Transcript Slide 1
THE PRINCIPLES OF IMPERIALISM “EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM” AP World History Unit 4 “OLD IMPERIALISM” Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries. European powers did not usually acquire territory but rather built a series of trading stations. Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas. Except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil. These were areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. Economic penetration of non-European regions in the 19th century. THE NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND METHODS The New Imperialism was a massive explosion of territorial conquest. The imperial powers used economic and technological means to reorganize dependent regions. This brought them into the world economy as suppliers of food and raw materials, and as consumers of industrial products. In Africa and other parts of the world, this was done by conquest and colonial administration. THE TOOLS OF THE IMPERIALISTS The Industrial Revolution provided technological innovations that made it possible for Europeans and Americans to build the “New Imperialism.” Steamships, the Suez Canal, and submarine cables gave European forces greater mobility and better communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin Americans. The discovery that quinine could be used to prevent malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa in large numbers for the first time. The invention of the breech loader, smokeless powder, and the machine gun widened the gap in the use of firearms and made colonial conquests easier than ever before. IMPERIALISM AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial revolution brought about a greater need for raw materials. As a result many European countries began to seek raw materials from the continents of Asia, Africa, and South America. While seeking out these raw materials the Europeans established their rule on these continents expanding an empire. Colonialism! Western imperialism was not new. Europeans had been influencing or conquering parts of the world since the 1400’s. Columbus Spanish U.S. grew from coast to coast during 1700’s. IMPERIALISM Imperialism: Colonialism: Process through which a state attempts to control the economic, political, and/or cultural makeup of another state. The most developed form of Imperialism whereby the controlling state invades another state/region so as to exploit its resources and/or for the purposes of largescale production. Between 1815-1914 the West (Europe and America) increased their control of the world’s land mass from 35%-85%! NEW IMPERIALISM In the 1870s, Europeans colonized Asia and Africa by using military force to take control of local governments. Exploited local economies for the raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry. Imposing Western values to benefit the “backwards” colonies. EUROPEAN MOTIVES FOR COLONIZATION 1. Industrial Revolution. 2. European Racism. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Sources of raw materials. Markets for finished goods. “White Man’s Burden” Social Darwinism. European Nationalism. Missionary Activities. Military and Naval Bases. Places to dump unwanted or excess population. Social and Economic Opportunities. Humanitarian Reasons. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC Industrialization gave the West the ability to conquer other parts of the world. Large-scale industrial production made Western factories demand more raw materials. This could be seized from less powerful nations. Western nations needed markets for the goods produced. As well as more reasons to do so. Colonies would serve as potential markets. Immense wealth allowed the Western world to conquer far-off places. MILITARY Industrialization provided new weaponry for the armies and navies of the West: Ocean-going fleets. Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery. Native populations rarely resisted Western military forces. Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases and coal/oil stations around the world for naval and civilian fleets. Ships required repairs and refueling stations at strategic locations globally. SOCIAL Europe’s rapid population growth during the 1800’s played a role in prompting imperial activity. Immigration to the Americas was an outlet. Millions came to the Americas. Another outlet was to leave home for colonial life. Ambitious or desperate families attempted to make their fortunes this way. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Instrumental in allowing the West to conquer and colonize. Knowledge was power. Advances in transportation, communication, and warfare brought by the Industrial Revolution enabled Western nations to build empires. New wave of exploration allowed for better knowledge of the geography of the world. Medical advances Made possible for Europeans and Americans to press into tropical regions. Quinine helped relieve symptoms of malaria & yellow fever. CULTURAL Sense of racial superiority was widespread among Westerners. Created a sense that Western nations were entitled to conquer & colonize areas that appeared “backwards” or “primitive”. Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist, “I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better.” CULTURAL In some cases, the belief was “justified” in crude and prejudiced ways. In other ways, the theory of social Darwinism was used to argue in favor of imperialism. Misguided application of “survival of the fittest” and natural selection. People who were technologically and culturally advanced were permitted to conquer those who were less. CULTURAL Social Darwinism. West had a sense of racial superiority Darwin’s theory of “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” applied to the human societies. Destruction and conquest of weaker races was nature’s way of improving the species. CULTURAL Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white Westerners to teach and modernize the darker-skinned, supposedly “primitive” peoples, of Africa and Asia. English poet Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden”. Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also condescending. European and American missionaries, doctors, and scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did good in the places they visited. They did so out of a subconscious sense of racial superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs and ideas of the natives. Interesting fact, he also wrote The Jungle Book. MIGRATION AND ADVANTAGES EUROPEAN MIGRATION Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people left Europe. Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited areas: North and South America Australia New Zealand Siberia European migration provided further incentive for Western expansion. Most were poor from rural areas, but not from the poorest classes. Due to oppressive land policies. WESTERN ADVANTAGES Strong economies. Well-organized governments. Powerful armed forces. Superior technology and medicine. Maxim gun. Quinine. FORMS OF IMPERIAL CONTROL POLITICAL Usually in the form of a colony. Governors and soldiers sent to control the people. Direct Rule: The actual administration of government by representatives of the imperial power, usually supported by military and civilian services. French tried direct rule. Indirect Rule: Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship. British used indirect rule. Example was the Raj in India. ECONOMIC Domination of the economy and trade of the weaker nation. In fact, this also affects political decisions and, therefore, sovereignty. In the 20th century would come to be known as “neo-colonialism”. PROTECTORATE A stronger nation “protects” a weaker nation from others. It still has great influence over the affairs of the “protected” nation Supposed to listen to advice of mother country. Local rulers left in place. Costs less to run than a colony. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE An area over which a powerful nation claims a “vital interest” and, in reality, claims the right to exert dominance. An outside power claimed economic (trading) privileges. China was the best example. HOW IMPERIALISTS CHANGED LOCAL SOCIETY IMPERIALISTS USUALLY… Substituted the local government system, legal system, and education system with their own. Substituted local economic practices with their own. Example include land ownership and trade. Substituted local cultural practices. Examples include language, dress, and social customs Video clip from the movie The Rabbit Proof Fence. Showing the efforts to change the culture of the Aborigines in Australia. Sometimes brutally, sometimes using a sympathetic local groups. LAND CONTROLLED BY OTHER IMPERIALISTS… BESIDES THE BRITISH THE FRENCH French Indochina. Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam French Africa Islands in the Caribbean. Tahiti. THE RUSSIANS Siberia. Spheres of influence in Manchuria & Korea. THE UNITED STATES Guam Philipines Cuba Puerto Rico Hawaii Samoa & other Pacific Islands THE JAPANESSE Taiwan Sphere of influence in Korea & Manchuria. IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM PERCENTAGE OF EUROPEAN POSSESSIONS European countries and their possessions as a percentage of the world land mass. 1800 = 55% 1878 = 67% 1914 = 84% WOW…this looks like it would be a great concept for a map assignment! THE WORLD ECONOMY AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT EXPANSION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY The industrial revolution greatly expanded the demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and raw materials in the industrialized countries. The growing need for these products could not be met by traditional methods of production and transportation. The imperialists brought their colonies into the mainstream of the world market and introduced new technologies. The greatest change was in transportation. Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and railroads cut travel time and lowered freight costs. TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT The economic changes brought by Europeans and Americans altered environments around the world. Forests were cleared for tea plantations. Plant species were identified and classified. Commercially valuable plants were transported from one tropical region to another. TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT The expansion of permanent agriculture and the increased use of irrigation and water control led to increased agricultural production in both well-watered and dry areas of the tropics. Agricultural development supported larger populations, but it also put more pressure on the land. TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber, iron, and coal while opening up previously remote land to development. The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals fueled a mining boom that brought toxic run-off from open mines and from slag heaps. THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE LEGACY OF IMPERIALISM POSITIVE: THE BENEFITS Infrastructure development. Ports, roads, railroads, etc. Advantages of European institutions. Schools, hospitals, legal systems, etc. Economic development of resources. NEGATIVE: THE DISADVANTAGES Exploitation of native populations for “cheap labor”. Resources were exported to the advantage of Europe. Some depleted. Dependency on economic systems. Later, no preparation for independence. Devaluation of traditional cultures. Long term legacy of poverty in the world economic system. Led to independence movements after WWII. Some peaceful and some violent.