Transcript The Struggle to Control North America

~Review~
Topics in Chapter 4 The topics discussed in chapter 4 are:
1. Continuing conflict between French and English. (Wars
fought/Fur Trade)
2. Struggle to control the Atlantic
3. Acadia and Deportation
4. Final Struggle for N.A. – Three-pronged attack.
5. French Reaction to Attack – (Biography on Generals)
6. British Military Rule & Alternatives open to British
7. Proclamation 1763 & Quebec Act
Important Terms Migratory –
Biculturalism –
Treaty –
Louisbourg –
League of Augsburg –
Spanish Succession –
Austrian Succession –
Seven Years War Trading Forts/Ports
WAR continues
Between 1688 and 1763 a series of
wars were fought between
France and Britain.
 These wars were fought in
Europe and N.America
 These wars had effects in
Europe and N.America
 Each war was settled with a.
Peace Treaty.
1. War of the League of Augsburg
(1688-97)
 Back story: Leading up to the War of League of
Augsburg (9 year war), King Louis XIV of France had
emerged European wars as the most powerful monarch
in Western Europe and conquered far-reaching
territories. Many European countries were worried
about France’s aggressive power and decided to join
together to form the “Grand Alliance” to stop French
expansion.
 N.American War: King William’s War
 Peace Treaty: Peace of Ryswick
 Result: End to British-French Hostilities
2. War of Spanish Succession
(1702-13)
 Back Story: Similar to the “War of
the League of Augsburg” the Spanish
Succession was fought between two
main groups or alliances. France and
Spain  Holy Roman Empire, Great
Britain, the Dutch Republic and
Portugal. The war fought in
N.America was called Queen Anne’s
War
 Reason for War: Unification of
France and Spain (Disturb the
Balance of Power)
2. War of Spanish Succession
(1702-13)
Result: Treaty of Utrecht
 The French lost
 Couldn’t join together with Spain.
 Lost territories of Hudson’s Bay
Company
 French lost claims in Newfoundland
and Acadia
 Iroquois declared British Subjects
3. War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-48)
 Back Story: The King of
Hungary died leaving his empire
under the control of daughter.
France and Prussia felt a women
was unable to rule over the
empire use this as pretext to
attack and expand their empire.
This war involved most
European countries and was
fought in Europe and N.
America. Louisbourg was
captured by the English.
3. War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-48)
Reason for War –
 French/Prussia wanted to expand
their empire in Europe.
 English/Holly Empire: Limit French
control and power in Europe.
Results: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
• Things returned to how things were
before the war
• The French Fortress and strong
hold was returned to France.
4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63)
Back Story:
This is a war that put Prussia/Britain
against France and the Holy Empire and
is the 4th colonial war that happened
between France and Britain:
•It was an Imperial War
•This war was fought on both
continents.
•The war fought in N.America is
called the French and Indian Wars
•French and Native Allies vs British
4. Seven Years’ War (1756-63)
Results – (Treaty of Paris):
 The French lost their colonies in N.America
 The British were established as the
dominant power in North America.
 This war made little differences of the
expansion of empires within Europe.
 Seven Years’ War ended France’s position as
a major colonial power in N.America
 Prussia rose to become a strong European
power in Europe gaining control of Austrian
provinces.
4. Participants in ‘Seven Year War’
All the participants of the Seven Years' War.
Blue: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal with allies.
Green: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies.
British and French Conflicts in
North America (1689-1763)
The colonial wars between France
and Britain were fought in two
areas in N. America:
1.
2.
Control of the Fur Trade
Struggle to control the Atlantic
(Louisbourg, Halifax, and
Acadia)
Struggle to Control the Fur Trade
British System
• Established forts on the
Hudson Bay and waited
for the natives to come
to them and deliver furs.
• HBC was owned by many
groups of people; they
shared risk and profit.
Their main goal was
profit.
French System
• Using native guides they
explored further and
further inland searching
for new fur territory.
• Fur trade was owned by
the government and
colonization not profit
was most important. *
Cultural Exchange
~ Think/Pair/Share - Good or Bad ~
In groups of two, read the section
titled “Cultural Exchange” on page
62. This is an example of cultural
exchange.
 Make a list of the positive and
negative impacts of cultural
exchange
 Describe why a piece of native
American culture was lost?
France: Protecting the Fur Trade
France tried to protect the fur trade in two ways.
1. Military Action
2. Expansion Inland
France’s Military Action
Taking military action against
the British
•
The French used military
means to try and take control
of the Hudson Bay during the
League of Augsburg and
Spanish Succession. The
French lost these wars and lost
all territories in the Hudson
bay giving full control to the
British.
•
The French were forced to
travel overland to continue in
the fur trade.
France’s Expansion Inland
 The French expanded west
and south into the Ohio and
Mississippi valleys down to
the golf of Mexico. Looking
at the map and your reading
on pg 63, what advantage did
this give the French in the fur
trade. (Groups of 2 – 3 mins)
France’s Expansion Inland (Pt.2)
• Established trading forts/ports inland, closer
to the Native people. The French came to the
natives to collect the furs, instead of the
natives going to the Europeans.
• The native people began taking their furs pelts
to the inland French forts rather than traveling
long distances to the Hudson Bay.
• British fur trade suffered – the HBC sent two
fur traders west (Alberta/Saskatchewan) to
convince the natives to trade with the Hudson
bay, but failed because it was easier for the
natives to trade with the French.
Day 2 – Louisburg and Trouble
with Acadia
Topics Discussed:
1. Control of the Atlantic Ocean
a. Louisbourg
b. Halifax
2. Expelsion of the Acadians
Louisbourg – French Fortress
 In attempted to protect the fur trade
and reaction to losing Acadia and
Newfoundland during the Spanish
Succession the French built a
massive fortress to protect their
fishing and fur trade interests.
 Louisbourg became the centre of
France’s military power and
commerce in New France.
 Was thought to be impossible to
break into.
Louisbourg – French Fortress
Louisbourg was a:
• Fishing Station
• Royal Capital
• A Naval base
• Centre for Commerce
Louisbourg was weak because:
 Surrounded by hills
 Poorly constructed
 It was captured twice by the British
Halifax – British Fortress
 The British saw the
construction of Louisbourg as
a direct threat against the
British colonies in N.America.
 The British built a fortress in
Halifax (near Louisbourg) to
protect British interests on
the Atlantic coast.
Think/Pair/Share
Read page 64-66 (LouisbourgHalifax); with a partner make
a list of how Louisbourg and
Halifax were different from
one another
Halifax
(British
Fort)
Louisbourg
(French
Fort)
*
*
*
*
War of Spanish Succession
After the War of the Spanish
Succession (1702-13) the
treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave
Newfoundland and Acadia to
the British. By this time,
Acadia been passed back and
forth between the French
and English 6 times. The
people living in Acadia were
French speaking Catholics.
Different Points of View
English
Acadians
• Refused to take an Oath of
• They had never taken an
Allegiance
Oat of Allegiance in the
• Population was increasing
past 40 years.
dramatically
• They wanted to stay
• Were worried the Acadians
neutral
would turn against the
British
• Britain and France were
preparing for war with each
other – which side would the
Acadians go on?
Think/Pair/Share –
Acadia Quanundrum
In small groups decide what Governor
Lawrence should do with the Acadians.
Use the decision-making model shown
on pg.67 and fill it out on a separate
piece of paper.
1. Issue
2. Alternatives
3. Research Plan
4. Gather/Organize Information
5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Make Decisions – Take Action
7. Evaluate the Process, the decision and Action
Deportation of Acadians
The British asked the Acadians
again to take an Oath of
Allegiance to the British or they
would be deported. They
refused and the British began to
deport them from their lands.
They were taken to the 13
colonies and Louisiana. There
homes were burnt and their
property and land was
confiscated. Many people died
during the deportation.
Day 4:
Final Struggle for North America
1.
Seven Year War
2. British and French war
strategies.
3. British 3 pronged
attack on New France
Seven Year War
 The British deported the Acadians
because they knew war was
approaching with the French
(deportation-1755/ Seven Year War1756).
 This war had an enormous effect on
the history of N. America.
British & French Military Strategy
French
British
• The French kept most of
• The British wanted to
their soldiers in Europe
and few soldiers in N.
America.
• The French wanted to
defeat Britain in Europe.
• They thought a few
soldiers would be able to
defend New France
defeat the French in N.
America.
• They sent 7-8 times
more men than the
French.
• Planned to attack the
French on 3 fronts:
Louisbourg, the Ohio
Valley, and Quebec
Three Pronged Attack 1. The Capture of Louisbourg
(Summer of 1758)
•
•
The British needed to capture
Louisbourg in order to gain control of
the entrance to the St. Lawrence.
The British sent 200 battle ships and
the fortress was taken within 60 days
Three Pronged Attack 2.
The Capture of Ohio Valley
(Summer of 1758)
•
•
The French had many fur forts in the
Ohio valley and the British would
need to reduce their influence in this
region in order to gain control of N.
America.
The French were successful at
defending the Ohio Valley but with
the fall of Louisbourg British forces
were able to capture this region and
push the French back towards
Quebec.
Three Pronged Attack 3. The Capture of Quebec (Spring of
1759)
• Since the British captured
Louisbourg, Quebec was the centre
of French power in N. America.
• The fall of Quebec would mean the
end of French control in N. America.
• General James Wolfe sailed down
the St. Lawrence river while other
troops came overland from the
south.
• After three months of no success at
capturing Quebec, Wolfe decided to
cut off their supplies from the
North.
French Reaction – The Last Stand
In September 1759, the General
Montcalm (French General) learns that
British troops are poorly
organized and are in a vulnerable
position on Plains of Abraham.
The general had three options:
Keep his army in Quebec and wait for
an attack.
2. Send word to the rest of his army to
attack the British from behind.
3. Attack immediately, with the men he
had.
1.
French Reaction – The Last Stand
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
• Montcalm chose the 3rd option and
decided to attack the British soldiers
on the Plains of Abraham (an open
field).
• The British troops were used to this
style of battle (open area).
• The French troops were used to
fighting in the forest, not in open
fields – Guerilla Warfare.
• They French were disorganized and
lost the battle within an hour.
• Surviving soldiers retreated to the
city of Montreal.
ASSIGNMENT
In groups of 4 it will be your responsibility to summarize one of
the following sections. You’ll need to complete your
summary on a single piece of paper and hand into the
teacher. Students will also write their answers in point form
on the board and present to the class.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Montcalm
General James Wolfe
Life of the Canadiens
Introduction & Treaty of Paris
Alternatives Open to the British
Battle on the Plains of Abraham
Guerilla warfare
How are these two war styles different?
Day 4 – Military Rule
Retreat to Montreal
• The British won the Battle on the Plains of
Abraham, thus defeating the French in their
strongest military city.
• The remaining soldiers retreated to Montreal and
tried to retake Quebec city in the Spring of 1760
and failed.
• The first ship to arrive from Europe was British
• Montreal eventually surrendered to the British
soldiers, giving the British full control on North
America.
Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm
Leader of the French army in Quebec
The French forces heard that the British army was
planning a surprise attack on Quebec City.
Montcalm was in charge of deciding what was
best to do. Some of his men were 16km
away where they had thought the British
were going to attack.
Montcalm had to make the decision:
1. Should he keep his army within the fortified
(protected) town of Quebec and wait for the
British attack?
2. Should he send word to the men 16km away
to attack the British from behind?
3. Should he attack immediately with the men he
has on the Plains of Abraham?
Governor James Wolfe
•British commander
•He tried for 3 months to capture Quebec
but continuously failed.
•Because of their fighting strategies, the
British were finally successful and managed
to take over Quebec during the Battle of the
Plains of Abraham
•Wolfe’s army was successful because they
were very disciplined and they knew how to
fight in an open field rather than guerilla
style which was what the French were used
to.
British Military Rule
 Who were the British and French
Generals who died in the war we
spoke about last class? Who won
the war?
 Although the war ended in North
America in 1760, it continued in
other places of the world until
1763.
 During those three years, who
controlled North America?
The French speaking people, born in New
France were called Canadiens.
 They were different from the French people
living in Europe.
 The British government set up a temporary
government. This period was known as the time
of British Military Rule. Their ruling was not a
harsh occupation. Although, Canadiens were a
bit scared of being forced to sign an oath of
allegiance with the British or being deported like
the Acadians.
The Treaty of Paris (Peace Treaty 1763)
Results of the Treaty:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Economic problems were restored as
the British began to pay for goods
with coins.
The military courts began to use
French civil law { controls the
private rights of citizens (like
property arguments) instead of
criminal law}
They agreed that the French would
not be deported.
The Roman Catholic religion was
kept.
The Seigneurial system was also
restored.
Choices the British had to make :
 Deportation: Force the Canadiens to leave Quebec
(what happened to the Acadians).
 Maintain the status-quo: allow French to keep their
system of doing things.
 Isolation: Create separate territories for people to live
on.
 Assimilate: make the French and Natives British
subjects by forcing their laws, customs, language, and
religion on them.
 Biculturalism: Allow British and French ways of doing
things.
Day 5 – The Proclamation of
1763 and Quebec Act
The Proclamation of 1763
After the signing British and French signed
the Treaty of Pair s, the English created a
proclamation which outlines what they
intended to do with Quebec. This was
known as the Proclamation of 1763.
The Proclamation stated:
• It made British institutions, laws, customs,
English language, and protestant religion
enforced in Quebec.
• It sought to attract British settlers to
Quebec.
• They wanted to limit the size of Quebec
and stop French fur traders.
• Assure Native people they could still fur
trade in the Ohio Valley.
The Proclamation of 1763
Key Terms of Proclamation –
Settlement Patterns – Settlement in the Ohio
Valley were forbidden. Only fur traders with
permits were allowed.
Language – French language was allowed to
continue, but it didn’t have official status.
Religion – Roman Catholic religion was
allowed to continue but the Church had no
official status and couldn’t collect taxes;
Protestant religion was introduced and
promoted.
Government – Officials were appointed by
British governor and were made up of
English-speaking military and merchants
elites. Catholics were not allowed to
participate in government
Think/Pair/Share –
The Proclamation of 1763
Looking at the Proclamation of 1763 – and the 5
alternatives on page 80. Which alternative do
you think the British chose? Write your answer
down on a piece of paper and explain why?
1. Deportation
2. Maintain the Status Quo
3. Isolation
4. Assimilation
5. Biculturalism
Results of Proclamation of 1763
 Civil rule replaced military rule
 Assimilation did not occur in
Quebec because



Anglo-Americans did not move to
Quebec (West/North)
French outnumbered the British in
Quebec (97/100)
Priest and Seigneurs worked hard to
preserve French culture
Balance of Power in Quebec
Think/Pair/Share
Discuss with a partner whether or not
this division of power was fair? You
must provide reasons to support your
answer.
The Beginnings of the
American Revolution
After the “Seven Year War” the British were poor
and needed to collect more money. They
decided to collect more money from the people
living in the “thirteen (13) colonies”. This made
the people living in the thirteen colonies upset
because:
 The British were increasing the taxes of
people living in the colonies, but they were
not seeing any benefit of those taxes.
 The people in the thirteen (13) colonies were
not represented in British government.
 They were not letting people expand
westward (Proclamation of 1763)
First Governor after Military Rule
Governor James Murray
• Worked with General Wolf during Seven Year
•
•
•
•
•
War
Was a military governor during military rule
It was his job to enforce Proclamation of 1763
He liked and respected the Canadiens,
especially the clergy and seigneurs.
Gave many concessions towards the French.
These concessions made him unpopular among
the British settlers and he was recalled to
England and replaced by Sir Guy Carleton.
Governor Guy Carleton
 He replaced Governor James Murray as governor of




Quebec.
Security of Quebec depended on the loyalty of the
Canadiens.
People in the thirteen colonies were unhappy with
the British officials and were starting to have
disagreements (Beginnings of the American Revolution)
Carleton focused his attention on gaining the
loyalty of the seigneurs and clergy in Quebec, which
would gain the loyalty of the rest of the people.
To gain their loyalty, Carleton granted them their
system of laws, Catholic Religion and rejected the
policy of assimilation; adopting instead
Biculturalism (Quebec Act-1774).
Quebec Act, 1774
This act was passed by the British government to keep the
loyalty of the Canadiens.
• It adopted Biculturalism (stopped assimilation)
• Combine British/French system of managing the colony
while maintaining the French character.
Key Terms:
Language: French Language was allowed to continue
Religion: The Roman Catholic Church was allowed to
continue and collect taxes.
Government: Roman Catholics could participate in
government. French civil law was allowed to continue.
Land holding System: Seigneurial system was allowed to
remain.
Term 2 - Review
Things you need to study:
• Textbook
• Vocabulary W/S
• Powerpoints on the Wiki site
• Term Review sheet – Wiki site (Chapter 4)