Transcript Napoleon and FR

Napoleon and the French
Revolution
Napoleon and Revolution
Background (1799- 1815)
Coup d’Etat of 18 Brumaire
II. The Paradox of Napoleon
Illusion of Democracy
Reality of Empire
1802: Consul for Life
1804: Emperor
III. Napoleon and the Romantic Swing
Beethoven and Eroica
Goya, Spanish Resistance, & Nationalism
Resurgence of Nationalism
I.
Napoleon and Revolution
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IV. Napoleon’s Achievements
 Stability of Revolution
 Concordat of 1801
 Government Reforms
 Napoleonic Code
 War and Empire: Constitutional System,
Confederation of the Rhine
V. The Undoing of Napoleon and of the Revolution
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War with Russia (1812) and scorched earth policy
March 1814: Napoleon’s abdication and exile to Elba
March 1815: 100 Days 18 June 1815: Waterloo
VI. Lasting Significance of Napoleon
VII. Congress of Vienna and the Alliance System
Young
Napoleon
Bonapart in
Italy
“The Bridge
at Arcole”
Napoleon Timeline
Napoleon’s
Coup D’Etat
& New Constitution
Concordat
W/ Pius 7th
Congress of Vienna
Confederation of the Rhine
Continental System
Emperor
& Coronation
Napoleonic
Code
Consul for Life
Peace of AmiensPeace w/Britain
Nap. dies
Napoleon
Abdicates
Elba Exile
March 1814
Russia withdraws from
Continental
System
Battles:
Russian Campaign
Trafalgar &
Austerlitz
2nd
Coalition
Against France
Nap.-makes peace
Waterloo
June 1815
Nap. Returns
From Elba
March 1815
Congress
of Vienna
Napoleon Conquers most of Europe
1799 1801 1802 1804 1805 1806 1810
Nap’s Retreat
1812
1814 1815 1821
Did Napoleon Push
Revolution Forward?
Or did he reject it?
Illusion of Democracy:
New more conservative constitution in
1799
Freedom of speech curbed
Universal male suffrage
But illusory representative government
Reality of Empire
“authority from above,
confidence from below”
1802: Consul for life
1804: Hereditary emperor
“The government of the republic is
entrusted to an emperor”
Birth of an Emperor (2 December 1804)
“Emperor of the French” (vs. Consul of the Republic)
From Consul to Emperor
Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:
Beethoven’s Swing
Ludwig Von Beethoven (1770-1827)
•Nature, Emotion, Common Humanity
•Reflects uncertainty of period over impact
of French Revolution
–Admired Napoleon in his early days
Symphony #3: Originally
Bonaparte Symphony
“EROICA”:
In Memory of a Hero
Tears up Dedication 1804
Premiered in Vienna April 7, 1805.
2 Dec. 1805: Battle of Austerlitz
Romanticizing the Nation
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Idea of the Nation
Overcoming Tyranny & Breaking free
from the Past
 Writers like Percy Bysshe Shelley
and Lord Byron
 Philosophers and Nationalists like
Johann Fichte (1762-1814) in
Germany and Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805-1872) in Italy
 Historians & Philosophers
 G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and the
Struggle of the World Spirit
 Composers like:
 Chopin, Polonaises (Polish
Pieces)
 Franz List, “Hungarian
Rhapsodies”
 Smetana, “Ma Vlast” (My
Country)
Delacroix, Greece Dying on the
Ruins of Missolonghi (1827)
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux
Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:
Goya’s Outrage
Francisco de Goya, “Third of May, 1808”
Two Different
Romantic
Visions
Constable, “Salisbury Cathedral
from the Meadows”, 1831
Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People”
1830
Napoleon’s Achievements
Revolution Stabilized
 Stability within France
 Concordat 1801
 basis of church/state relations till 1900s
 Begins “reconciliation” with Catholic Church
 Gov’t retains a say in naming of bishops
 Catholicism recognized as
“religion of the majority”
 France on the move across Europe
 Reorganization of Government
 Rationalization and Centralization of State
 Bank of France (1800)
 Education
 Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804)
 a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers
 War and Empire
 Use of his Grande Armée, Confederation of Rhine
 Satellite Kingdoms, Continental System
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Continental
System
Napoleonic Empire: 1810
The Impact of the Napoleonic Code
1812: The Russian Campaign and the Undoing
of Napoleon
Long-term Significance of Napoleon
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Domestic changes and Imperial Changes
Consolidation of German States
Impact of Napoleonic Code
The Idea of La Nation
New diplomacy: The Alliance System
Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not revived
Turning back the Revolution: The Congress of
Vienna, Restoration, and the Alliance System
Metternich (1773–1859): Austrian Foreign Minister
 Agreements: Sept. 1814–Nov. 1815
 New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative)
 Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis
XVIII
 Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) (1815-1824)
 Legitimacy of Monarchy
 Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in
1806)
 The German Confederation
 Balance of Powers: no one state would be allowed to
dominate Europe
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Quadruple Alliance and the “Concert of Europe”
 Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia
The Defeat of Liberal Revolution and Liberalism
 Rejection of democracy, republicanism and
nationalism
 Assertion of a new Conservatism
“A World Restored”: The 1815 Settlement
The Legacy of the French Revolution:
The Battle of Ideologies
Ideology: importance of ideas in political affairs
 Body of ideas reflecting social needs or
aspirations of an individual, group, class or
culture
 Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from
French Revolution
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Left
Right
Liberalism
Conservatism
Understanding Conservatism and Liberalism
Liberalism
French Revolution
Industrial Revolution
European revolutions of 1820s & 1830s
Defends propertied interests and constitutions
Attacks privilege
“Natural rights” but…
Distinctions between active and passive
citizenship
Basic belief in change and progress
Individual > Institutions
Limited role of Government
In favor of industrialization, capitalism, free
markets
Advocates: middle classes (bourgeoisie)
Fears:
mass democracy (the working class)
Conservatism
Congress of Vienna & Holy Alliance
Defends landed interests and
tradition
Stability
Needs to justify need for old order
Natural change: slow progression
Restoration of old order
Institutions > Individual
Advocates: landed classes, monarchy,
established church
Fears:
democracy and mobs
Nationalism
Enlightenment
Revolution
Battle of Friedland
Europe in 1812
The Retreat from Russia
Retreat from Moscow
Return of Napoleon from Elba
Evening of waterloo