Transcript Napoleon
Napoleon Results for France “A Man of Destiny” Poor family of Lesser Nobility Born in Corsica 10 Yrs. Old Military School 1783 Student at military academy in Paris Napoleon’s Marriages 1st Wife – Josephine March 9, 1796 Married Divorced 1809 2nd Wife – Marie Louis 17 Year Old Hapsburg Princess Early Military Career 1st Coalition 1796 - Command of French Army in Italy 1798 - Invaded Egypt Discovery of Rosetta Stone Military Set Back - still Hero Early Military Career 2nd Coalition – Russia formed new alliance with Great Britain. Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottoman Empire joined France suffered defeats in Italy and Germany Weakened Directory 1799 French wanted order 1799 - Coup d’etat - Napoleon ousted the Directory Consulate Formed Napoleon = 1st Consul [power concentrated in the 1st Consul] 1800 defeated Austrians – dropped out 1801 March 1802 – Treaty of Amiens Truce w/ Great Britain France kept European Conquests 1802 Plebicite made him consul for life 1804 Declared himself Hereditary emperor 1805 Took title, King of Italy Stepson ruled as viceroy Divorced Josephine Centralized Administration $ Economic Reforms Napoleonic Code The Concordat of 1801 Reforms in Education Centralized Administration Financial Reforms System of Prefects and Subprefects 83 Departments run by Prefects Subprefects administered districts Economic Corruption and waste was Eliminated Centralized tax collecting system Paid off various economic obligations Stabilized French Economic condition 1800 appointed Commission to draft a new code of civil law 1804 Went into effect and in 1807 it became the Napoleonic code Progressive in some ways Less Progressive in others Third Coalition Battle of Trafalgar Victories in Europe Continental System The Peninsular War The Invasion of Russia 1805 – 3rd Coalition Created for Balance of Power 1805 – Napoleon prepared to invade G.B. October 21 – Lord Nelson found combined French and Spanish fleet at Cape Trafalgar. British victory – France lost all hope of ever winning a naval battle The Big Idea: The Continental System & the spread of nationalism led to rebellions against French rule. After the Failed invasion of Russia & major defeats at Leipzig & Waterloo, Napoleon was removed from power. European leaders at the Congress of Vienna sought to restore stability & order based on the status quo of 1792. They redrew national boundaries, restored monarchs, established a balance of power and created the Concert of Europe. Napoleon & Nationalism: • Nationalism sparked French success, however, it also worked against them b/c others may have liked the ideas of the Fr. Rev. but saw his armies as foreign oppressors. • Resented Continental System • Resented pushing French culture on them Downfall of Napoleon • Disaster in Russia brought a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria & Prussia against France • he’s defeated at Leipzig & enemies close in on France and 1814 he abdicated the throne (stepped down from power) • he was exiled to Elba & Louis XVIII was crowned king • Louis kept the Napoleonic Code & honored the land settlements made during the Revolution. I’m BACK! • HOWEVER, loyalty to Napoleon does not cease to exist and because of a fear of returning to the old regime, he is able to raise an army after he escaped from his island exile & returns to France. • Napoleon marched to Paris and Louis XVIII (18th) fled. OOPS • his success did not last long b/c the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium ended in defeat for Napoleon. He was defeated by the British troops commanded by Duke Wellington and the Prussian army & forced once again to abdicate the throne. • exiled again but this time to the island of St. Helena where he would die. Napoleon’s Legacy • Napoleonic code consolidated many changes of the revolution • Established a strong centralized state with a constitution. • Elections were held w/ expanded (yet still limited) sufferage • More citizens had rights to property & access to education than b/f • His conquests spread the ideas of the revolution • He sparked nationalist feelings across Europe • He abolished the Holy Roman Empire which eventually led to the creation of a new Germany • Louisiana Territory sold to the US ushered in an age of American expansion The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815) Congress of Vienna • After Waterloo order had to be restored to Europe after 25 years of war. • The C of V met for 10 months 9/18146/1815 as a gathering of European leaders. • They enjoyed dancing and food as well as the serious work they had to accomplish. • 3 men worked to shape the peace: Metternich of Austria, Alexander I of Russia and Lord Castlereagh of Britain. Key Players at Vienna Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.) Congress of Vienna Chief goals: • create lasting peace by establishing a balance of power & protecting the system of monarchy • Metternich wanted to restore status quo of 1792 • Alexander wanted a “holy alliance” of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutions • Castlereagh wanted to prevent a revival of French milt power The Vienna Settlement • These decisions set the stage for European politics for the next 100 years! • Balance of power: • redrew the map of Europe. • To control France they ringed the country with strong countries • (north they added Belgium & Luxembourg to Holland to create the kingdom of the Netherlands. Eastward: gave Prussia lands along the Rhine River Y allowed Austria to reassert control over northern Italy.) Stability • to return to the ways of 1792, the principle of legitimacy was promoted (restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Rev or Napoleon had unseated…restoring the “legitimate heirs” to the thrones in Italian states, Spain & Portugal) • as protection for the new order the Concert of Europe was created. • This was a peacekeeping organization that included all of the major European states. The leaders pledged to maintain the balance of power & to suppress any uprisings inspired by the French Rev. Looking Ahead…problems with peace • They achieved immediate goals but… • Failed to foresee how powerful new forces like nationalism would shake the foundations of Eur. Problem: when they redrew national lines they failed to take into consideration national cultures • Many people were inspired by revolutionary ideals & condemned the Vienna settlement. The slogans/goals of the Fr. Rev. inspired people in Europe & Latin America to seek equality & liberty. • No wars on the Napoleonic scale until 1914. Europe After the Congress of Vienna Closure: