
France and England in uneasy truce
France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France
Strong National Rulers
 Francois I of France
 Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands)
 Henry VIII in England
Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy;
reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Europe in 1519
www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/maps/1519eur.jpg
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
German Reformation
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How it started: 1517, Albrecht of Mainz wants to be Archbishop
 Albrecht buys his archbishopric from Rome (Leo X); Rome needs
the money in part to help pay for rebuilding of St. Peters
 Rome authorizes the preaching of a special indulgence in
Germany, with the money to go to Albrecht to repay him
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
 Responds to this situation with 95 Thesis
 Go far beyond denouncing sin of simony and corruption;
fundamentally calls into question Rome’s primacy and theology of
indulgences; denounces scholasticism
 German princes, especially Fredrick the Wise of Saxony, support
Luther against Rome and against HRE Charles V
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Political Response
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Pope Leo X did not want to cross Fredrick the Wise
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Luther appears before Diet of Worms, 1521
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Luther is condemned by Charles V
‘Kidnapped’ by Fredrick the Wise and taken to Warburg Castle to prevent capture
by Charles V
Peasants Revolt in Germany in 1525, violently suppressed by Lutherans
Charles uses Lutheran troops to attack Pope and sack Rome in 1527
Schmalkalden League formed in 1531 by German nobles opposed to
Charles V
Sporadic Battles between them and Charles V until…
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
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Check on Charles V power
Wanted Germans to take up arms against Turks
Cuius regio, eius religio, “whose reign, his religion”
Only valid for Lutheran and Catholic princes
Answer to who’s in charge
Thirty Years War, 1618-1638, continued armed struggles in Europe along
political and religious lines (France and Sweden against Protestant
German duchies)
Peace of Westphalia confirmed Peace of Augsburg, but now included
Calvinists
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Swiss Reformation
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Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)
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A priest, Zwingli becomes member of Zurich city council
Preaches against Catholic liturgical practice
Upholds sovereignty of Swiss cantons
But sovereignty in combination of religion and civil rule based on
Bible
Dies in battle in 1531
Calvin (1509 - 1564) born in France, studied law
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Theological heir of Zwingli
Moves to Switzerland to be away from Catholic France
Established a ‘holy’ city in Geneva
Very influential on development of Puritanism in England and
Presbyterianism in Scotland
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Reformation in England
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Henry VIII initially opposes Luther, remains faithful to Rome
Henry married Catherine of Spain in 1509 (daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella, aunt of Charles V)
 Marriage yields no male heir
 Pope Clement VII refuses to annul marriage
 Note the request comes in 1527, just after Charles V had sacked
Rome and Clement not eager to further provoke Charles
Henry declares himself head of Church in England 1532
Thomas More and other executed 1535
Very little doctrinal disagreement between Henry VIII and Rome
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Religious Map of Europe c. 1560
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Expansion of Spanish and Portuguese
Culture 16th C
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Voyages of discovery
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Driven by economics
Religion followed economics
Jesuits and Franciscans were primary
Catholic missionary orders
Many saw colonization of new world
(Western Hemisphere) as a way to escape
turmoil of old world
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
European Voyages of Discovery
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Driven by economics,
 Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient
 Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks
 Ottoman is an Arab corruption of the name Osman, a 13th C
turkish ruler who rebelled against Seljik rule)
In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’
 Most other Western European countries preoccupied with wars
and Reformation
 Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal and
Spain
 Spanish dominance ends with defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588
No educated person in Europe thought the earth was flat (see ST
Ia Q1 a1)
Real question was how to sail all the way to China from Europe
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Portuguese Voyages of Discovery
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Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)
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Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487
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Encourages exploration of West Africa
Significantly improves navigation instruments
Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially
Congo and Angola
Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan
China
Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 1522
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Spanish Voyages of Discovery
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Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492 to Caribbean
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Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521
Pizarro conquers Peru 1532
By 1600 Spanish had
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Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert ‘Indians’
Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona,
New Mexico, Texas, Florida)
Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South
America
Santa Fe, New Mexico is oldest capitol city in U.S.
By comparison,
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Jamestown founded 1607
Quebec founded 1608
Plymouth founded 1620
Montreal founded 1642
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Map of Voyages 1340-1600
www.jcg.jersey.sch.uk/subjects/history/discovery.html
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Role of Church: Pope Alexander VI
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Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)
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Divides ‘world’ between Spain and Portugal down Atlantic
in 1493
Known as Line of Demarcation
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522
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Magellan, although Portuguese, surmised that the
Line of Demarcation if completed around the world
meant that most of the Spice Islands would belong
to Spain
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Charles V eager to claim these lands for Spain
Entered into Spanish service to claim lands in the
East (i.e. Spice Islands and Philippines) for Spain
Magellan killed in Philippines during the voyage
Comparable to Apollo program in 1960s
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Tremendous national pride in being the first to
circumnavigate the globe
Something that only the wealthiest country could
reasonable undertake
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648
Readings
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Lengthy reading from Vidmar; 154-241
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We will discuss theological development next
week
95 Theses found at
http://www.luther.de/en/95thesen.html
Primary readings are relatively short
CH 500 Lecture 10 Historitcal 1303 - 1648