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Notes 09/30
Class 05: Europe, 1815-1919
GEO105: World Regional Geography
Michael T. Wheeler
Syracuse University, Geography
Lecture slide 02
Politics - French Revolution
• Influence of the American Revolution
– Continuing huge debts of French monarchy / military
• Interest and debt payments represented half of the entire budget
• Convening of the Estates General, 1789
– Primarily to raise (land) taxes
– Estates:
• First: Nobility
• Second: Catholic Church
• Third: bourgeoisie
– Lawyers, merchants
• Tennis Court Oath (shown)
– National Assembly refused to meet
until they had a Constitution
2
Lecture slide 03
French Revolution – Popular Uprising
• New Forces
– King mustered royal troops at
Versailles
– Paris populace, bread riots, arms
for the militia
• Storming the Bastille
– July 14, 1789
• The Revolution
– Liberte, egalite, fraternite
• Numerous governments
– Convention, sans-culottes, “Reign
of Terror,” Directory, Thermidorian
Reaction
– Consulate (Napoleon Bonaparte)
3
Lecture slide 04
Napoleonic Wars
4
Lecture slide 05
Germany, before Napoleon
5
Lecture slide 06
Europe, after Napoleon (1815)
6
Lecture slide 07
European Revolutions, 1823-1831
7
Lecture slide 08
European Revolutions, 1848-9
8
The Economic Unification
of Germany, 1834 (‘Customs Union’)
Lecture slide 09
(German maps)
9
Lecture slide 10
The Unification of Germany, 1864-66
(German maps)
10
Lecture slide 11
The Unification of Germany, 1864-71
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Lecture slide 12
The Unification of Italy, 1815-71
• Sardinia-Piedmont: Leader
of unification
– Victor Emmanuel II
– Camillio Cavour
– Moderate liberalism as
opposed to republicanism and
reactionary absolutism
• France: Napoleon III
supported Italy with quid pro
quo (Nice and Savoy)
• Austria-Hungarian Empire:
Big loser
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Lecture slide 13
1871, New Map of Europe
(Compare with slide 6)
13
Lecture slide 14
The Industrial Revolution, Why England?
• Economic / Social
– 18th Century ‘Agricultural Revolution’
• The Enclosure Acts
• Better crop rotations, cultivation practices
– Innovation
– Large merchant marine (only Holland could rival)
– Liberal banking regime
• Geography
– Navigable rivers and seacoast shipping
– High percentage of city dwellers
– Expensive labor (at least 2x France, more than 2x compared to German
states)
– Almost complete depletion of forests
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Lecture slide 15
‘Change begat change’
•
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and
Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present.
Landes, David.
2nd Ed.
2003 (1969).
• Coal Mining
– Needed steam engines to remove water from ever-deeper mines
– Horse-drawn iron rails used to better convey coal (railroads)
• Steam Engines
– Needed better iron-working techniques for higher-pressure steam
engines
• Iron
– Replacement of charcoal (wood) with coke (coal) enabled bigger,
higher temperature forges
• Textiles
– Better machine technology (iron) enabled automated spinning and
weaving machines
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Lecture slide 16
‘Continental Emulators’
Belgium, Northern France
Figure 3.10: The spread of
industrialization in
Europe (p. 89)
• Continent
– Destruction of
Napoleonic Wars
– Poorer ‘natural’
transportation routes
– Political boundaries
(tolls and customs)
– Fragmented markets
– Limited coal
deposits
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Lecture slide 17
European Industry and Railroads, 1871
Figure 4.??
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Lecture slide 18
European Industrialization
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Lecture slide 19
Rise of Industrial Europe:
Relative Shares of World Manufacturing Output
80
70
Europe
61.3
60
62
Hapsburg Empire
53.2
Relative Shares
United Kingdom
France
50
German States / Germany
Italian States / Italy
40
Russia
34.2
30
United States
28.1
Japan
23.2
Third World
20
China
India / Pakistan
10
0
1750
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
Years
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change
and Military conflict from 1500 to 2000. 1987. p. 149.
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Lecture slide 20
Break
Figure 3.13: Population Density in Europe (p. 92)
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Lecture slide 21
Comparative Advantage
• Imagine a world with just two countries and two
commodities….
Great Britain
Price Food
$10
bushel
Price Cloth
$4
bolt
Price Food
$2
bushel
Price Cloth
$3
bolt
Portugal
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Lecture slide 22
Comparative Advantage, Graphically
22
Lecture slide 23
Benefits of Free Trade
23
Lecture slide 24
England, Repeal of the Corn Laws
• Great Britain’s post Napoleonic Wars conservative reaction
– 1799: Outlawed workers’ organizations (unions)
– 1815: Corn Law tariff to maintain high domestic grain prices
Source
Erie
– 1816: Abolished income
taxofpaid
by Canal
wealthyTonnage
and replaced it with sales
tax of consumer goods (regressive)
18
36
18
40
18
44
18
48
18
52
18
56
18
60
•
Tons (000s)
•
2,000
Repeal of the Corn
1,800Laws, 1846
1,600 (David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham)
– Classical economists
1,400
– Irish potato famine
1,200
Western States
1,000
– Opened up of freer trade throughout much of western
world
New York
State
800
U.S. implications600
400 over the ‘Tariff of Abominations’ (1824)
– North – South debate
200
– Example of Erie Canal
(see Lecture 1, slide 13)
0
Year
24
Lecture slide 25
New Industrial Empire(s)
The World in 1900
25
Lecture slide 26
World War One
26
Lecture slide 27
Woodrow Wilson and ‘Self-Determination’
Figure 4.??
(Compare
with slides
6, 13)
Italia Irredenta
(Irredentism)
27
Lecture slide 28
Relative Industrial Potential,
‘Great Powers’
Total Industrial Potential of the Powers
in Relative Perspective, 1880-1938
(U.K. in 1900 = 100)
600
500
Great Britain
United States
400
Germany
France
300
Russia
Austro-Hungary
200
Italy
Japan
100
0
1880
1900
1913
1928
1938
Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. p. 201. (Bairoch)
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Lecture slide 29
Regional Trading Blocs:
The Great Depression, 1929
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Lecture slide 30
Balkan Peninsula, 19th Century
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Lecture slide 31
Ethno-Linguistic Map of Eastern Europe, 1900
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Lecture slide 32
Claims to Macedonia, 1912
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Lecture slide 33
The Balkan Peninsula, 1912-3
(Also see page 98, Figure 1 in your book)
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Lecture slide 34
Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Versailles
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Lecture slide 35
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 20th Century
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Lecture slide 36
Review
•
Geopolitics
–
–
–
–
•
French Revolution and 19th Century, egalitarian unrest
Conservative reaction – Germany unified ‘from above’
Unification of Germany upset the Balance of Powers in Europe
New wave of imperialism – prestige as a ‘Great Power’
Industrial Revolution
–
–
–
–
Technologies: Coal, iron, textiles, railroads, steamships
First, England
Spread to Continental Europe, United States, and Japan
New international economics
• Free trade among Great Powers
• New empires (‘Industrial Imperialism’)
•
Balkanization
– We saw last week that ethnic, language-based nation states did not work in South Asia
– They have not worked very well in Central and especially Eastern Europe, either
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Lecture slide 37
Next Week
• Reading
– Chapter 6: 232-289
• Review
– p. 287: Testing Your Understanding: 1, 3-4, 10
– Thinking Geographically, 2-3
• Map Workbook:
– p. 38 (use map Figure 6.1 on page 36). Mapping Exercise
1: “Mapping Colonial Legacies and Political Violence,"
Questions 1-6.
• Web Page:
– classes.maxwell.syr.edu/geo105_f04/class
_notes/06-Review.htm
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