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High Middle Ages
1000-1300 A.D.
• Last invasions (Viking and
Magyar) end in 10th Century
• Greater security leads to the
resumption of society on a larger
scale
• Corporate life begins to grow
Improved farming techniques
• Iron tipped Plow replaces wood
• Harness for Horse
• Three Field system replaces two
field
• Leads to increase in food
production
• Allows population to grow
• Actually now have a surplus
population-not everyone needs
to produce food.
Scholasticism and Universities
• Education in Early Middle Ages
– Society organized for war and defense
– Slight support for education
• Improved Economy and stability led to the
possibility for education
• The Scholastic method was the method used to
gain knowledge
• Latin was the language use in all Universities
Key Concept:
• Medieval thought began with the existence
of God and the truth of his revelation as
interpreted by the Church. The Medieval
mind rejected the fundamental principle of
Greek Philosophy-the autonomy of
reason. Without the guidance of revealed
truth, reason was seen as feeble.
Scholastic Purpose
• Provide rational explanation for what
was believed on faith
• Prove reason and faith were
harmonious
• Reconciled traditional Christian
teaching and the new body of
information recovered from the
Ancient Greeks after 12th Century
• Use human reason (Aristotle) to
understand the supernatural content
of Christian revelation
Key Term: Dogma
• Definition:
– A doctrine or body of doctrines concerning
faith or morals formally stated and
authoritatively proclaimed by a Church
Influences on Scholasticism
• Aristotle
– Translation of Aristotle into Latin opened up
new world of information that could not be
ignored
– Aristotle was the Authority on all areas other
than religion
Scholastic Philosophy
• Convinced of fundamental harmony between
reason and revelation
• When conflicts arose between faith and reason
faith was supreme
– Philosophy was the servant to theology
– Theology defined as the intellectual study of religion
– Theology known as the “Queen of the sciences”
Scholastic Method
• Reliance on authority
• Use of precision in language
• Use of Deductive Logic
– From large accepted truth to smaller truths
• Not at all like the scientific method
Scholastic Philosophers
• Peter Abelard 1079-1142
– Wrote Sic et non “Yes and No”
– Utilized systematic doubting
– “By doubting we come to questioning and by
questioning we perceive the truth”
– Use of dialectics: Any systematic
reasoning that juxtaposes two
contradictory ideas and seeks to
resolve their conflict
Scholastic Philosophers (cont.)
•
•
•
•
St. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274
Summa Theologica
Foremost Scholastic Philosopher
Created a synthesis of western philosophies and
attempted to reconcile to Christian belief
• Drew distinction between faith and reason
– Reason can demonstrate many basic
principles such as the existence of God,
Trinity can’t be proved by logic
Medieval Architecture
From Romanesque to Gothic
Romanesque Architecture
• Viking invaders had burned wooden
Churches in the 9th and 10th Centuries
• After 1000 AD Church building increased
dramatically
• Fire proofing was essential
• Stone replaced wood building
• Romanesque-heavy roof, thick walls, little
light
Gothic Architecture
•
•
•
•
•
Pointed arch, flying buttress
Thinner walls, Stained glass
Uninterupted light
Built Cathedrals to glorify God
Huge time and $ investment
Gothic Architecture cont.
•
•
•
•
Main alter faced East, toward Jerusalem
West faced setting sun-Last judgment
North-least light; old testament
South-most light; new testament
Medieval Art
• Art in the Middle Ages served a religious
function which was to lift the mind toward
God.
• It depicted a spiritual universe in which the
supernatural was the supreme reality
• Left side of painting depicted the damned,
right side the saved
Useful definitions
• Renaissance is a French word meaning
rebirth- rebirth in that they resumed a
civilization like that of the Greco-Romans
• The basic institutions of Europe originated
in the Middle Ages
• Renaissance marked a new era in thought
and feeling
• It pertained to high culture and hence to a
limited number of persons
Definitions Continued
• Italian Renaissance involved the whole
area of culture which is neither theological
nor scientific but concerns moral and civic
questions about what man ought to be or
ought to do.
• Purely secular attitude appeared
• Life was no longer seen by leading
thinkers as a brief preparation for the life
after
Why Italy?
• Geography is
Destiny
• Benefits of
Medieval trade
routes
• Venice and
Genoa
Why Italy Continued
• Merchants made fortunes in commerce
• Lent money to Princes and Popes and
thus made more money as bankers
• Rejoiced in the beautiful things and
psychological satisfactions that money
could buy
• Outlook was secular
Why Italy Cont.
• Italian towns were independent city –
states
• Italy did not exist as a unified state
• Towns competed against each other-civic
pride
Changing Attitudes
• What arose in Italy was a new conception
of man himself
• This world was so exciting that another
world need not be thought of
• What captivated the Italians was a sense
of mans tremendous powers.
• Formerly there was a disdain for the things
of the world. Now a life of involvement was
also prized.
Terms and Quotes
• “The whole glory of man lies in
activity” Leonardo Bruni
• Virtu: The quality of being a mandemonstration of human powers
Italian Humanism
The Birth of “Literature”
The greatest writers wrote about man, not
God, placing man in the foreground,
exalting him, praising him, questioning him,
criticizing him, but not despising him and
his worldly city as the Augustinians had
been doing for a thousand years.
Birth of Humanism
• The literary movement of the Renaissance
• Modern literature first appeared in the 14th
and 15th centuries in Italy
• A class of men who saw themselves as
writers
• Humanists used writing to please and
amuse their readers
Humanism: Thoughts
• Humanism was the scholarly study of the
Latin and Greek classics and the ancient
Church fathers for both their own sake and in
the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and
values
• Unlike their scholastic rivals, Humanists were
less bound to tradition; they did not focus all
of their attention on summarizing and
comparing the views of recognized authorities
on a text or a question, but went directly to
the original sources themselves. Their most
respected sources were classical and biblical,
not medieval.
Humanists
• Wrote a good deal in Latin
• Preferred Latin style of the classical Roman
period
– Complained that Middle Age Latin was too monkish,
scholastic
• Also wrote in the Vernacular, Italian
• Definition: Vernacular
– Using a language native to a region rather than a
literary language (Italian in place of Latin)
• In the ancient writers the humanists found a new
range of interests, discussion of political and
civic questions
Neo Platonism
• Plato had expressed a very flattering view
of human nature
• Eternal sphere of being and a perishable
world in which humans actually lived
• Pico Della Mirandola’s oration on the
dignity of man was very platonic.
• Allegory of the Cave
The birth of Italian Humanism
Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio
Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374
• “The first man of letters”
• First Italian humanist
• Trained for law and the clergy he criticized both
professions for their “Scholasticism”
• Wrote Sonnets to Laura-clearly meant to be
literary productions
• Wrote in Italian to popularize his ideas
• Along with Boccaccio sought to create the
renaissance
Outside events
• The invention of the printing Press
• The fall of Constantinople in 1453
Petrarch
• His critical textual
studies, elitiism and
contempt for the
allegedly useless
learning of the
scholastics were
features that many
later humanists
shared
Sonnets to Laura
• May or may not have
existed
• Lara in Latin means
fame
• Married to another
man
• Inspiration for Poetry
Petrarch, Cont.
• Literature became a kind of calling
• A consideration of moral philosophy no
longer subordinate to theology
• How human beings should adjust to the
world
– what a good life could or ought to be,
– where the genuine rewards for living were
to be found
Other Italian Humanists
• Christine de Pisan 1363-1434 The city of
ladies chronicle of great woment in history
• Leonardo Bruni- Florentine Historian.
Showed a need for authentic sources
• Pico della Mirandola Oration on the dignity of
man
• Baldasare Castiglione 1478-1529 The Book
of the Courtier
– “must converse with facility, be proficient in sports,
know how to dance and appreciate music, should
know Latin and Greek
• Macchiavelli
The Prince 1513
Boccaccio 1313-1375
• Friend of Petrarch
• Pioneer in humanist studies
• Decameron, 100 often bawdy tales told
by three men and 7 women
• Stinging social commentary and a
sympathetic look at human behavior
Humanist Education
• Medieval schooling had been chaotic and
repetitious
• Renaissance separated students by age
and class
• Latin was the Principal subject with Greek
added
• Learned Latin and Greek to read the
ancient writings
Dante Alighieri 1265-1321
• Divine Comedy written in Italian in 1300
• Broken into three parts, Hell, Purgatory and
heaven
• The classical poet Virgil leads him through Hell
and Purgatory
• His muse Beatrice leads him through heaven
• Allegorically, symbolically and mystically his
vision of a universe structured by reason and
unified by faith came together and worked
Italy’s Political Decline
The French Invasions
from 1494-1527
Treaty of Lodi 1454
• Milan and Naples
into an alliance with
Florence
• Against
• Venice and the
Papal States
• Balance of power
Conflict
• Milanese Despot
• Hostilities between
Milan and Naples
resumed
• Treaty of Lodi
ended-Naples
supported by Pope
Alexander VI and
Florence prepared
to invade Milan
Ludovico il Moro
• Milanese Despot
• Appealed to aid from
the French
• Invited French to
invade Italy and revive
their dynastic claim to
Naples
• France also had claims
on Milan
Charles VIII of France
1483-1498
• Responded quickly
to Ludovicos call
• Crossed the Alps
through Florence
and the Papal
States to Naples
Giraloma Savonarola
1452-1498
• As Charles approached
Florence the Medici ruler
was thrown out in favor of
savonarola
• Savonarola convinced the
Florentines that the French
Kings arrival was a long
delayed and fully justified
divine judgment for their
immorality
End of Savonarola
• Savonarola’s moral rigor and anti-papal
policies made it impossible for him to
survive indefinitely
• Savonarola was executed in May of
1498
League of Venice 1498
• Made up of Spain (Ferdinand) which
desired to gain territory in Italy and
drive the French out, Venice, the Papal
States and the holy roman emperor
• Joined later by Ludovico il Moro of
Milan
• Pushed Charles the VIII out in 1498
Pope Alexander VI
1492-1503
• Probably the most corrupt
Pope of the time
• Saw that a French alliance
could help him regain lost
territory in Romagna
• Agreed to abandon the
league of Venice
• Louis XII of France invaded
Milan in 1499
• Ludovico in jail
Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia
conquered Romagna
Pope Julius II
1503-1513
Suppressed the
Borgias and put
Romagna under
Papal Authority
Warrior Pope
Erasmus
Julius excluded
from heaven
Francis I 1515-1547
•
•
•
•
France again invaded Italy in 1515
French massacred Swiss soliders
Concordat of Bologna 1516
French King gained control over the
French clergy
• France recognized Pope over Councils
• Pope received annates from France
Niccolo Machiavelli
1469-1527
• Convinced that Italian
political unity and
independence were ends
that justified any means
• Only a strong man could
impose order on such a
divided and selfish
people
Cesare Borgia
• Machiavelli’s hero for
what he and his father
Alexander VI did in
Romagna
Pope Leo X
1513-1521
• Machiavelli hoped to
see a strong ruler
emerge from the
Medici family
Northern Renaissance
Christian Humanism
• “Pagan” humanism of Italy
• Christian humanism of the North
– Effort to unite classical learning with the Christian
faith
• Christian humanists studied the Hebrew and
Greek texts of the Bible and read the Church
fathers, both Latin and Greek in order to
deepen their understanding of Christianity
and to restore its moral vitality
• Medieval intellectual interests persisted;
founding of Universities continued
• Education as a means of improving society
Mysticism and Lay Religion
• In the North a genuine religious impulse, in
addition to religious humanistic
scholarship, also remained alive
• Mysticism: belief that the individual soul
could commune directly with God
• Laymen: Persons stirred by religion that
did not become Priests
Erasmus 1466-1536
• Greatest of Northern Humanists
• Regarded the middle ages as “Dark”, ridiculed
the Scholastics and studied deeply the writers of
antiquity.
• He put his faith in education, enlightened
discussion and gradual moral improvement
• He prepared new Greek and Latin texts of the
New Testament
• He urged the reading of the Bible in the
Vernacular languages
• He hoped people might turn from their evil ways
Praise of Folly 1509
• Satirized worldly pretensions and
ambitions-those of the clergy most
emphatically
• Advocated a return to simple Christian
ethics
• He never threatened to break from the
Church
Thomas More 1478-1535*
• *executed during the reign of Henry VIII
• Utopia Literally translated as nowhere
– A state in which all inequalities would be
abolished, towns kept clean, manual labor
restricted to six hours a day, and education
made available to everyone
– The key to the improvement of the individual
was the reform of society’s institutions
Ship
of fools 
Bosch
Breugel- the triumph of death
Breugel-the fall of Icarus
Lamentation of Christ
Albrecht Durer
Study of Praying
Hands
Van Eyck
The Virgin of
Chancellor Rolin
Martin Luther 1483-1546
• Catholic monk until 40
• Terrified by the
omnipotence of God
• Man justified by Faith
Alone, not by works,
Romans I:17
• Reacted to John
Tetzel 1517
Johann Tetzel
• Sold indulgences for the Archbishop of Mainz
and Pope Leo X
– Funds used to repay Fuggers loan and for the
building of St. Peters
• “When a coin in the coffer rings a soul from
Purgatory springs”
– Indulgences, commissioned by the Pope were said to
be able to spring soul from purgatory
• Luther thought the people were being deluded
Tetzel selling Indulgences
Tetzel preaching
• Don’t you hear the voices of your dead parents
and other relatives crying out, “have mercy on
us, for we suffer great punishment and pain.
From this you could release us with a few
alms…We have created you, fed you, cared for
you, and left you our temporal goods. Why do
you treat us so cruelly and leave us to suffer in
the flames, when it takes so little to save us?”
Definition: Indulgence
• Indulgence:
– God is merciful, but is just
– Christ and the church established a “treasury of
merits”
– That “treasury of merits could be drawn upon by the
Church”
– Originally applied to temporal sin, but Tetzel claimed
the indulgence secured total remission of sins on
earth and in Purgatory
– Men and women could buy indulgences for
themselves as well as for others
– Enraged Luther who felt the people were being
deluded.
Definition:Purgatory
• Purgatory (Lat., "purgare", to make clean,
to purify) in accordance with Catholic
teaching is a place or condition of
temporal punishment for those who,
departing this life in God's grace, are, not
entirely free from venial faults, or have not
fully paid the satisfaction due to their
transgressions.
Luthers Response:95 theses
• Luther posted the Theses on indulgences on the
Church Door at Wittenburg 10/31/1517
• Luther sought Theological discussion, got
Protestant reformation
• Luther rejected the notion that salvation could be
achieved by good works, such as indulgences.
• In the theses Luther reviewed the Catholic
sacrament of penance
• Some Theses challenged the Popes power to
grant indulgences and others criticized Papal
wealth.
Where is the authority of the
Church, according to Luther.
• Luther in effect questioned the authority of the
Pope to issue Indulgences
• Luther also stated that Church council’s were
not incapable of error: John Huss burned at
the stake, Council of Constance 1415.
• According to Luther it is up to each individual
Christian to interpret the Bible according to
his own Conscience
Pope Leo
X
Leo X’s response and Luthers
• Leo X ordered Luther to recant (take back)
his ideas
• Luther publicly burned the Bull (letter) from
the Pope
• Luther was then excommunicated
• Charles V was now to arrest and try the
heretic Luther
• Luther was summoned to appear at the Diet
of Worms 1521
• Luther was placed under the ban of the
empire-the elector of Saxony took Luther
under his protection.
Luthers Response, cont.
• In order to drive home these reforms,
Luther called upon the Princes of the Holy
roman Empire
Peasant response
• Luther:”a Christian man is the most free
Lord” On Christian Liberty 1520
• Luther: Lords “flay and rob their
subjects…until they can bear it no longer.”
• 1525 the Peasants revolt, seeking political
and economic justice shouting slogans
from Luther
Luther’s response to Peasants
• “against the Murderous, thieving hordes of
the peasants”
• Luther referred to the peasants as filthy
swine and urged the German Princes to
suppress them by the sword
• Lutheranism took on a character of
submissiveness to the state.
Martin Luther vs. Charles V
• Charles V was bound to uphold Catholicism
because only in a Catholic world did the HRE
make sense.
• The States of the Empire saw in Charles efforts
to repress Luther a threat to their own freedom.
• States wanted “ius reformandi” the right to
choose their own religion for their region.
• They became Lutheran locally, introducing
Lutheran doctrines.
Luther’s early writings:
• Address to the Christian nobility of the German
nation
– Urged German Princes to force reforms on the
Roman Church
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
– Attacked 7 Sacraments; argued only two
• Freedom of a Christian
– Summarized Luther’s teaching of Salvation by faith
alone
Excommunication of Luther
• Exurge Domine 6/15/1520
– Condemned Luther for Heresy and gave him
60 days to retract
• Excommunication 1/3/1521
Diet of Worms
• April 1521, Luther presented his views
before the Holy Roman Empires Diet of
Worms
• Luther ordered to recant
• Luther would not recant: to do so would be
to act against Scripture, reason and his
own conscience
Secularization of Church property
• Where a state turned Lutheran it usually
confiscated the Church properties within
its borders.
• Enriched some of the Lutheran Princes
and gave them a strong material
interest in the success of the Lutheran
movement.
League of Schmalkald
• Group of Princes and free cities formed
against the HRE
• French King Francis I allied with the
Protestant Princes against the Catholic
HRE
– France’s main foreign policy was to keep the
HRE weak
No help for Charles
• Charles V begged the Pope to call a council
together
• King of France schemed so the Pope would not
call such a council
• To the Papacy nothing was more upsetting than
calling a Europe wide council.
• The Popes procrastinated in calling such a
council
WAR
• The Schmalkaldic league had actually
gone to war with the HRE CV (1546)
• Germany fell into an anarchy of civil
struggle between Catholic and Protestant
states.
• It was a war that mixed religious fervor
with political issues
Peace of Augsburg 1555
• Ended the Schmalkaldic wars
• Cuius regio eius religio (Whose the region,
his the religion)
• Terms at Augsburg signified a complete
victory for the cause of Lutheranism and
states rights
• Great victory for Protestantism, began
dismantling of HRE
Lutheran Doctrine
• No Special office for the Priest
• Denounced reliance upon fasts, pilgrimages,
saints and masses
• Rejected the belief in Purgatory
• Reduced the catholic 7 sacraments to 2
• Rejected transubstantiation for
consubstantiation
• Clergy should marry
• Monasticism should be eliminated
John Calvin 1509-1564
• Had a humanists
knowledge of Latin and
Greek as well as Hebrew
• 1536 wrote Institutes of
the Christian Religion
• Where Luther had aimed
his writing at the rulers of
Germany-Calvin
addressed the institutes
to the world. He wrote it
in Latin
Luther and Calvin similarities
• Justification by faith not works
• Both rejected transubstantiation
Unique Calvin doctrine
• Predestination-God being almighty, knew and
willed in advance the way in which each human
life would be lived out.
• The elect or the Chosen
• A person could feel that he was one of the elect
if he persisted in a saintly life
• Protestant work ethic
• Rejected the position of Bishop and the Church
hierarchical bureaucracy
Geneva-Protestant Rome
• Calvin’s model Christian community
• A body of ministers ruled the Church; a
consistory of ministers and elders ruled the town
• Law was strict- all loose living was suppressed.
Disaffected were driven into exile
• Removed religious images from Churches
• Candles and incense gone, no music, no
chanting, etc.
• Michael Servetus-burned at stake
Spread of Calvinism
• French Huguenots
• Netherlands
• John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland
Calvin and the State
• Calvinist refused to recognize the
subordination of Church to state
• Insisted that true Christians should
“Christianize” the State.
Reformation of England
• England was peculiar
because it broke with the
Roman church before
adopting any Protestant
principles.
• Henry VIII had been a
good Catholic
• Defense of the Seven
Sacraments
• Defender of the Faith
• But… Henry had no male
heir
– Remember chaos of wars
of the Roses
Wife #1 Catherine of Aragon
• Catherine of Aragon
• Daughter of Ferdinand
and Isabella
• Aunt of HRE Charles V
• Mother of Mary Tudor
(bloody)
• Could not produce male
heir for Henry VIII
• Henry VIII Requested that
Pope annul his marriage
to Catherine
• Pope refused-the Pope
was in no position to
offend Charles V
Wife #2 Anne Boleyn
• When the Pope
refused to grant the
annulment Henry
broke the Roman
connection and
married the youthful
Anne Boleyn
• Anne was the mother
of Elizabeth I
Creation of the English church
• Henry VIII worked with Parliament to break from
the Church
• Act of Supremacy- declared English King to be
head of the Church of England
• Oath of supremacy-Thomas More
• Henry closed the monasteries in England and
gave the land to the nobility
• The new landed gentry remained firm supporters
of the House of Tudor and the English National
Church
Church Structure
• Henry did not intend to change any church
doctrines at all.
• He simply wished to be the supreme head
of an English Catholic Church
• Six Articles of faith
– Required belief in transubstantiation, celibacy
of the clergy, need for confession
Henry died in 1547
• Succeeded by his son
Edward VI
– Son of Henry and Jane
Seymour (3rd wife)
• 10 years old- reigned
from 1547-1553
• Greatly influenced by
Protestant doctrine
Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)
• Daughter of Henry
and Catherine of
Aragon
• Tried to re-Catholicize
England
• Burned 300
Protestants at the
stake
• Bloody Mary
Phillip II and Mary I
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
• Daughter of Henry
and Anne Boleyn
• Successfully
concealed personal
religious views
• Under QEI England
became Protestant
gradually and in their
own way
Elizabeth I (cont.)
• Organizationally the English Church (Anglican)
resembled the Lutheran Church
• It was a state Church, existence and doctrines
determined by the gov’t
• In religious practice the church was definitely
Protestant
• 39 articles of faith-broad, vague definition of the
creed of the Anglican Church
Catholic Reformation and
Counter Crusade
• Amongst the Church
it was concluded that
the need of reform
was so urgent that all
dangers of a council
must be risked.
• Council of Trent 15451563
• Counter Crusade
• Ignatius Loyola
• Jesuits
• Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
• Preserved the Papacy as the center of
unity of the Catholic Church
• Helped prevent the dissolution into State
Churches
• The Council made NO concessions to
Protestant doctrine
• Clarified correct Catholic Doctrine
Doctrine from Trent:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Justification by works and faith combined
Reaffirmed 7 sacraments
Priesthood is special order separate from laity
Transubstantiation was reaffirmed
Scripture and tradition were put on equal footing
Latin was the official language of services
The Vulgate was declared the official Bible
Celibacy for the Clergy was maintained
The theory and practice of indulgences were restated
The Counter Crusade
• Goal was to stop the
spread of Protestantism
and win back Protestants
to Roman Catholicism
• Pope Paul III 1534-1549
the first of the reforming
Popes to replace the
Renaissance Popes
Ignatius Loyola
• The Society of JesusJesuits
• Authorized by Pope
Paul III in 1540
• Soldiers of Christ
• Loyal to the Pope
• Spiritual Exercises
• Papal index of
forbidden books
The Protestant Revolt of the
Netherlands
Netherlands vs. Spain
And Phillip II
Abdication of Charles V HRE
• CV stepped down in
1556 after the Peace
of Augsburg
• Relinquished all titles,
including HRE, King
of Spain, the 17
provinces of the
Netherlands and the
Free County of
Burgundy
Ferdinand I, brother of CV
• CV left Austria, Bohemia and Hungary to
his brother Ferdinand I
• Subsequently Ferdinand was elected Holy
Roman Emperor
Phillip II, son of CV
• Inherited Spain, 17
provinces of the
Netherlands, and
Free County of
Burgundy
• Reigned from 15561598
The Ambition of Phillip II
• Phillip was first and foremost a Catholic
• His Palace, the Escorial was built in the shape of
a grill in honor of St. Lawrence who had been
martyred in that fashion.
• He took it upon himself to head up a Catholic
counter offensive to the Protestant Reformation
• Spain could fund such an attack with the riches
from the new world; Potosi, Peru.
Thoughtful Question
• Why did the Netherlands revolt against Phillip
II and not his father Phillip II?
• Charles V was from Flanders, which is in the
region of the Netherlands-he was one of
them.
• Phillip was thought of as a foreign King, a
Spaniard who lived in Spain.
• After 1560 Spanish officials and troops were
seen more frequently in the Netherlands
• Also after 1560 many Calvinists fled to the
Netherlands to escape the religious wars in
France.
Political and religious revolt
• The revolt began n 1566 when 200 nobles
of the various 17 provinces founded a
league to check the “foreign” influence in
the Netherlands.
• The league consisted of both Catholics
AND Calvinists-they asked Phillip not to
send the inquisition to the Netherlands
• Phillips agents refused the petition
Revolt begins 1566
• With the petition denied a mass revolt
broke out
• The Calvinist faction destroyed some 400
Catholic Churches
• Many of the Nobles that had signed the
original petition were disgusted with the
violence
Council of Troubles (blood)
• Phillip II, appalled by
sacrilege sent in the
inquisition, Spanish
troops and the Duke of
Alva
• Alva’s Council sentenced
thousands to death,
confiscated Nobles
estates-both Catholic and
Calvinist
Duke of Alva
By 1576, representatives of all 17
provinces formed a union to drive
out the Spanish
What error did the Spanish make
that led to this Netherland wide
revolt?
Do you think the English will get
involved? If so, why?
Yes, England did get involved
• English feared the Spanish movement into
the Netherlands-”the pistol pointed at the
heart of England”
• England’s involvement was evolutionary
Elizabeth I
• QEI had lent money to the Netherlands from the
very beginning-but secretly
• She did not want to provoke war with Spain
• QEI had problems at home and she was not
event sure if her own subjects would support her
– Duke of Norfolk
– Mary, Queen of Scots
• The security of Elizabethan Protestant England
rested on the outcome of the fighting in the
Netherlands
The Prince of Parma
• IN 1578 Alexander Farnese, the Prince of
Parma became the Spanish General of
the Netherlands
• Rallied the southern 10 provinces to his
side
• The 7 northern provinces, led by Holland,
formed the Union of Utrecht in 1579
Spain to Antwerp
• When Parma moved his troops onto
Antwerp, QEI openly entered the war
• Spain now believed that the Netherlands
could only be subdued by defeating
England
• The Queen of the “heretics” must be
dethroned
• Phillip II prepared to invade England
Spanish Armada 1588
• As Phillip prepared to invade the English
Parliament called for the execution of
Mary, Queen of Scots
• The Spanish Armada was unsuccessful
• English led by Sir Francis Drake
• The Protestant wind
Results of the Struggle
• English assured their national independence
• They became more solidly Protestant
• With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the
English were more free to take to the sea
• 17 provinces officially broken into Spanish
Netherlands and the Dutch Netherlands
(Holland)
French Wars of Religion
• France had remained a predominantly
catholic Country of a population of 16
million, 1.2 million were Calvinist
• Conflict between Huguenots and Catholics
• Religion + politics (Nobles chose
Calvinism to separate from King)
• Henry II died in tournament
French Civil war cont.
• Henry’s teenage sons (Francis II, Charles
IX, Henry III) dominated by Catherine de’
Medici
• Open warfare between Catholics and
Huguenots broke out in 1562.
• The Guise family led the catholic cause
• The Bourbon family led the Hueguenots
St. Bartholomew day massacre
• August 24,1572
• Catherine ordered the massacre of the
Huguenots
• Henry of Navarre 1589
• “Paris is worth a Mass”
• Edict of Nantes 1598
30 years war 1618-1648 Origin of
the Conflict
• Peace of Augsburg brought temporary
truce in the religious conflict in the
German States-only included Lutherans
and Catholics, not Calvinists
Bohemian Phase 1618-1625
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Ferdinand II of Styria
Calvinist revolt
Defenestration of Prague
Frederick V Elector of Palantine
Battle of white mountain
Frederick V the winter KIng
Danish Phase 1625-1629
• Christian IV Protestant ruler of Denmark
• Albert of Wallenstein
• Edict of Restitution 1629
Swedish period 1630-1635
• Gustavus Adolphus
• Treaty of Prague 1635
French Period 1635-1648
• Cardinal Richilieu
Peace of Westphalia 1648
• Sweden, Prussia and France all gained
territory
• Formally recognized the independence of
the Dutch republic
• Added calvinism to Peace of augsburg
Treaty of Pyrenees 1659
• Ended fighting between France and Spain