Transcript European History Lecture 2

COLLEGE - LIMASSOL
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
European History
Lecture 2
 Domestic
Reforms and Social Strife: Rise of
Unions, Socialism, Syndicalism and Anarchy.
 Great Britain after 1850: The GlastoneDisraeli Era.
 France after 1870: The Birth of the Third
Republic.
 Germany after 1870: The New German State.
 Russia: Political Reaction and Economic
Progress. The Revolution of 1905.
 The
German Empire was created in the
great gallery of mirrors at Versailles.
 The newly appointed emperor William I,
was incensed at not having the title he
wanted.
 He refused to shake hands with Bismarck
who was the empire’s founder.
 Despite this, Bismarck continued to serve
him.
 In
Paris, during the months of the siege a
dreadful and bloody workers’ revolt had
broken out.
 France was powerless, and the French
were forced to make peace.
 They had to hand over a large part of
their country to Germany (Alsace and
Lorraine) together with a large sum of
money.
 The French dismissed Napoleon III and
founded a republic.
 Bismarck
was now prime minister of the
unified German empire.
 He was an opponent of the socialist
action recommended by Karl Marx, but
he knew about the appalling conditions of
the workers.
 To stop the spread of Marx’s teaching, he
created organizations to give support to
workers who were sick or had accidents,
who would otherwise have died from lack
of assistance, and did his best to ensure
that the worst poverty was avoided.
1.
2.
A political and economic theory that a
country’s land, transport, natural
resources and chief industries should be
owned and controlled by the whole
community or by the State and that
wealth should be equally distributed.
A policy or practice based on this
theory: the struggle to built Socialism.

Marxist theory: social mores, values, cultural
traits and economic practices are social
creation, and are not the result of an immutable
law.

Freeing the individual from the necessity of
performing alienating work in order to receive
goods would allow people to pursue their own
interests and develop their own talents without
being coerced into performing labor for others.
 Syndicalism
is a French word meaning
‘‘trade union’’.
 It
is a type of economic system proposed
as a replacement for capitalism and an
alternative to state socialism, which uses
federations of collectivized trade unions
or industrial unions.
 It
is a form of socialist economic
corporatism that advocates interest
aggregation of multiple non-competitive
categorized units to negotiate and
manage an economy.
 Anarchism:
political philosophy which
holds the state to be undesirable,
unnecessary, and harmful, that the state
can not be used to establish a socialist
economy and proposes a political
alternative based on federated
decentralized autonomous communities.
 Individual anarchism and social
anarchism.


By 1850, Britain had become the first
industrialized country in the world,
with over half of its people living in
cities.
However, outside Britain, industrial
factories were few and far between.

1.
2.
There were several reasons for this:
The competition of cheaper British
goods drained the capital needed for
investment in industry from other
countries and toward Britain.
Internal tolls and political disunity
prevented the integration of national
economies needed to industrialize.
3. Coal and iron deposits were usually far
from each other.
4. Britain itself actively worked to keep its
technical knowledge from leaking beyond
its shores.
5. Resistance to industrialization. People
feared of the loss of jobs because of the
machines used, and saw the pollution and
squalor of Britain's cities at that time.



Great Exhibition in 1851: to show off
its technological achievements.
Britain's were the centerpiece of the
show.
Completion of Britain's industrialization
and the beginning of the spread of
industry in other parts of Europe and
the world.

Five main factors pushed even harder
Western Europe and the United States
to industrialize.
1.
To industrialize in order to survive.
British businesses found ready and
cheaper opportunities for building
railroads and industries in foreign
countries.
2.
3. Europe and America shared a common
cultural heritage with Britain, including
an aptitude for machines extending all
the way back to the clocks and
waterwheels of the Middle Ages.
4. Britain was geographically close to the
rest of Europe.
5. Constant contact with Britain meant
that its knowledge could not be kept
secret. Designs for steam engines and
locomotives were bound to leak out, and
they did with incredible impact.
 Benjamin
Disraeli was a British Prime
Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative
statesman and a literary figure.
 He played an instrumental role in the
creation of the modern Conservative
Party after the Corn Laws of 1846.
 Gladstone
was a British Liberal
statesman.
 He served as a Prime Minister four
separate times, more than any other
person.
 He also served as Chancellor of the
Exchequer four times.
 Gladstone is famous for his oratory, for his
rivalry with the Conservative Leader
Benjamin Disraeli and his poor relations
with Queen Victoria.
 There
is no doubt that the two
statesman hated each other.
 When Sir Robert Peel, British statesman
and Prime Minister won the elections of
1841,Gladstone, was given an office, but,
Disraeli, who had expected a government
post, was not.
 In 1846 a rare convulsion in
parliamentary life occured that shaped
politics for a generation.
 Peel
repealed the Corn Laws, who
protected British agriculture from cheap
foreign imports of grain.
 Disraeli found a chance to revenge Peel
by a series of brilliant attacks.
 Peel resigned.
 Gladstone, in 1852, became Chancellor of
the Exchequer and finance and the
Derby/ Disraeli government fell.
 Conservatives
abandoned protection and
the free trade triumphed.
 Gladstone joined the Liberals in 1859.
 Disraeli exploited the Liberal divisions
and became Prime Minister in 1868.
 In the elections of the end of 1868 the
two leaders were face to face.
 Gladstone won the elections and
proceeded to a system called
‘‘modernization’’.
 In
1874 Disraeli won the first clear
Conservative victory since Peel.
 Disraeli cared for foreign and imperial
policy and was a strong supporter of
empire and English nationalism.
 Gladstone was the protagonist of an
ethical foreign policy that sometimes
meant compromise over some of Britain’s
interests.
 In
the general election of 1 April 1880,
the Conservative party under Disraeli was
crushingly defeated by the Liberals under
Gladstone.
 After
the disaster of Sedan (1870) and the
capitalization of the Emperor and the
whole French army, the Republic was
proclaimed in Paris without violence on 4
September 1870.
 A National Defense Government of
National Defense (11 members) was
formed.
 The Legislative Corps and the Senate
were abolished.
 The
new government decided to carry the
war against Prussia.
 Most representatives considered the
Republic as provisory and expected a
rapid monarchic restoration.
 The Assembly ratified peace with
Germany on 1st March.
 The insurrection known as La commune
broke out in Paris and lasted until the
‘Bloody Week’ of May 1871.
Bismarck was the most powerful man of the
empire and completely dominated the
government of the Reich.
 Prussia dominated the new Germany that was
called the Second Reich. It covered two thirds of
the land area and contained the same proportion
of the population.
 It had practically all the industry.
 The new constitution drawn by Bismarck was a
Federal system.
 Each of the twenty-five states had considerable
control over their affairs and decided their own
form of government.


1.
2.
3.
Under the constitution there were three
branches of the Federal government:
The Presidency was held by the King of
Prussia as German Emperor.
The Federal Council represented the
different states of the Empire.
The Parliament or Reichstag was
elected by Universal Male Suffrage (all
males over 25 could vote) and Secret
Ballot.
The Russian liberals formed the Union of
Zemstvo Constitutionalists (1903) and the Union
of Liberation (1904) which called for a
constitutional monarchy.
 In the autumn of 1904, liberals started a series
of banquets celebrating the 40th anniversary of
the liberal court status and calling the political
reforms and establishment of a constitution.
 On 13 December the Moscow city Duma passed a
resolution, demanding establishment of an
elected national legislature, full freedom of the
press, and freedom of religion.

 Tsar
Nicholas II issued a manifesto
promising the broadening of the Zemstvo
and local municipal councils’ authority,
insurance for industrial workers, the
emancipation of Inorodtsy, and the
abolition of censorship.
 The crucial point of representative
national legislature was missing in the
manifesto.
The Russian Revolution (1905) started in Saint
Petersburg, when troops fired on a defenseless
crowd of workers, who, led by a priest, were
marching to the Winter Palace to petition Tsar
Nicholas II.
 This ‘bloody Sunday’ was followed in succeeding
months by a series of strikes, riots,
assassinations, naval mutinies, and peasant
outbreaks.
 Disaster of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–5):
revealed the corruption and incompetence of the
tsarist regime, forced the government to
promise the establishment of a consultative
duma, elected by limited franchise.

 In
a manifesto issued in October the tsar
granted civil liberties and a
representative duma to be elected
democratically.
 Octobrist party: They were satisfied with
the manifesto.
 Liberals: they wanted more power for the
duma consolidated in the Constitutional
Democratic party.
 The
Social Democrats, who had organized
a soviet, or workers’ council, at St.
Petersburg, attempted to continue the
strike movement and compel social
reforms. The government arrested the
soviet and put down a workers’
insurrection in Moscow.
 When order was restored, the tsar
promulgated the Fundamental Law, under
which the power of the duma was limited.
 Tsar’s
minister Stolypin, suppressed the
revolutionary movement.
 When World War I broke out in 1914, most
elements of Russia (except the Bolsheviks)
united in supporting the war effort.
 However, the repeated military reverses,
the acute food shortages, the
appointment of inept ministers, and the
intense suffering of the civilian
population created a revolutionary
climate by the end of 1916.
Gombrich, E., H. A little history of the world.
2nd edition, 2008.
 Siege of Paris SD. 1870 Jean Ernest Meissonier
(1815-1891) oil on canvas.
 Tonge, S., Bismarck’s Domestic Policies 18711890.
 Carr, W. A history of Germany.
 Salles, S., La III Rebuplique, a ses debuts: 18701893. Histoire de France Illustree (Larouse,
1988).
 Russian Revolution: The Revolution of 1905 —
Infoplease.com
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A08608
56.html#ixzz1m63dEdQM
