Transcript 2_Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Ukraine during the World War II

Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Ukraine
during the World War II.
Ukraine during the after-war period (19451985).
Plan
• 1.Ukrainians in the First World War.
• 2. Industrialization of Ukraine.
Collectivization.
• 3. The famine. Big terror.
• 4. Second World War in Ukraine.
• 5. Post-war reconstruction of
Ukraine.
• 6. Chornobyl.
Ukrainians in the First World
War.
• World War I was a global war which took place
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primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918.
The act which is considered to have triggered the
succession of events which led to war was the 28
June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by
Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen.
The war was fought between two major alliances.
The Entente Powers initially consisted of France,
the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated
empires and dependencies.
• Numerous other states joined these allies,
most notably Italy and the United States.
• The Central Powers, so named because of
their central location on the European
continent, initially consisted of Germany and
Austria-Hungary and their associated
empires.
• The Ottoman Empire joined the Central
Powers, followed later by Bulgaria.
• Only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain
and the Scandinavian nations remained
officially neutral among the European
countries
• One of the most striking results of the war
was a large redrawing of the map of Europe.
• All of the Central Powers lost territory, and
many new nations were created.
• Austria-Hungary was carved up into several
successor states including Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
• The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn
from the war in 1917 after the October
Revolution, lost much of its western frontier
as the newly independent nations of Estonia,
Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were
carved from it.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some
minutes before they were assassinated
dental ambulance
winter uniforms
• One of the underlying themes of
Ukrainian history of the early 20th
century has been the quest for an
independent nation. Many attempts were
made in the early 20th century, but both
World War I and the Russian Civil War
disrupted such attempts.
• The consequences of the First World War
of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic.
• The great amount of Ukrainians fought
and died for empires, which ignored their
nation interests
• When the First World War began in 1914,
Ukrainians were split into two separate and
opposing armies.
• 3.5 million fought with the Imperial Russian
Army, while 250,000 fought for the AustroHungarian Army.
• Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting each
other.
• Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered as
armies shot and killed them after accusing
them of collaborating with opposing armies.
• Russian empire at the beginning of
September 1914 occupied the big part of
eastern Galychina.
• Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and
put to death without a court.
• All Ukrainian cultural establishments,
cooperative and periodic editions were
closed by order of tsar authority of Russia.
• There were implemented restrictions to use
Ukrainian language and made attempts to
apply Russian language at schools.
• The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook
Soviet Union
• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state
that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
• The Soviet Union was officially established in
December 1922 as the union of the Russian,
Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian
Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
• The Soviet Union was one of the world's
most ethnically diverse countries, with more
than 200 distinct ethnic groups within its
borders.
Flag of the Soviet Union
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
Ukraine in the first years of USSR
• Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine
maintained foreign relations,had foreign
trade and even began to initiate the ground
of separate Ukrainian army.
• Lenin suggested to give each republic
consisting Russia the right of free exit from
it.
• Some operations remained exclusively in the
area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, others were
divided between Ukrainian and Russian
ministers
• Joining to the structure of Soviet Union,
Ukrainian republic became the second its
component in size.
• The first facilities of Ukrainian government in
the field of culture had the purpose to
extend the use of Ukrainian language.
• Similar rebirth felt Ukrainian press, which
was oppressed by tsar regime.
• Up to 1927 more than a half of books
published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433
newspapers of the republic 373 were issued
in Ukrainian.
Industrialization of Ukraine.
• In 1928 Ukraine received over 20% of the total
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investments that meant that from 1500 new
industrial enterprises, established in the USSR, 400
of them accounted for Ukraine.
But such achievements required mobilization of all
workers’ forces.
Mass medias always called worker to execute the
plan and to work under the schedule.
In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in eight
times exceeded the level of 1913.
Ukraine turned to one of the leading industrial
countries in Europe.
Industrialization of Ukraine.
• In 1928 Ukraine received over 20% of the total
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investments that meant that from 1500 new
industrial enterprises, established in the USSR, 400
of them accounted for Ukraine.
But such achievements required mobilization of all
workers’ forces.
Mass medias always called worker to execute the
plan and to work under the schedule.
In 1940 the industrial potential of Ukraine in eight
times exceeded the level of 1913.
Ukraine turned to one of the leading industrial
countries in Europe.
• The industrialisation bought about a
dramatic economic and social transformation
in traditionally agricultural Ukraine.
• The massive influx of the rural population to
the industrial centres increased the urban
population from 19 to 34 percent.
Collectivization.
• Soviet industrial development plans were supposed
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that government could buy cheap grain from the
peasants.
It could give it possibility to provide with the bread
the growing labors in the cities and to sell it
abroad, benefits from it used for financing the
industrialization.
But peasants considered that offered by the
government prices (often they accounted only one
eighth from the market) too low and refused to sell
products. It’s why the government began mass
collectivization.
• Those who greatly withstood were shot or mass
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removed to the camps of forced labor to the North
of Russia or to Siberia.
The most widespread of its form became
deportation. Hundred thousands of peasants were
drove away from their houses, sat to the product
trains and went out the thousand kilometers to the
North of Russia, where they were leaved among
the arctic desert, often without food and shelter.
About 850 thousands were deported to the North,
where a lot of them especially children died. Such
way the great part of the most capable of working
and productive masters in Ukraine ceased to exist.
Goals
• Modernize soviet agriculture by modern
equipment using the latest scientific
methods.
• Increase agricultural production.
• Put agriculture under the control of the
state.
Industrialization Without
Collectivization?
 Industrialization could have been achieved
without any collectivization
However:
•Would take much longer than Stalin's
ultra-rapid version.
•Would leave the Soviet Union far
behind the West.
•Possibly result in a victory for Germany
in WWII.
Comparative Growth: Industrial Production Average
Annual Growth (%)
Percent Growth
14% 12.3%
12%
10%
8%
5.5%
6%
4%
4.7%
4.4%
2.5%
1.9%
2%
0%
U.S.S.R
U.S.A.
Britain
Germany
France
The famine
• The famine of 1932—1933 became for Ukrainians
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the same as Golokhost for Jews and slaughter of
1915 for Armenians.
The most important in the tragedy of famine is that
it was possible to escape it.
The yield of 1932 was only 12% lower the average
measures of 1926-1930.
Ignoring calls and warnings of the Ukrainian
communists, in 1932 Stalin raised the plan of grain
purchase by 44%.
• The cruelty of the regime, doomed million of
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people to death from starving, which could be
called just artificial.
Series of means, performed in 1932, evidenced
about indifference of the regime to people
suffering.
Party activists received legal right to confiscate the
grain from collective farms, the shameful law,
providing the death penalty for stealing of “social
property”, came into force.
For not allowing the peasants to leave collective
farms in search of food, it was implemented the
system of internal passports.
• In November Moscow issued the law, which
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prohibited giving peasants grain, until the execution
of the government storage plan.
The famine extending during 1932 gained the
terrible force at the beginning of 1933. Remaining
without the bread, the countrymen eat cats, dogs,
rest, barks, and leaves. The cases of cannibalism
also took place.
Also it was considered that the famine was a mean
of weakness of Ukrainian nationalism for Stalin
Till the recent time the soviet opposition turned to
refusal of the fact of famine.
Big terror
• Industrialization and collectivization more and more
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led to the bigger concentration of the power in
Moscow.
Systematically eliminating almost all aspects of
autonomy, Stalin aspired to turn Ukraine into the
administrative unit of Soviet Union.
The regime planned to annihilate the whole groups
of people: priests, former participants of
antibolshevik wars, those, who went abroad or had
relatives there, immigrants from Galychina.
With regard to the lack of information it is difficult
to determine the general quantity of human losses,
caused by Stalin’s terror
• About 500 thousand persons were put to death and
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from 3 to 12 millions were sent to camps during
1937 and 1939.
For that time the control for all areas of life was
completely concentrated in Moscow
With centralization came russification
To the end of ten years after cleaning by the
national communists, the majority of members of
the highest party’s government and the state of
Ukraine were Russians.
In literature political principle emphasized that all
outstanding Ukrainian poets and writers of the past
had been developed under the wholesome effect of
Russia.
Time Magazine’s Man Of The
Year
•Iosif Stalin (1879 – 1953)
•1939 - he switched the
balance of power in Europe
by signing a "nonaggression pact" with
Hitler.
•1942 - he helped to stop
Hitler and opened the door
of opportunity for allied
troops.
SECOND WORLD WAR IN
UKRAINE
• Second World War for Ukraine actually started on
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September 1 1939, when Germans attacked
Poland,
The most cruel and tragic stage of the war began
with the attack of Germany on the USSR on June
22 1941 and continued till the autumn of 1944,
when German forces were turned out from
Ukraine.
Having guarantee of neutrality of the Soviet Union
Hitler attacked Poland, initiating the start of the
Second World War.
• On September 17 1939 the Soviet army went
to eastern Poland and occupied almost all
territory, settled by Ukrainians and
Belorusians.
• In June 1940 the USSR forced Rumania to
give back Bessarabiya and Bukovyna
• Punitive bodies of the USSR arrested and
deported Ukrainian political leaders to the
East of Russia.
• From 20 to 30 thousand Ukrainian activists
run away to Poland, occupied by the
Germans.
• At the beginning many representatives of
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intelligence were impressed, as they received job in
soviet educational and cultural establishments, but
they quickly understood, that became strictly
controlled by organization men of regime, and in
case of violation of directions arose threaten of
arrest and deportation
In the spring of 1940 the regime opened the mask
of democracy and began wile-ranging repressions –
as against the Ukrainians, as against Poles.
The most popular and awful their type was
deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan, where
people died by the whole families.
Ukrainians under the fascist occupation.
Movement of Opposition
• In 1939 about 550 thousand of Ukrainians from
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Lemkivshina and Holemshina turned out in German
occupation zone in the eastern remote area of
Poland
Zacarpathian with 550 thousand Ukrainians formed
a part of Hungary.
Soon after coming of Germans, in Ukraine
appeared the national movement of
opposition.
There also existed underground organizational
system of Organization of Ukrainian
Nationalists (OUN)
• Partisans were mainly collected in northern west
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part of the country – in the forests of Volyn, bogs
of Polissya and Carpathians.
In the beginning of 1944 on the occupied lands of
Ukraine in general 47 thousand 800 people in the
form of partisan detachments and struggled with
fascist conquers.
In 1942 members of different branches of
Organization of Ukrainian nationalists (OUN)
created small elements in Volyn.
Ukrainian revolt army (URA) quickly grew in the
big, well-organized partisan army, which took
control under the significant parts of Volyn, Polissya
and finally Galychyna.
Return of the soviet power to
Ukraine
• The decisive crisis arose in the war in 1943: the
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soviet army began the counter-offensive, the main
purpose of which was in liberation of the left-bank
Ukraine.
During the end of the summer-autumn of 1943 the
soviet army occupied left-bank and Donbas.
On August 23 in result of desperate fight Kharkiv
was liberated. In September-October the Red army
broke powerful line of German defense at the
Dnieper and on November 6 entered to Kyiv.
• In January 1944 after the short stop almost
2,3 million of Red army began clearing from
Germans right-bank and Crimea.
• In September they crossed the Carpathians
and till the October 1944 all ethnic Ukrainian
territory appeared in soviet hands.
• Second World War took the lives at least 5,3
million Ukrainians, or one from every six
citizen of Ukraine died in the struggle.
• 2,3 million Ukrainians were taken out from
the forced labor in Germany.
• Completely or partly it were destroyed over
700 big and small cities and 28 thousand
villages, in result of what 10 million people
became homeless.
• As the war caused in Ukraine more damage,
than in any country in Europe, losses in the
economy gained huge measures.
• It was estimated, that Ukraine lost over 40
percent of its economy.
Post-war reconstruction of
Ukraine
• Four years of war had a harmful effect on
the Ukrainian economy;
• Reconstruction of the hard industry
swallowed up 85 percent of all investments,
but it was successful.
• In 1950 Ukraine again became one from the
leading industrial countries in Europe;
• The life level of people improved very slowly;
• The currency reform of 1947
devaluated karbovanets;
• Started in 1954, project on
development the lands of Kazakhstan
required the use of huge labor and
material resources, and the big part of
those expenses took Ukraine.
• Though this program gave some
positive results, it exhausted resources
of Ukraine and weakened agricultural
production of the republic.
• The government did not manage to reach
so quick growing of agricultural production
as it was planned;
• The officials in the far Moscow continued
to decide, what cultures should cultivate
collective farms, how to sow them;
1918 50 karbovantsiv banknote
Chornobyl
• Chornobyl was a city in nothern Ukraine in
the Kyiv Oblast near the border with Belarus.
• Prior to its evacuation the city was inhabited
by about 15000 residents.
• On April 26, 1986 the fourth reactor of the
Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded at
01:23 AM.
• Further explosions and the resulting fire sent
a “cloud” of highly radioactive fallout into
the atmosphere.
• Four hundred times more fallout was
released than had been by the atomic
bombing of Hiroshima.
• The “cloud” drifted over extensive parts of
the western Soviet Union, Eastern,
Western and Northern Europe and eastern
North America.
• Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia
were badly contaminated, resulting in the
evacuation of over 336 000 people.
• It is difficult to accurately tell the number
of deaths caused by the events at
• The Soviet government hid the lists of
victims and later forbade doctors to write
“radiation” on deaths certificates.
• The overall costs of the disaster is
estimated at $200 billion. This places the
Chornobyl disaster as the costliest disaster
in modern history.
• The Zone of Alienation is the 30km
exclusion zone around the site of the
Chornobyl nuclear reactor disaster.
• Now Chornobyl is a home to more than 500
residents.
References :
• 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto:
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University of Toronto Press (1988).
2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation.
Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).
3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History
of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998,
preface 2003).
4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press (1996).
5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9
volumes.