Transcript DAY 5-7 - TRHSFougere

EARLY CANADA
DAY 5-7
NEW FRANCE
 NWP FAILURE…RICHES OF SAGUENAY
FAILURE, CONTACT EXPLOITATION ONLY
(FISH, TIMBER)
 SMALL INFORMAL FUR TRADE
 LATE 16TH CENTURY FELT TOP HAT (CASTOR
CANADENSIS)
 RUSH TO OBTAIN FURS
 HUDSON BAY COMPANY BY BR, FRENCH
LOOK TO SETTLEMENTS
ST CROIX ISLAND
 1603 FR CROWN NEGS MONOPOLY FOR
COLONY RIGHTS
 PIERRE DU GUA SIEUR DE MONTS FOUNDS
ST CROIX 1604 (125 SETTLERS)
 IN EXCHANGE FOR FUR MONOPOLY 100
PEOPLE PER YEAR FOR 10 YRS
 ISLAND CHOSEN AS DEFENDABLE, USE TO
SHIP TO FRANCE
 LITTLE FOOD, WATER, SHELTER ETC…FAILS
36 DIE
PORT ROYAL
 1605 SURVIVORS MOVE TO PORT ROYAL, ACROSS
THE BAY OF FUNDY
 THIS IS FOUNDING OF ACADIA
 MICMAC WERE TRADING PARTNERS
 COURT INTRIGUE IN FRANCE (FOR MONOPOLY)
LEADS TO RECALL OF SIEUR DE MONTS
 LEAVES IN 1607 TAKES COLONY WITH HIM
 ABANDONED UNTIL 1609 (MICMAC MOVE IN)
 RE-FOUNDED IN 1609 BUT EMPHASIS ON NEW
FRANCE (QUE)
LOSS AND RESTORATION
 BR COLONIES TO SOUTH GROWING STRONG,
POPULOUS. NOT ACADIA
 THUS ACADIA’S HISTORY LOSS RESTORATION
 1613 ACADIA TAKEN BY VIRGINIAN MILITIA (FR
SETTLERS STRUGGLE ON UNDER BRITISH)
 BR NOW TRY TO SETTLE AREA
 1621 KING JAMES GIVES TO SON AS FEUDAL
TERRITORY. NAMED NEW SCOTLAND
 ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS PROVED JUST AS FUTILE
MORE INTERESTED IN OTHER AREAS
 IN 1632 ALL OF ACADIA WAS GIVEN BACK TO FRANCE
IN TREATY (BR TOOK CARIBBEAN ISLAND)
 WHILE BR OWNED ANNAPOLIS ROYAL, FRENCH
RESETTLED ALONG ST JOHN RIVER
 AFTER THE RESTORATION COMPETITION BETWEEN
PORT ROYAL AND THE COLONY IN ST JOHN ALSO
HURT THE FRENCH ABILITY TO STRENGTHEN THEIR
COLONY
 IN 1654 FRANCE AGAIN LOSES ACADIA TO ENGLAND
 AGAIN THE ACADIANS SIMPLY PERSEVERE UNDER THE
RULE OF THE ENGLISH
 IN 1668 THE ENGLISH GIVE ACADIA BACK TO FRANCE
 THIS PROCESS CONTINUES AS ACADIA IS LOST IN 1690 AND
RETURNED IN 1697
 ACADIA FALLS FOR THE LAST TIME IN 1710 WHERE THE
FRENCH GIVE UP ALL CLAIMS IN ACADIA. THEY HOWEVER
REFER ONLY TO NOVA SCOTIA’S PORTION AND STILL HAVE
CLAIMS IN NEW BRUNSWICK
 THIS WILL HELP LEAD TO WAR IN THE MID 1700s
 AFTER THE FALL OF THE NOVA SCOTIA THE BRITISH THE
GOVERNOR CHARLES LAWRENCE DECIDED TO ELIMINATE
THE ACADIANS AS A POSSIBLE THREAT
 ALL ACADIANS WERE TO LEAVE NOVA SCOTIA UNLESS THE
TOOK AN OATH TO ENGLAND THAT INCLUDED BEARING
ARMS IN CASE OF WAR
 MOST REFUSED AND THE ENGLISH LOOKED THE OTHER
WAY RATHER THAN SEE THE ACADIAN SETTLERS LEAVE
THE AREA AS THEY WERE NEEDED AS FARMERS
 THE REASON THE ACADIANS REFUSED IS MOSTLY DUE
TO THE LACK OF A GUARANTEE OF RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM AND NOT THE OATH ITSELF
 THEY WOULD LIKELY HAVE REMAINED NEUTRAL IN
HOSTILITIES SINCE FEW HAD CLOSE TIES TO FRANCE
 BY THE 1750s HOWEVER WAR WITH FRANCE WAS
IMMINENT
 THE OATH WAS MODIFIED TO ELIMINATE ANY
POSSIBLE MILITARY SERVICE, BUT STILL THE
ACADIANS REFUSED ON RELIGIOUS GROUNDS
 THEN WHEN WAR BROKE OUT IN 1755, AND FORT
BEAUSEJOUR WAS FOUND TO HAVE ACADIAN
DEFENDERS, LAWRENCE BEGAN THE EXPULSION
 IN ALL 6,000-10,000 ACADIANS WERE DEPORTED FROM
NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK
 MANY DIED, AND FAMILIES WERE OFTEN SPLIT UP
 OVER TIME MANY RETURNED SECRETLY OR
MANAGED TO AVOID DEPORTATION BY HIDING
 THEIR PERSEVERANCE DESPITE FRENCH APATHY,
AND ENGLISH PERSECUTION TO MAINTAIN A
CULTURE IS COMMENDABLE, AND TO THIS DAY
THE CELEBRATION OF ACADIAN CULTURE IS VERY
IMPORTANT TO THE REGION
 2004 SAW THE WORLD ACADIAN CONGRESS
WHERE ACADIANS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD
RETURNED TO THE HOME OF THEIR ANCESTORS
 WERE TO BE HELD BIANNUALLY AFTER THAT BUT
KATRINA INTERFERED.
NEW FRANCE
 AFTER CARTIER HAD TRAVELED DOWN THE ST LAWRENCE TO
MONTREAL AND QUEBEC VARIOUS PEOPLE HAD BEEN GIVEN
THE TASK OF SETTLING THE AREA… ALL FAILED
 1608 THAT SOME SEMBLANCE OF A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT
FOUNDED IN QUEBEC BY SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN THE KING’S
GEOGRAPHER FROM ACADIA AND SIEUR DE MONTS
 CHAMPLAIN GIVEN FUR TRADE. WAS TO USE PROFITS TO
MAKE A SOLID COLONY
 HE USED THE HURON AS MIDDLEMEN FOR HIS FUR EMPIRE
 THE HURON WOULD TRAVEL THE INTERIOR COLLECTING FURS
AND RETURN WITH THEM TO QUEBEC
 THIS LED THE FRENCH INTO CONFLICT WITH THE IROQUOIS
CONFEDERACY A TRADITIONAL ENEMY OF THE HURON
 TO PROTECT HIS SUPPLY OF FUR, CHAMPLAIN
HELPED THE HURON ATTACK AND DEFEAT A FORCE
OF IROQUOIS
 IN RETALIATION THE IROQUOIS THEN ATTACK
HURONIA AND VIRTUALLY WIPE IT OUT
 THIS NOW LEADS THE FRENCH WITHOUT THEIR
PROVIDER OF FURS.. COURIERS DE BOIS AND METIS
 MEANWHILE THE ENGLISH TOO WERE MAKING
CLAIMS ON THE FURS OF THE INTERIOR OF CANADA
THROUGH THEIR HUDSON’S BAY ROUTE
 TENSION BTW TWO ENEMIES GROW (WAR IN ACADIA)
 DESPITE HIS SUCCESS WITH THE FUR TRADE QUEBEC AS
A COLONY WAS NOT GROWING
 PEOPLE WHO DID ARRIVE DID NOT WANT TO FARM, THEY
WANTED TO TRADE IN FUR
 IN ONE GOOD YEAR, THE FRENCH COULD OFTEN MAKE
MORE MONEY THAT A DECADE OF FARMING
 IN THREE OR FOUR A MAN COULD RETIRE WEALTHY
 THUS AS PEOPLE CAME OVER AS SETTLERS THEY
OFTEN DISAPPEARED INTO THE INTERIOR LOOKING FOR
FURS OF THEIR OWN
 AS A RESULT BY 1627 THE POPULATION OF QUEBEC WAS
ONLY 65
 NOW THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT TRIED SOMETHING
NEW
 A GROUP KNOWN AS THE COMPANY OF ONE HUNDRED
ASSOCIATES WAS GIVEN A FEUDAL HOLDING SYSTEM OF
LAND, IN EXCHANGE FOR BRINGING OUT 300 SETTLERS
A YEAR
 THIS SYSTEM ALSO FAILED AS 20 YRS LATER THE
POPULATION WAS ONLY 400
 IN 1645 THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT OF LOUIS XIV
DECIDED TO TAKE MATTERS INTO THEIR OWN HAND AND
A ROYAL COLONY WAS ESTABLISHED
 IN 1665 JEAN TALON WAS MADE THE INTENDENT OF NEW
FRANCE… HE WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL
 WHILE HE TOO HAD TROUBLE BRINGING PEOPLE FROM
FRANCE, SO HE ENCOURAGED EX SOLDIERS HERE TO
STAY WITH LARGE LAND GRANTS
 HE ALSO BROUGHT OVER WOMEN OF MARRIAGEABLE
AGE TO CREATE A MORE HOSPITABLE ENVIRONMENT
FOR MALES
 HE ALSO PAID CASH BONUSES FOR LARGE FAMILIES, SO
HE ATTEMPTED THE FIRST BREEDING PROGRAM TO
RAISE THE POPULATION
 IN JUST 7 YRS HIS EFFORTS HAD BROUGHT THE
POPULATION OF QUEBEC UP TO OVER 7,000
 HIS SUCCESSORS WERE NOT NEARLY AS SUCCESSFUL
 BY 1678 IMMIGRATION INTO QUEBEC FROM FRANCE
VIRTUALLY ENDED AND THE LIFE OF THE QUEBEC
HABITANT BECAME INCREASINGLY ALOOF FROM
FRANCE
 FROM THIS POINT ON MOST FRENCH IN NEW FRANCE
WERE BORN HERE
 BY THE FALL OF QUEBEC THIS GROUP NUMBERED OVER
60,000 ALMOST ALL QUEBECOIS NOT FRENCH
LIFE IN NEW FRANCE
 SEIGNEURIALISM WAS THE PRACTICE OF LAND DISTRIBUTION
 VERY SIMILAR TO FEUDALISM OF EUROPE
 CROWN GAVE LARGE PIECE OF LAND TO SEIGNEUR WHO WAS
TO SETTLE THE LAND AND DEFEND IT
 HE GIVES SMALLER PIECES TO OTHERS CALLED CENSITAIRES
TO SETTLE THE LAND
 THE CENSITAIRES PAY YEARLY RENTS AND SERVICES TO THE
SEIGNEUR INCLUDING WILLINGNESS TO DEFEND THE LAND
 THE SEIGNEUR ALSO HAD TO PROVIDE A MILL, COURT AND
OTHER NECESSITIES FOR THE CENSITAIRES TO USE FOR A FEE
 ALL PARCELS OF LAND HAD RIVER FRONTAGE FOR
TRANSPORTATION AND IRRIGATION. LEADS TO VERY LONG
THIN FARMS
 THE DIVISION OF STATUS WAS NOT AS HIGH AS IN FRANCE,
BUT WITH THIS TYPE OF LAND GRANTING FRANCE THOUGHT
THEY COULD ATTRACT PEOPLE TO GO
 LOWER NOBILITY OF FRANCE WOULD GO TO GET LARGE LAND
GRANTS
 LANDLESS FARMERS WOULD GO TO GET THEIR OWN LAND
 OVER TIME THE PEOPLE THAT LIVED IN NEW FRANCE BECAME
KNOWN AS HABITANTS
 THEY WERE THE WORKERS OF THE LAND AND OFTEN STAYED
ALOOF OF POLITICAL MATTERS
 THEY GREW FOOD, HUNTED IN THE FORESTS, AND WERE VERY
RELIGIOUS
 DESPITE THEIR EFFORTS TO LIVE IN PEACE, WAR WOULD
COME TO THEM
 BY 1755 WAR HAD BROKEN OUT BETWEEN ENGLAND AND
FRANCE IN NORTH AMERICA
 THIS IS THE SEVEN YEARS WAR (BEGINS THE NEXT YEAR
IN EUROPE)
 FOR THE FIRST COUPLE OF YEARS THE WAR WENT OKAY
FOR THE FRENCH AS THEY CONTROLLED THE ENTRY
INTO THE ST LAWRENCE VIA FORTRESS OF LOUISBOURG
 THEY ALSO CONTROLLED THE STRATEGIC POINTS
ALONG THE RIVER
 BY 1758 HOWEVER, THE WAR TURNED. THE BRITISH
NAVY RULED THE SEAS, AND USING BLOCKADE AND
NAVAL BOMBARDMENT FORT FRONTENAC AND
LOUISBOURG BOTH FELL
 NOW THE FRENCH HAD TO RETREAT TO QUEBEC AND
AWAIT ATTACK
 THE FRENCH WERE LED BY GENERAL MONTCALME AND
THE BRITISH BY GENERAL WOLFE
 THE BRITISH CONTINUOUSLY SUPPLIED THEIR MEN
BY SEA AND THE FRENCH COULD NOT GET
SUPPLIES OR MORE MEN FROM FRANCE
 THUS MONTCALME WAS ON HIS OWN
 IN SEPTEMBER 1759 THE TWO MET ON THE PLAINS
OF ABRAHAM WHERE BOTH WERE MORTALLY
WOUNDED
 IN THE END THE BRITISH TAKE THE DAY AND
QUEBEC FALLS TO THE ENGLISH
 THE FOLLOWING YEAR 1760 MONTREAL FALLS AND
NEW FRANCE OFFICIALLY CEASES TO EXIST
 NOW THE FRENCH HAD HOPED TO WIN THE WAR IN
EUROPE AND GET BACK HER POSSESSIONS IN NORTH
AMERICA AT THE BARGAINING TABLE AS SHE HAD DONE
BEFORE
 THIS TIME IT DID NOT HAPPEN
 IN 1763 THE TREATY OF PARIS CEDED ALL FRENCH
CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA TO ENGLAND EXCEPT ST
PIERRE AND MIQUELON
 NOW THE ENGLISH HAD TO DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH
60,000 FRENCH IN THE MIDDLE OF THEIR EMPIRE
 THEY OFFERED FREE AND SAFE TRANSPORTATION TO
FRANCE FOR ALL WHO WISHED TO GO
 SOME RICH AND ARMY OFFICERS WENT, BUT THE
HABITANTS WANTED TO STAY, MOST HAD NEVER EVEN
BEEN TO FRANCE AND THEIR LIFE WAS HERE
 THE BRITISH QUICKLY DISMISSED ANOTHER
LARGE-SCALE DEPORTATION AS THE ONE
WITH THE ACADIANS WAS DIFFICULT
ENOUGH AND FAILED IN MANY WAYS
 IN THE END THE BRITISH DECIDE TO
PLACATE THE FRENCH IN QUEBEC AND
KEEP THEM HAPPY
 THEY DID THIS AS GROWING AMERICAN
DISSENT IN THE 13 COLONIES MEANT THE
BRITISH WERE ON THE VERGE OF A
REVOLUTION IN THEIR EMPIRE
 IF QUEBEC WERE HAPPY, IT WOULD MEAN
ONE LESS GROUP THE BRITISH HAD TO
WORRY ABOUT.