Transcript Unit 12 - PowerPoints

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History Beyond The Textbook
WORLD WAR I
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History Beyond The Textbook
CAUSES
The immediate cause of World War I was
the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo.
Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian
Black Hand secret society killed Ferdinand.
Conflicts between Austria-Hungary and
Serbia started with a challenge to the 1878
Treaty of Berlin. Under that treaty, AustriaHungary assumed a mandate to occupy and
control Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Ottoman
Empire kept its sovereignty, and Serbia was
recognized as a kingdom; however, Serbians
were incensed that Austria-Hungary had
annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina during the
Bosnian crisis of 1908 and 1909.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (left) and
Gavrilo Princip
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DECLARATIONS
OF
WAR
August 22, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on
Belgium.
August 23, 1914 – Japan declares war on Germany.
August 25, 1914 – Japan declares war on AustriaHungary.
November 1, 1914 – Russia declares war on the
Ottoman Empire.
November 3, 1914 – Montenegro declares war on the
Ottoman Empire.
November 5, 1914 – France and United Kingdom
declare war on the Ottoman
Empire.
May 23, 1915 – Italy declares war on AustriaHungary.
October 14, 1915 – Bulgaria declares war on Serbia.
October 15, 1915 – United Kingdom declares war on
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Bulgaria.
The is a diagram of the alliances
before World War I.
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DECLARATIONS
OF WAR
October 16, 1915 – Frances declares war on Bulgaria
October 19, 1915 – Italy and Russia declare war on
Bulgaria.
August 27, 1916 – Italy declares war on Germany.
The diagram represents European
alliances before World War I.
coat of arms of Bulgaria
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PARTICIPANTS
IN WORLD WAR I
ALLIED POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
United States
Russian
Empire
British Empire
Kingdom of
Italy
French Third
Republic
Kingdom of
Greece
Kingdom of
Serbia
Kingdom of
Montenegro
Kingdom of
Romania
Belgium
Empire of
Japan
Portugal
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Bulgaria
AustriaHungary
Ottoman
Empire
German
Empire
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WEAPONS
land ship/tank
hand grenade
barbed wire
poison gas
submarine
Maxim machine gun
bi-plane
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STRATEGIES
TRENCH WARFARE
In trench warfare both armies could fight
from fortified positions. It was a slow form
of combat with heavy reliance on defense.
The soldiers built complex trench and dugout
systems and stocked them with weapons.
Barbed wire protected the trenches. The
space between opposing armies’ trenches
was “no man’s land.” Attacks almost always
resulted in injury and death for the attacking
soldiers.
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THE IMPORTANCE
OF TRENCH WARFARE
Trench warfare was an important part of
combat during World War I. The effectiveness
of the new weapons made it impossible to fight
in the open for extended periods of time.
Trenches were constructed for careful and
planned attacks. The trench protected soldiers
from attack. Soldiers also dug temporary
trenches as close to the front lines as possible.
These would protect waves of soldiers
attacking the enemy. Attacking soldiers would
take cover in a forward trench to regroup while
other soldiers followed the first attack.
Trenches kept soldiers out of the line of fire as
much as possible.
British trench design
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OBJECTIVES
ALLIED POWERS
CENTRAL POWERS
The main objective of the Allied Powers
was to stop Germany and the Central
Powers’ attempts to expand their land in
Europe and Asia. The American conflict
with Germany stemmed from Germany’s
violation of a neutrality agreement when
German submarines attacked American
passenger ships.
The main objective of the Central Powers
was to acquire as much land as possible
in Europe and Asia. Germany believed
France, England, and Russia prevented its
expansion. Germany was determined to
expand its borders.
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THE UNITED STATES
ENTERS WORLD WAR I
Originally, the United States pursued a policy of
isolationism. After a German U-boat sank the British
passenger ship Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson
demanded Germany end attacks on passenger ships. The
British Royal Navy then intercepted the Zimmerman
telegram in which a German diplomat encouraged Mexican
officials to ally with German if the United States declared
war on Germany. These events as well as the sinking of
American merchant ships led the United States Congress to
declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917.
an American doughboy
circa 1918
United States President
Woodrow Wilson announces
a break in diplomatic
relations with Germany on
February 3, 1917.
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ARMISTICE ENDS
THE WAR
The armistice was reached on
After a three days of negotiations,
representatives of the Allied Powers and
Germany signed the armistice on a
railway carriage in Compiegne Forest on
November 11, 1918. The expression “the
eleventh of the eleventh of the eleventh”
is derived from this date. The armistice
went into effect at the eleventh hour, on
the eleventh day, of the eleventh month.
According to the armistice, German
troops were to leave Belgium, France,
and the eastern bank of the Rhine. The
remainder of the German fleet was forced
to surrender its weapons and ships to the
Allied Powers. Germany also was forced
to renounce its peace treaties with Russia
and Romania.
November 11, 1918.
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THE TREATY
OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended
World War I. It was signed on June 28,
1919, at the Paris Peace Conference even
though the armistice had been in place
since November 11, 1918. Germany and
its allies were required to accept full
responsibility for World War I. Germany
was required to disarm and concede any
territorial gains made during the war. In
addition, Germany was required to pay
reparations to any countries it damaged
during the war.
David Lloyd George (United Kingdom),
Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges
Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow
Wilson (United States)
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AFTERMATH
OF WORLD WAR I
History Beyond The Textbook
In the aftermath of World War I, other
conflicts that were a direct result of the
war took place. Germans believed the
Treaty of Versailles was unfairly
punitive. Adolf Hitler gained
popularity in Germany when he urged
Germans to fight the injustices
imposed on them after World War I.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire
caused conflicts as nations sought to
control territory in the Middle East.
These conflict would intensify
throughout the twentieth century and
into the twenty-first century.
future Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler
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