Transcript Chapter 17 Reconstruction

Section 1: Foreign Policy at the Turn
of the Century
After the Spanish-American War
1. The US had a colonial empire in the Caribbean and the Pacific it had to protect
2. Also, it had investments in various countries and profitable trade with many other
countries
3. President Teddy Roosevelt and William Taft worked to develop a forceful foreign
policy
Roosevelt’s Big Stick
1. President Roosevelt wanted an aggressive foreign policy
2. He thought that if the US wanted to be a world power, they had to have a strong
military.
3. He believed in the saying: “Speak softly and carry a big stick!”
4. The Spanish-American War showed that our army was poorly trained and equipped
a. He instructed the Secretary of War to enlarge and modernize the army
b. They started the War College and set high standards for promoting
officers
c. They also enlarged and strengthened our navy; adding more to the fleet
and modernizing it
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Panama Canal
1. America needed a short water route between its possessions
2. An easy canal point would be across the isthmus connecting North and South
America
3. The US bought a French project that had already been started for $40 million
a. Along with the project, the US agreed with Columbia for a 99 year lease
on the canal zone in 1903
b. Columbia would receive $10 million and $250,000 per year rental fee
c. Columbia then demanded more money and control, so the US supported
a Panamanian uprising against the government of Columbia
d. The US then recognized the new government of Panama
e. Columbia complained that the US used gunboat diplomacy – using
weapons and vehicles to deal with other countries rather than
talking face to face
f. Eventually, in 1921, a treaty was signed giving Columbia $25 million but no
apology
4. To build the canal, they first had to get rid of the mosquitoes that carried malaria
and yellow fever
a. They did this by draining pools of water where they bred
5. It took 7 years but on August 14, 1914 the canal opened for shipping
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Expanding the Monroe Doctrine
1. Monroe Doctrine - stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land
or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts
of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention
2. President Roosevelt added onto it called the Roosevelt Corollary (a corollary is an
addition that follows logically from another statement or doctrine)
a. The Roosevelt Corollary – the United States alone had the right to go into
Latin American countries when law or order was threatened
America’s Policies in the Far East
1. Russia and Japan started to become powerful and posed a threat to US interests in
China
2. Russia and Japan would go to war with each other, with Russia ending up losing and
Japan running out of money
3. The US called for a peace conference; Japan came out as a dominate force in the Far
East which led to a secret agreement with the US: Japan could control Korea
by not invading the Philippines
4. To show American strength to the world, the US sent it’s Great White Fleet of 16
battleships around the world, stopping in Tokyo; shoving our strength in
their faces and the rest of the world.
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Dollar Diplomacy
1. When President Taft came into office, he wanted to keep going with President
Roosevelt’s ideas of expanding our country’s interest abroad but he wanted
to do it with economic (money, $) rather than military means
a. This was called dollar diplomacy
2. He encouraged US banks and businesses to invest abroad
3. He wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets”
4. His ideas ended up leading to rivalries and distrust with the Russians and Chinese
and other Asian countries
5. Caused issues in Latin American countries like Nicaragua
a. The same distrust arose in Latin America where we were seen as the
“bully of the North”
Section 1 Review
Section 2: Foreign Policy under
Wilson
Conducting Moral Diplomacy
1. President Wilson believed that our strength didn’t lie with our military or our
wealth but with its love of peace and democratic ideals
2. He thought we had a mission to promote those ideals throughout the world
a. This was called moral diplomacy
3. Even with his ideas, he was more involved in Latin America than Roosevelt or Taft
militarily
a. In Haiti, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua
Troubles in Mexico
1. When General Victoriano Huerta overthrew and killed President Francisco Madero,
Wilson viewed him as an obstacle to democracy and refused to recognize his
government
2. President Wilson cut off military supplies to Huerta and then sent in the Marines
when he found out they were getting arms from Germany
3. Eventually, Huerta resigned and Venustiano Carranza took over and President
Wilson recognized his government.
4. When Pancho Villa revolted with troops, he raided a number of US towns and the
US sent troops under General Pershing into Mexico but he pushed too far
and ended up leaving Mexico when Carranza protested
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War in Europe
1. In May of 1914, Europe was on the eve of war
a. President Wilson’s personal advisor, Colonel Edward House went to
Europe on a fact-finding mission
b. He said Europe was full of “too much hatred and too many jealousies
2. Causes of the war
a. Nationalism, strong feelings of pride for one’s nation, was a major cause
of trouble in Europe
1. Rivalries over territories and colonies produced a dangerous
arms race
2. Britain had the largest and most powerful Navy but Germany
wanted one to equal it; Russia, France and Germany kept
on building huge armies
b. Alliances for protection and to gain advantages over one another
1. Triple Alliance – Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy
2. Triple Entente – Great Britain, France and Russia
3. Other countries were bound by treaties to various members of
the alliances and pledged to come to one another’s aid
in case of attack
3. The Spark that set it all off was the murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his
wife Sophie, who were assassinated in Sarajevo in Yugoslavia by a Serbian
Nationalist named Gavrilo Princip on June 28th, 1914
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The Rush to War
1. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and gave them a list of
demands
2. Germany promises support of Austria-Hungary while Russia promises aid to Serbia
a. Serbia rejects the demands
3. When Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Russia mobilized its army which
Germany saw as a declaration of war
a. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, on France on August
3, 1914 (because they were Russia’s ally)
b. Because Germany invaded Belgium to get to France, Great Britain entered
the war
4. Britain, France, Russia and 8 other powers (along with 18 other countries
eventually) were known as the Allied Powers
5. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire became known as the
Central Powers
6. Was known as the Great War (until the second massive war) then as World War 1
See the chart on page 653 called “Combatants in World War 1”
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Question of Neutrality
1. President Wilson proclaimed our neutrality, because of our new policy and the spirit
of progressivism, reform at home not war abroad
2. Americans found it difficult not to take sides because they had friends and relatives
in Europe
3. Many Americans had ties with the Allied Powers due to sharing a common language
and heritage, had closer economic ties or were simply outraged due to the
Germans attacking a neutral country, Belgium
4. Both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers flooded the US with propaganda –
information that was designed to influence a person’s way of thinking or
behavior
a. Each side published millions of pieces of literature attacking their enemy
Moving Towards War
1. Because we were neutral, it was expected that the US would continue to sell its
non-military goods to all warring countries
2. Both sides wanted to goods to stop going to its enemies
3. Steps taken by both Britain and Germany to halt our trade to others made it difficult
to remain neutral
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4. The Allied Blockade
a. When war broke out, Great Britain used its powerful navy to blockade
German ports and limited the goods Americans could sell to
Germans
1. Britain insisted that the US carry goods to neutral ports where
they would be inspected and then maybe be allowed to
go on to Germany
b. Eventually, Britain forbade even food and raw materials; sometimes even
stopping the ships at sea
1. The President Wilson protested this process as a violation of
neutral American rights
2. Britain did everything it could to disrupt German-American
trade but just to the point that it didn’t cause a problem
in British-American relations
c. The US made lots of money off its wartime trade with the Allied Powers
1. They borrowed more than $2 billion from the US and US banks
2. Germany borrowed $27 million during the same time period
3. Loans and trade made the US more dependent on an Allied
victory; if the Allies lost, the US and its banks would be
out a great deal of money
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Unleashing the submarine
1. Germany did the same as Britain, blockading the British Isles using their new
weapon, the submarine or U-Boat (Unterseeboot or undersea boat)
2. The U-boat raised serious questions about its use according to International Law
a. International law required a submarine to surface to warn its target
b. Passengers and crew were allowed to get into lifeboats before their ship
was sunk
c. Because of its slow speed and its fragile nature, the U-boat couldn’t afford
to surface while their target called for help; they could be rammed
or blown up by deck guns; so they struck without warning
3. Germany proclaimed a war zone around the British Isles in February of 1915
a. It warned ships approaching Great Britain and France that they would be
torpedoed on sight; President Wilson protested the policy but
nothing came of it.
America’s Reaction
1. Germany issued a warning on May 1, 1915 that was printed in New York
newspapers that travelers sailing in the war zone around Great Britain and
her allies do so at their own risk
2. That afternoon, the Lusitania left New York for England
3. On May 7, 1915, it was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a torpedo from a U-boat.
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4. The sinking horrified Americans, but President Wilson stuck to neutrality by
demanding that Germany apologize, pay damages and promise not to attack
any more passenger ships
5. Germany though continued to sink more ships carrying Americans
6. After Germany torpedoed the French steamer Sussex, which injured a number of
Americans, President Wilson threatened to break off relations with Germany
if they didn’t stop attacking cargo and passenger ships
7. The kaiser, or ruler of Germany, agreed to the demands
a. He promised to shoot on sight only those ships that were part of the
enemy’s navy on the condition that the Allies end the blockade of
Germany
b. President Wilson’s strong stand would almost certainly lead to US
involvement in the war if Germany broke its promise
Section 2 Review
Section 3: Taking Up Arms
The Election of 1916
1. President Wilson won reelection in 1916, losing a lot of the East but winning
California, New Mexico, North Dakota and other Western states. He won
the popular vote by 600,000 and the 12 Western states that had women’s
suffrage (the right of women to vote)
The Decision for War
1. President Wilson tried to bring the war to an end by sending messages to both sides
trying to get peace negotiations started; basically peace without victory
2. Germany decided to go all out, informing the US that starting on February 1, 1917,
its submarines would sink all ships on sight, neutral or not, in waters off of
England and France
a. On February 3rd, 1917, the USS Housatonic was sunk by Germany causing
the US to break off relations with Germany
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The Zimmerman Telegram
1. On February 25, 1917, the British government gave Wilson a telegram that it had
intercepted and decoded
a. The cable was sent on January 16th, 1917 by Arthur Zimmerman,
Germany’s foreign minister and was addressed to their
ambassador in Mexico
b. It proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico should Germany go
to war against the US
c. In return for supporting Germany, Mexico would have their help in getting
back New Mexico, Texas and Arizona
2. When president Wilson revealed it to the US, they were outraged
a. Along with 5 more American ship sinking by German U-Boat, this was one
of the things that brought the US into war finally
Informing Congress
1. On April 2, 1917, President Wilson called for war by saying “Property can be paid
for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot. The world must be
made safe for democracy.”
2. On April 6, 1917, Congress voted overwhelmingly for a declaration of war. The only
woman representative, Jeannette Rankin, and 49 representatives and 6
senators voted against the war
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Mobilizing the Nation
1. The US was unprepared for war
a. The army had only 200,000 poorly equipped and inexperienced troops
b. Equipment consisted of 300,000 old rifles, 1,500 machine guns, 55 out-ofdate airplanes and 2 field radios
2. President Wilson chose General John J. Pershing as the head of the American
Expeditionary Forces over other older generals
3. Wilson asked Congress to pass a Selective Service Act – a law calling for a draft
a. Required all men between 21 and 30 (later 18 to 45) to register for service
b. First men called would be fit, unmarried men without critically needed
skills
c. More than 24,000,000 would register
1. More than 2,000,000 would be inducted in addition
2. Other men and women volunteered
a. Women served as nurses, radio operators, clerks and
stenographers
d. Opened the doors to blacks as well as whites
1. More than 2,000,000 blacks registered and 400,000 were called
for duty
2. They served in black only units with white officers, like the 92nd
and 93rd served with distinction and bravery
e. 18,000 Puerto Ricans and many Native Americans served as well
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The Situation “Over There”
1. When war broke out in 1914, both sides figured that they would win quickly
2. By 1917, the war had settled into a stalemate, or standstill
a. On the Eastern Front, the Germans, Austrians and Russians had suffered
heavy losses
b. On the Western Front, the British and French had stopped the Germans at
the Marne River, 20 miles from Paris
1. Since both sides couldn’t advance, they dug trenches from the
coast of France to Switzerland; the land in between
becoming a “no man’s land” only a few hundred yards
wide
2. Trying to break through led to heavy losses, they would shell
positions for hours and then soldiers would go over the
top of the trenches, many cut down by machine guns
a. At the Battle of the Somme, the British attacked and
lost 60,000 troops in one day
b. By the time the battle ended, the British, French and
Germans had collectively lost 1,000,000
casualties and advanced only 7 miles
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Arrival of the Americans
1. First American troops arrived in France at the end of June 1917
2. By March 1918, there were some 300,000 Americans in Europe
a. By the end of the war 2,000,000 Americans were in Europe
b. They were met with cheers and showers of flowers in Paris
Halting the Germans
1. Americans showed up at a critical time
a. Allied morale and supplies were running low
b. German submarines were choking British supply lines
c. The Americans devised the convoy system – armed escorts of merchant
ships across the ocean
1. Shipping losses were cut in half
2. Spring of 1917, revolution strikes Russia
a. The Czar is overthrown and a new government established
b. Later in the year, the communists seize power and Russia withdraws from
the war
1. Germany is able to shift troops from the Eastern Front and
launch an all-out assault on the Allied forces in the West
2. By May 1918, Germans smash through the Allied lines, close
enough to shell Paris
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3. 27,000 troops, with 4 black regiments, see their first action with the French when
they stop the Germans at Chateau-Thierry, 50 miles from Paris
4. 4 weeks later, American troops force the Germans out of their strong point at
Belleau Wood
5. The Germans would make one last effort for Paris but are pushed back by the
Americans and Allied troops
The Allied Offensive
1. Allies decide to go on the offensive, breaking through the German lines in the
Argonne Forest (capturing thousands of prisoners and a major railroad
junction
2. Germany began to lose the will to fight
a. The kaiser ended up resigning and fleeing to Holland because of unrest in
his country
b. The new leaders asked for the end to fighting because they knew they
were beaten
3. In November, 11, 1918 at 11:00 am, Germany and the allies signed an armistice – a
temporary end to fighting
a. Germany would leave the territories they invaded, give up their navy,
artillery, railroad cars and industrial equipment; basically to make
sure they didn’t start war again
b. In 4 years of fighting, 10,000,000 to 13,000,000 people died
Section 4: The War at Home
Swaying the Public Opinion
1. Wilson had to gain the public’s support for the war, so he formed the Committee on
Public Information – this group flooded the US with millions of posters and
pamphlets and had people that gave short speeches in public where people
gather; this was to appeal to citizens patriotism
a. It soon turned to anti-German attacks, portraying them as bloodthirsty
barbarians bent on world conquest
2. June 15, 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act – sentence of up to 20 years to
persons found guilty of aiding the enemy, interfering with recruitment of
soldiers or encouraging disloyalty
a. Postmaster General was also allowed to remove antiwar literature from
the mail
3. Also in 1917, Congress passed the Trading-with-the-Enemy Act – allowed the
government to censor foreign-language publications (infringing on the
freedom of speech and the press
4. In 1918, Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918 – harsh penalties for using
disloyal or abusive language about America’s war effort
5. More than 1,500 people were arrested under the new laws
a. Some for casual jokes
b. Supreme Court upheld the laws as necessary to the nation’s safety during
times of war
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A Bigger Role for Government
1. To meet the needs for the war, President Wilson and Congress create almost 5,000
new federal agencies
a. Most powerful was the War Industries Board
1. Goal – to run industry as a single factory dominated by one
management
2. Told manufacturers what they could and could not make
3. Allotted raw materials and fixed prices on finished goods
4. Succeeded in organizing US industry behind the war effort
b. The Food Administration
1. Headed by Herbert Hoover (future president)
2. Goal – to supply the food needed by troops overseas
3. Encouraged farmers to increase production
a. Offered high prices for their crops
4. Encouraged Americans to plant “Victory Gardens”
a. Have meatless and wheatless days
c. The Fuel Administration
1. Headed by Harold Garfield
2. Introduced daylights-saving time and rationed coal and oil
4. Set days people couldn’t drive, shut down non-essential
factories one day a week to save coal
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Labor in the War
1. Unions and government worked together (gov’t getting the most out of it)
a. AFL president enlisted workers support for the war
b. Goal was to get reforms for labor in return for the support
c. President Wilson responded with important reforms
1. 8 hour work day in war related industries, improved wages
and working conditions
2. Created a War Labor Board – standardized wages and hours,
protected the rights of labor to organize and bargain
collectively
Women and Minorities in the War
1. Women started working in factories and drove streetcars, delivered mail, were
traffic cops, and worked in the war effort making weapons and planes
a. Treatment varied but in most places they were paid the same as men
b. When the men returned from war, they lost the jobs and gains they made
2. Lots of Blacks headed north during the war to work in factories
a. Most were young and single and worked in factories, steel mills and coal
mines, while black women worked in stores and restaurants
b. Led to race riots in 1917 and 1919
3. Many Mexicans came to work on farms, ranches, railroads and mines, some in
factories in the North; from 1917 to 1920, 100,000 immigrated to Texas,
Arizona, New Mexico and California
Section 5: Seeking a Just Peace
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. Even before the war ended, President Wilson was outlining a peace proposal,
known as the Fourteen Points
a. They were farsighted and generous but failed to meet the needs of some
countries
1. Britain and France wanted Germany to lose its military, be
completely disarmed and have its colonies seized, to
never be able to war again.
2. Meant to establish a just and lasting peace
3. First 5 Points
a. End to secret treaties
b. Freedom of the seas
c. Free trade among nations
d. Arms reductions
e. New ways of settling disputes over colonies
4. Next 8 Points
a. Redrawing the map of Europe; this would lead to self-determination –
people of Europe would have the right to their own countries and
governments
5. Final Point
a. Set up a League of Nations – association of nations established to
guarantee the political independence of all nations great and small
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Peace at Paris
1. President Wilson went to the peace conference
2. January 19, 1919
a. Held at the Palace of Versailles
b. 27 nations represented
c. Big Four dominated, they were the US (Wilson), Britain (Prime Minister
David Lloyd George, Italy (Prime Minister Victorio Orlando) and
France (Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau)
1. Britain, Italy and France pushed for a weakened Germany and
harsh penalties
2. President Wilson’s ideas of the Fourteen Points were being torn
apart
The Treaty of Versailles
1. June 28, 1919
a. Germans were forced to sign the treaty
b. Germany had to pay reparations – war damages, to the nations that it
invaded
c. Germany had to give up territory to France, to Poland and give up all its
overseas colonies
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2. President Wilson had the Allies apply the principle of self-determination
a. Created several new nations/countries formerly held by Germany, AustriaHungary and Russia
b. Map on page 667
3. The League of Nations was one of the Fourteen Points that did get done
a. To be an assembly of 42 Allied and neutral nations, and a Council
controlled by the Big Four and Japan
b. Also a League Court of International Justice
1. All Nation member disputes would be referred to the League
2. Pledged to protect each other’s independence
Debate over the treaty
1. President Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate which was met with opposition
from Republicans
a. 14 were totally against the treaty
b. 23 would only accept the treaty with major changes
c. 12 would accept the treaty with minor changes
2. Democrats urged the President to compromise with the Republicans but he refused
say “Anyone who opposes me…I’ll crush”
3. Constant lobbying and trying to get support for the treaty had a physical effect on
the President. On October 2, 1919, President Wilson had a stroke at the
White House and was found by his wife, Edith
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Rejection by the Senate
1. Wasn’t enough in the treaty to protect the interests of the US
2. Henry Cabot Lodge, R-Mass, brought up the Fourteen Reservations
a. Added to the Fourteen Points
3. The treaty failed by a 39 to 55 vote on November 19, 1919. It included the Lodge
reservations which the Democrats wouldn’t vote for
4. The constant push for passing the treaty would cause the Democrats the 1920
election when Warren G. Harding won
a. At first, Wilson thought of running for a 3rd term but decided against it
b. American’s were looking for a change
Section 5 Review
Chapter 5 Study Guide
Chapter 5 Test