Transcript absolute monarchs in europe 1500-1800

ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN
EUROPE 1500-1800
CH. 7 A
SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND
EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM
CHARLES V: SPAIN’S KING FROM 1520-1566;
CONTROLLED SPAIN, SPAIN’S AMERICAN
COLONIES, PARTS OF ITALY, AND LANDS IN
AUSTRIA AND THE NETHERLANDS.
SPAIN’S POWERFUL EMPIRE:
– CHARLES SPLITS HIS EMPIRE AFTER THE
PEACE OF AUGSBURG.
FERDINAND: CHARLES BROTHER;
GETS AUSTRIA AND HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE.
PHILLIP II: CHARLES SON; GETS SPAIN,
SPANISH NETHERLANDS, AND SPAIN’S
AMERICAN COLONIES.
PHILLIP II’S EMPIRE:
– SEIZED PORTUGAL.
– B/N 1550 AND 1660 SPAIN SEIZED 339,000
LBS OF GOLD AND 16,000 TONS OF
SILVER FROM AMERICA.
– PHILLIP LAUNCHED SPANISH ARMADA.
– PHILLIP BUILT ESCORIAL, GRANITE
PALACE THAT SHOWED HIS POWER.
GOLDEN AGE OF SPANISH ART:
– SPAIN’S 2 GREATEST PAINTERS OF THE
16TH AND 17TH CENTURY.
1. EL GRECO
2. DIEGO VELAZQUEZ
– DON QUIXOTE: 1ST EUROPEAN NOVEL
ESCORIAL
Center: the main
buildings (palace
and monastery) on
the right with the
huge plaza; workers'
quarters at the far
right
ESCORIAL
PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE
1. INFLATION AND TAXES:
– A. INFLATION HAD 2 CAUSES
1. POP. GREW AND DEMAND WAS
GREATER; THIS MADE PRICES RISE.
2. SILVER FLOODED THE MARKET AND
ITS VALUE DROPPED.
– B. TAX BURDEN FELL ON LOWER CLASS
B/C NOBLES WERE EXEMPT; THIS
STOPPED BUSINESS’S FROM FORMING;
NO MIDDLE CLASS WAS FORMED.
PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE
2. MAKING SPAIN’S ENEMIES RICH:
– A. SPANISH GOODS WERE MORE
EXPENSIVE THAN OTHER EUROPEAN
GOODS, AND BECAUSE OF THIS SPANISH
CITIZENS SPENT $ OUTSIDE SPAIN; THIS
MADE OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
WEALTHY.
– B. PHILLIP DECLARED SPAIN BANKRUPT 3
TIMES.
PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE
3. DUTCH REVOLT:
– A. WILLIAM OF ORANGE AND FLOODING
DROVE THE SPANISH OUT OF THE
NETHERLANDS AND THUS MADE THE
DUTCH AN INDEPENDENT STATE.
INDEPENDENT DUTCH PROSPER
– DUTCH FLOURISHED WHEN THERE WAS
A SHORTAGE OF GRAIN IN EUROPE B/C
THEY HAD THE LARGEST FLEET IN THE
WORLD.
ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE:
ABSOLUTE MONARCHS: KINGS THAT
BELIEVED ALL POWER WITHIN A STATES
BOUNDARIES RESTED IN THEIR HANDS.
DIVINE RIGHT: IDEA THAT GOD CREATED
THE MONARCHY AND THAT THE MONARCH
ACTED AS GODS REPRESENTATION ON
EARTH.
FRANCE’S ULTIMATE MONARCH
A. RELIGIOUS WARS CREATE A CRISIS IN
FRANCE:
– 1. HUGUENOTS AND CATHOLICS FOUGHT
8 RELIGIOUS WARS B/N 1562-1598.
– 2. ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S MASSACRE: 6WK NATION WIDE MASSACRE OF
HUGUENOT’S IN FRANCE.
– 3. HENRY OF NAVARRE: MARRIED
CATHERINE AND WAS LATER KNOWN AS
HENRY IV, THE 1ST KING OF THE
BOURBON DYNASTY IN FRANCE.
An Eyewitness Account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day
Massacre
by François Dubois
August 24, 1572, was the date of the infamous St.
Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France. On that day, over 400
years ago, began one of the most horrifying holocausts in
history. The glorious Reformation, begun in Germany on
October 31, 1517, had spread to France—and was joyfully
received. A great change had come over the people as industry
and learning began to flourish, and so rapidly did the Truth
spread that over a third of the population embraced the
Reformed Christian Faith.
However, alarm bells began to ring at the Vatican! France was
her eldest daughter and main pillar—the chief source of money
and power. . . . King Pepin of the Franks (the father of
Charlemagne) had given the Papal States to the Pope almost
1000 years earlier. Almost half the real estate in the country
was owned by the clergy.
Meanwhile, back in Paris, the King of France and his Court
spent their time drinking, reveling and carousing. The Court
spiritual adviser—a Jesuit priest— urged them to massacre the
Protestants—as penance for their many sins! To catch the
Christians off-guard every token of peace, friendship, and
ecumenical good will was offered.
Suddenly—and without warning—the devilish work
commenced. Beginning at Paris, the French soldiers
and the Roman Catholic clergy fell upon the unarmed
people, and blood flowed like a river throughout the
entire country. Men, women, and children fell in heaps
before the mobs and the bloodthirsty troops. In one
week, almost 100,100 Protestants perished. The rivers
of France were so filled with corpses that for many
months no fish were eaten. In the valley of the Loire,
wolves came down from the hills to feel upon the
decaying bodies of Frenchmen. The list of massacres
was as endless as the list of the dead!
Many were imprisoned—many sent as slaves to row
the King's ships—and some were able to escape to
other countries. . . . The massacres continued for
centuries. The best and brightest people fled to
Germany, Switzerland, England, Ireland and
eventually America and brought their incomparable
manufacturing skills with them
France was ruined. . . . Wars, famine, disease
and poverty finally led to the French
Revolution—the Guillotine—the Reign of
Terror—the fall of the Roman Catholic
Monarchy—atheism—communism etc., etc.
When news of the Massacre reached the
Vatican there was jubilation! Cannons roared—
bells rung—and a special commemorative
medal was struck—to honor the occasion! The
Pope commissioned Italian artist Vasari to paint
a mural of the Massacre—which still hangs in
the Vatican!
– EDICT OF NANTES: PASSED BY HENRY;
DECLARED THAT HUGUENOTS COULD
LIVE IN FRANCE AND PRACTICE THEIR
RELIGION IN SOME CITIES.
– FALL OF HENRY IV:
1. MANY LOVED HENRY AND HIS
RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, BUT MANY
HATED HIM FOR TOLERATING
HUGUENOTS.
2. HENRY IV WAS STABBED TO DEATH
BY A FANATIC CATHOLIC ONE DAY IN
HIS ROYAL CARRIAGE.
LOUIS XIII AND CARDINAL
RICHELIEU
LOUIS XIII WAS HENRY IV’S SON.
CARDINAL RICHELIEU: LOUIS XIII CARDINAL
WHO RULED FOR THE WEAK KING.
RICHELIEU TAKES 2 STEPS TO INCREASE
THE POWER OF THE BOURBON MONARCHY.
– 1. MOVED AGAINST THE HUGUENOTS.
– 2. WEAKENED NOBLES POWER.
LOUIS XIV RULES ABSOLUTELY
LOUIS XIV: STRONGEST RULER IN HISTORY;
BEGAN RULE AT AGE 5.
CARDINAL MAZARIN: RULED WHILE LOUIS
WAS A BOY.
– MAZARIN INCREASED TAXES AND
STRENGTHENED THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT.
LOUIS XIV TAKES CONTROL:
– A. BEGAN RULE AT AGE 23
– B. WEAKENED POWER OF THE NOBILITY.
– C. INTENDANTS:GOV’T AGENTS WHO
COLLECTED TAXES AND ADMINISTERED
JUSTICE; HAD INCREASED POWER B/C
King_Louis_XIV_and_French_Exploration_of_the_New_World_asf.asf
LOUIS XIV
ECONOMIC GROWTH
JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT: LOUIS FINANCE
MINISTER;TRIED TO MAKE FRANCE SELF
SUFFICIENT; TAX CUTS FOR
BUSINESSES;TARIFFS ON IMPORTS.
LOUIS’S GRAND STYLE:
– LIVED IN LUXURY;HAD NEARLY 500
COOKS WAITERS, AND SERVANTS.
– LOUIS CONTROLS THE NOBILITY.
– LOUIS REQUIRES HUNDREDS OF NOBLES
TO LIVE W/ HIM AT VERSAILLES.
– HIS PALACE AT VERSAILLES STRETCHED
ALMOST 500 YARDS AND HAD 2000
ROOMS.( PG. 521 )
LOUIS XIV
VERSAILLES
VERSAILLES
LOUIS FIGHTS DISASTROUS WARS
LOUIS WAS UNSUCCESSFUL IN DEFEATING THE
DUTCH.
TREATY OF NIJMEGAN: MADE PEACE B/N DUTCH
AND THE FRENCH.
WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION: SPAIN AND
FRANCE BOTH HAD BOURBON KINGS AND THEY
WERE BOTH TOO POWERFUL; THEY WERE
ATTACKED BY ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, DUTCH,
PORTUGAL, GERMANY, AND ITALY BECAUSE THEY
HAD BECOME TOO POWERFUL.
TREATY OF UTRECHT: ENDED THE WAR OF
SPANISH SUCCESSION;BOTH KINGS COULD
CONTINUE TO RULE BUT SPAIN AND FRANCE
COULD NO LONGER FORM ALLIANCES;BRITAIN
ALSO TOOK THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTER.
THIRTY YEARS WAR
1. BOHEMIAN PROTESTANT REVOLT:
– A. FERDINAND II: HEAD OF THE
HAPSBURG FAMILY; RULED BOHEMIA;
FUTURE HOLY ROMAN EMPORER.
– B. HE CLOSED PROTESTANT CHURCHES
AND PROTESTANTS REVOLTED.
– C. THIRTY YEARS WAR: FERDINAND’S
ARMY VS. PROTESTANT PRINCES.
2. HAPSBURG TRIUMPHS:
– A. 1ST 12 YEARS OF WAR, THE
HAPSBURGS (SPAIN AND AUSTRIA)
CRUSHED THE TROOPS HIRED BY
GERMAN PRINCES.
THIRTY YEARS WAR
3. HAPSBURG DEFEATS:
– A. PROTESTANT GUSTAVOUS ADOLPHUS OF
SWEDEN DROVE HAPSBURGS OUT OF N.
GERMANY.
– B. CARDINAL RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN OF
FRANCE DOMINATED THE REST OF THE WORLD.
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA: ENDED THIRTY
YEARS WAR AND HAD 5 MAJOR EFFECTS.
– 1. WEAKENED HAPSBURGS.
– 2. STRENGTHENED FRANCE.
– 3. MADE GERMAN PRINCES INDEPENDENT OF
HRE.
– 4. ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE.
– 5. INTRO. NEW METHODS OF PEACE NEG.
AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR
HAPSBURGS RULED AUSTRIA AFTER
THIRTY YEARS WAR.
CHARLES VI WAS HAPSBURG RULER.
MARIA THERESA (CHARLES DAUGHTER)
INHERITED THE THRONE.
PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA CLASH;
– PRUSSIA’S RULING FAMILY WAS THE
HOHENZOLLERNS.
– RISE OF PRUSSIA:
A. FREDERICK WILLIAM (THE ELECTOR)
BEGAN THE RISE OF PRUSSIA.
B. FREDERICK THE GREAT (FW’S SON)
CONTINUED THE STRONG MILITARY OF
HIS FATHER.
AFTER THIRTY YEARS WAR
WAR OF AUSTRIAN
SUCCESSION:
– MARIA THERESA
WON THE WAR
VS. FTG BUT
LOST SILESIA IN
THE TREATY OF
AIX-LACHAPELLE.