Transcript Victorian Era - Spring Branch ISD

Julio and Brian
VICTORIAN ERA
 1867
 The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and British North America
becomes Dominion of Canada.
 1868 and 1874
 Benjamin Disraeli became prime Minister of Britain
 1868, 1880, 1886, and 1892
 William Gladstone became prime minister during these years
 1875
 Britain purchased Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal as the African
nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts.

1876

Alexander graham bell invented the telephone

1877

The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband
succeeds as Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse

1878

Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus becomes a Crown colony. The Princess
Alice dies. Princess Louise's husband The Marchioness of Lorne is appointed
Governor-General of Canada
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
1879
Victoria and Albert's first great-grandchild, Princess Feodora of SaxeMeiningen, is born.
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1882

British troops begin the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal, in
order to secure the vital trade route and passage to India, and the country
becomes a protectorate.

1883

Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada

1884

The Fabian Society is founded in London by a group of middle class
intellectuals, including Quaker Edward R. Pease, Havelock Ellis, and E.
Nesbit, to promote socialism. Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany dies.

1884

The machine gun is invented by maxim in London

1884

Third Reform Act, extending voting rights to agricultural workers.
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1886

Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries
passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill, but the House of Commons reject it.


1888
The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murders and mutilates five (and
possibly more) prostitutes on the streets of London.[5] Victoria's eldest
daughter, the Princess Royal, becomes German Empress when her husband
succeeds as Frederick III, German Emperor. Within months, Frederick dies,
and their son becomes William II, German Emperor. The widowed Vicky
becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as "Empress Frederick".

1870 - 1891

Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education becomes free
for every child under the age of 10.[10]

1891

Victoria and Albert's last grandchild, Prince Maurice of Battenberg, is born.

1892

The Prince of Wales' eldest son Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence dies of
influenza.

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1893
The Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and
Gotha when his uncle dies. The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his
renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy.
 1900
 Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dies. His nephew
Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany succeeds him, because
his brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and nephew
Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights.
 1901
 The death of Victoria sees the end of this era, and the
ascension of her eldest son, Edward, began the Edwardian era,
albeit considerably shorter was another time of great change.
 The Suez Canal
 Britain purchased shares of the Suez Canal because it
considered the Suez Canal to be a key strategic point of
the country. The reason being was that anyone who
controlled the Suez had controlled of who got to trade or
pass through to the Asian countries. Many countries
wanted control over the Canal, not just Britain, but the
reason Britain wanted it was to keep India safe. Since
India was considered to be part of the countries
territories, it saw to it that India was protected, and a key
point to keeping it protected was the Suez Canal. With
the Canal safe, they could also use the Canal to direct
attacks if there was ever a war.
 Treaty/Congress of Berlin 1878

 The Treaty of Berlin was a part of the Congress of Berlin. In it,
the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia
and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano. The most
important problem in the Treaty was deciding what would happen to
the Kingdom of Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria
should not be talked about in the treaty. The previous Treaty of San
Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state which was just what Great
Britain and Austria-Hungary did not want. The treaty said that
Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The
Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was given to AustroHungarian. The three newly-independent states soon declared
themselves kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and
Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary took Bosnia officially in 1908,
causing the major European crisis.

1884 Reform Act

The 1884 Reform Act was the third reform to Britain’s system of voting in
the Nineteenth Century. The 1867 Reform Act had been so extensive that
there seemed to be little to change. However, while the 1867 Reform Act
had concentrated on urban areas, the 1884 Reform Act was to target rural
areas that had been bypassed by the 1867 act.

Gladstone, leader of the Liberal Party, was eager to expand voter’s rights to
rural areas. The Conservative Party, led by Lord Salisbury, was against this.
They believed that their powerbase was rural England and that any
extension of the franchise in rural England would be at their expense as the
poorer people in the counties were unlikely to vote for the party that
seemed to have wealth and privilege.

The Commons accepted Gladstone’s bill to give working men in rural
England the same rights as those in the boroughs. However, the
Conservative dominated House of Lords rejected the bill. Gladstone
persevered and the Lords passed the bill after making an agreement with
Gladstone that the 1884 Reform Act would be followed by a Redistribution
Bill. The 1884 Reform Act gave the counties the same voting rights as the
boroughs had.

Anglo-Zanzibar War August 27, 1896

The Anglo-Zanzibar War was fought between the United Kingdom and
Zanzibar on 27 August 1896. With duration of only 45 minutes, it holds
the record of being the shortest war in recorded history. The war broke
out after Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini, who had willingly co-operated
with the British colonial administration, died on 25 August 1896, and his
nephew, Khalid bin Bargash, seized power in what amounted to a coup
d’état. The British favored another candidate, Hamud bin Muhammed,
whom they believed would be easier to work with, and delivered an
ultimatum ordering Bargash to abdicate. Bargash refused. While
Bargash’s troops set to fortifying the palace, the Royal Navy assembled
five warships in the harbour in front of the palace. The British also
landed parties of Royal Marines to support the “loyalist” regular army of
Zanzibar. Despite the Sultan’s last-minute efforts to negotiate for peace
via the U.S. representative on the island, the Royal Navy ships opened
fire on the palace at 9 am on August 27, 1896 as soon as the ultimatum
ran out.

Second Anglo-Boer War

The Second Boer War was much longer. In 1886, people found gold near
Pretoria, the capital city of Boer territory. In 1895, a British group from Rhodesia
tried to take control of Johannesburg, but the police stopped them. The Boer
president, Paul Kruger, was worried about the British, so the Boers bought new
weapons. Because of this, many British soldiers moved to the area.
In October of 1899, Boer soldiers attacked the British. They started a siege,
stopping people from entering or leaving the towns of Mafeking and Ladysmith.
The British Army took control of most of the area in 1900, but Boer soldiers still
attacked them from their homes using guerrilla warfare. The British took many
prisoners, and put them in concentration camps. They also destroyed many Boer
homes because they wanted to stop the attacks.
In Britain, the war was very unpopular because it was expensive and many
soldiers had died. People also knew about the concentration camps, and did not
like them. In 1902, it was very difficult for the Boers to fight, so the British
government tried to make peace. The war ended in May 1902. 75,000 people
died in the war, 22,000 from the British Army, and 53,000 Boers. Many of them
died from disease.


Disraeli
Many historians note Disraeli’s taste for grand gestures. Disraeli seemed to be more focused on
Britain and to make it known that it was a great power. He focused much of his attention to foreign
policy, since he seemed to be more focused on that subject after 1875.and was what his actions and
policies seemed to focus on the most.



Disraeli’s Principles
1. Believed in expansion
2. Wanted the country to be known as one of the greatest in the world
3. Believed in having territories
4. Wanted to reform the electorate system

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Foreign Policy

Importance of Empire major platform in 1872 campaign

Yet had described colonies as millstones in 1852 & N American colonies as dead weights in 1866

Suez Canal shares – Disraeli saw it as a crucial investment in a seaway dominated by British traffic,



a purchase ‘necessary to maintain the Empire’
Disraeli initiated aggressive policy in 1875 against wishes of Derby – supported Turks against
Russian aggression
India & Afghanistan – policy went wrong – Disraeli clearly aware of Lytton’s deficiencies yet still
appointed him & kept him in office
Eldridge very critical of praise for Disraeli’s ‘forward’ foreign policy
Gladstone
Took high moral ground in foreign policy – he was a very religious person and because.
He also believed that diplomacy and national law was the best way to solve the
countries problems.


 Gladstone’s principles
1. To foster the strength of the empire by just legislation and economy at home
2.
3.
4.
wealth and contentment
Wanted the nations to establish peace
Wanted the Concert of Europe to continue to exist
Wanted to try and avoid any types of wars or trouble with other countries to avoid
wars and possible problems
To acknowledge equal rights of all nations
5.

 Foreign Policy
 British foreign policy should always be inspired by a love of freedom


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Regarded Irish as another oppressed race – hence attempts to solve the Irish
problem
regarded imperialism as bad and expensive
Thought imperialism would cause trouble in foreign affairs
Thesis statement
 The policies of Disraeli focused on the
expansion and preservation of Britain while
Gladstone’s policies took on a religious and
moral point of view which in turn clashed with
each others policies. Because Gladstone
believed that decisions should take not only a
political view but a moral view, his policies
focused more on peace keeping while
Disraeli's policies focused more on conquering
and battles in order to help Britain.