Transcript French and Indian War Notes

The French
and Indian War
And a Few Other Wars for Empire
Thrown in for Good Measure
Wars for Empire in North America
Colonial War
European War Dates
King William’s
War
War of the
League of
Augsberg
War of the
Spanish
Succession
War of the
Austrian
Succession
Queen Anne’s
War
King George’s
War
1689-1697
1702-1713
1740-1748
European and Indian
Settlements in North
America around 1650
Colonial Defense
• New England
Confederation
– 1643 to 1684
– Mutual defense (King
Phillip’s War), border
disputes, return of
servants
– Voluntary
– Mass. Bay, Plymouth,
Connecticut
• Dominion of New
England
– 1686 to 1689
– English administrative
entity headed by Sir
Edmund Andros
– Mutual defense and
enforcement of
Navigation Acts
– Mass. Bay, Plymouth,
Conn., RI, NH, NY, NJ
King William’s War
1689-1697
• Colonists fear French alliance with Algonquian Indians
• Ally with Iroquois and attempt to drive French out of New
France
• Despite their overwhelming numerical advantage, the
English colonists fail
• Colonies south of New York sit this one out entirely
• Mostly raids and counter-raids, plus punishment of the
Iroquois that forces them to sue for peace
• No territory changes hands, but the English lose a major
ally in the Iroquois
Queen Anne’s War
1702-1712
• Combined war against the French and
Spanish
• Carolinians ally with Creek and raid
Spanish missions
• In the North, the French launch frequent
raids that keep the frontiers in a state of
alarm
King George’s War
1740-1748
• The war against the Spanish becomes a separate
conflict mainly focused in the Caribbean-The War
of Jenkins’ Ear (1739-1742)
• Georgia and Carolina settlers ally with Creek and
Cherokee to attack Spanish Florida
• In the North, more French raiding on the frontiers
European Settlements
And Indian Tribes 1750
Background Information-French and
Indian War
• As the British colonies became more prosperous and
populated in the early part of the 18th century, the
tendency to look west for rich farmlands, and less
crowded lands was born.
• But as these lands had already been long claimed by
the French and several Native American tribes
(Hurons), conflicts soon developed.
• French forts were built and a series of
French/Indian treaties were agreed upon, with the
similar goal of keeping the British out of the area.
Map of North
America in 1755
th
17 -18th
British Empire
Century
• The most powerful country in the world
– Famous quote: “The sun never sets on
the British Empire.”
• Involved in a heated rivalry with France
– the French and Indian War
– AKA the 7 Years War
– AKA the Great War for Empire
• Brits allied with Iroquois Confederation
(sometimes)
th
17
The French Empire
th
and 18 Century
• The French claimed the Great Lakes region,
the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers, and
the Ohio River Valley.
• Other areas in North America included most
of Canada and Louisiana
• By 1752, France also claimed areas of
western Pennsylvania and the Allegheny
River
North
America
1750
The Growing French Threat
• As French settlements in North
America expanded, three main
French forts were located at
strategic spots:
– New Orleans
– Detroit
– Quebec
British Colonists in 1750’s
• A population explosion
(They need more
room!!!)
• More and more
colonists crossed over
the Appalachian
Mountains
In early 1754…
• The Royal Governor of
Virginia sent out forces
to the Ohio Valley
• 21-year old Colonel
George Washington in
command of Fort
Necessity
Poor George...
• The French and Indians
attacked with superior numbers
and experience
• Became known as the first
engagement of the war
• Fort Necessity was
doomed…1/3 of the British
militia were killed
• The French were left in
command of the entire region
• This means war!!
• The war expanded to Europe with the backing
of British Secretary of War, William Pitt
• Preparations include forcing British colonists
to fight and pay higher taxes
• Unpopular among many British colonists
This means more
war!!!
1758…Brain Power
• Pitt changes war’s
focus to the colonies
• He repealed taxes on
colonists
• Massive enlistments
by British colonists
followed
1758…the Tide Began to
Turn
• Several successful attacks on the French were
launched
• British generals were able to secure a peace
with several Native American tribes (Iroquois)
• By 1759, the British goal was Quebec, the
strongest Canadian fort
Poor Quebec…C’est la vie!!
• The fort was under siege from
June 27 until September 13, 1759
• The French were outnumbered
and surrounded and finally
captured by the colonists and
British soldiers
• But the war was not officially over
until the 1763 Treaty of Paris was
signed
Effects of French and
Indian War
• British expansion of New
World assured
• LARGE war debt
• New set of influential
Colonial leaders
• Politics...politics…politics
Controversial Issues of
Treaty
• Included the “Royal Proclamation” which stated
that all British colonists were prohibited west of
Appalachian Mountains
• And in order to pay for the war, the British crown
came up with several unpopular ideas that were to
have a huge impact in the 1760’s and 1770’s
– Sugar Act, Stamp Act, etc…
After
1763
The Effects on Indians in
the Region
• Without French
protection, the
Huron basically cease
to exist
• Even the Iroquois
Confederation
unraveled
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
begins 1763,
threatens safety of
English colonists in
the interior