Transcript The Age of Imperialism

The Age of
Imperialism
Chapter 27
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1
Chapter Themes
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Movement
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Political, economic, and social factors lead to the
Age of Imperialism
Change
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European powers divide most of africa into
colonies, and Africans resist European
intervention and colonialism
2
Chapter Themes (cont)
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Reaction
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India and China come under European control or
influence, while Japan tries to meet the Western
challenge
Nationalism
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Nationalism intensifies in Latin America as United
States involvement in the region increases
3
Historical Significance
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How did the spread of empires affect
peoples in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?
How did colonial peoples respond to
Western rule?
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4
Pressures to Expand
Section 1
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Main idea: There were political, economic
and social causes of imperialism
Terms to Define:
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Imperialism: one country’s domination of the
political, economic, and social life of another
country
Colony: a territory that an imperial power ruled
directly through colonial officials
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Pressures to Expand
Section 1
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Terms to Define (cont)
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Protectorate: a territory that has its own
government, but its policies were guided by a
foreign power
Sphere of Influence: a region in which the
imperial power had exclusive investment or
trading rights
People to Meet: Cecil Rhodes and Rudyard
Kipling
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Pressures for Expansion
Section 1
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Places to Locate
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Algeria
Australia
New Zealand
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
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Pressures for Expansion
Overview
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Imperialism: Latin word from the days of
the Romans—dominating another country
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Imperial Rome controlled most of Mediterranean
By 1800, handful of countries and the United
States controlled much of the world
1800 to 1914 has come to be known as the Age
of Imperialism
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Pressures for Expansion
Section 1
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Why did Imperialism happen?
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European nations were rivals. These rivals
competed with each other by building their
empires larger and larger
Industrial Revolution created demand for new
markets that caused European nations to seek
other lands to control
Religious fervor and feelings of racial and cultural
superiority inspired Europeans to impose their
cultures on distant lands
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Political Rivalries
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Mid-1800s, European countries saw themselves
as actors on the world stage
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Each country wanted to play a starring role
Once one nation began, others wanted to also
Quest for colonies caused territorial disputes
Once begun, the quest for colonies seemed to have a life
of its own and no limits
European troops found themselves facing off in remote
battlefields of Africa and Asia
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Political Rivalries (cont)
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Communication to the colonies was slow
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Governors and generals take matters into their
own hands
If no borders were apparent, commanders might
use their troops to take more land
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However, colonial governments started claiming
the same land
New conflicts arose and troops were now facing
off in distance lands
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Desire for New Markets
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Industrial Revolution
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Owners of factories found new sources of raw
materials and new markets for their products in
foreign lands
European countries and the United States found
raw materials to churn out their products
On the flip side, there were customers for these
products so customers seemed to like the
products—no customers, no revolution
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Desire for New Markets (cont)
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Africa
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India
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Rubber, copper, gold
Jute, cotton
Other resources
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Bananas, oranges, melons, tea, cocoa, coffee,
etc., to European markets
Tools, weapons, and clothing flowed from Europe
to the colonies
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Seeking New Opportunities
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Imperialism involved more than just
products
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Colonies needed people to go to the new
colonies where were loyal
Throughout the 1800s, people responded by
moving to the colonies
The French
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For example, thousands of French citizens sailed
across the Mediterranean Sea to Algeria to start
farms and estates seized from Algerian farmers
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Seeking New Opportunities (cont)
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The French and the British emigrated to the
far corners of the globe
The British
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Many rushed to Australia and New Zealand
1850s
In search of gold
Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”
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Seeking New Opportunities (cont)
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People saw an opportunity to get rich or
make name for themselves
Cecil Rhodes
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Perhaps greatest example of making it rich
British adventurer
Gold from African diamond mines
Rhodes founded a colony once called Rhodesia,
now Zimbabwe
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Civilizing Mission
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The desire to spread Western technology,
religion, customs, and traditions also fueled
colonial expansion
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In this Age of Imperialism, growing numbers of
Catholic and Protestant missionaries went to
remote corners of Africa and Asia
Built churches and set p schools to “civilize” the
native peoples
Believed Christianity and Western Civilization
could benefit and transform the world
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Civilizing Mission
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Not military conquerors, but did try to
impose beliefs and customs
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Missionaries set up hospitals and schools
Insisted their “colonial subjects” learn European
languages and practice Western lifestyles
Discouraged traditional customs and beliefs
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Civilizing Mission
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Social Darwinists adapted Darwin’s notion of “the
survival of the fittest” to explain that white
Europeans were the “fittest” people in the world
and so had a duty to spread Western ideas to
“backward” peoples
“Fittest peoples” was proof of cultural superiority
Rudyard Kipling: “The White Man’s Burden”
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“Take up the White Man’s burden-”
“Send forth the best ye breed-”
“Go bind your sons to exile-” etc…
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Forms of Imperialism
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Imperial powers gained new lands
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Through treaties
Through purchases
Through military conquest
Once in power, several forms of control
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Colony: a territory that imperial power ruled directly
through colonial officials
Protectorate: had its own government, but its policies
were guided by a foreign power
Sphere of influence: a region in which the imperial power
had exclusive investment or trading rights
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Your Homework Assignment
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Write an essay
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Summarize the causes and effects of imperialism
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Introduction
Paragraph on political causes and effects
Paragraph on economic causes and effects
Paragraph on social causes and effects
Conclusion: was imperialism good for the peoples
of the world or not? What was good about it, bad?
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The Partition of Africa
Section 2
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Main Idea: Imperialism greatly affected the
continent of Africa
Terms to Define: Partition
People to Meet: David Livingston, Abd al-Qadir,
Muhammad Ali, Samory Toure, Menelik II, the
Africaners, Shaka
Places to locate: Morocco, Egypt, the Sudan,
Liberia, Ethiopia, Union of South Africa
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The Partition of Africa
Overview
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Little was known of the interior of Africa
before 1800s
By mid-1800s, Europeans were venturing
to the inner regions of the Continent,
including Livingston
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Best known was Dr. David Livingston
Scottish doctor and Missionary
Sent reports back to Great Britain
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The Partition of Africa
Overview (cont)
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Europeans lost touch with Livingston and
sent Henry M. Stanley to find him
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British journalist and explorer
Famous greeting in the jungle in 1871, “Dr.
Livingstone, I presume?”
Stanley proceeded to make many explorations
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The Partition of Africa
Overview (cont)
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Publicity covering Livingstone and Stanley
generated European interest in Africa
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Interest swelled when other explorers sent reports on
natural resources
Scramble for African land 1880 to 1914
Nations (14) met in Berlin, 1885, to partition Africa
King Leopold II of Belgium called Africa, “this magnificent
African cake”
By 1914, European nations controlled 90% of Africa
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The Partition of Africa: North Africa
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Most people live between Sahara Desert
and Mediterranean Sea
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Fertile land, mild climate
Ruled by Ottomans
Three nations then: Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers
Same nations now: Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria—
all independent
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North Africa: Britain and Egypt
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After Ali, not good
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Debts rose
More European influence
Ferdinand de Lesseps built Suez Canal
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French entrepreneur
Joined Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
Vital shortcut between Europe and Asia
Especially valued by Brits; their link to India
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North Africa: The French in North
Africa
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King Charles X of France invaded Algiers to
colonize
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Abd al-Qadir, leader, put up effective resistance
After 10 years and using 100,000 troops, France
subdued Algiers
The French then subdued neighboring Tunis,
securing special rights to Morocco
About 1 million French people settled in North
Africa
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North Africa: Britain and Egypt
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During early 1800s, Ottoman Egypt was
virtually independent under its governor,
Muhammad Ali
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Conquered neighboring lands
Good government
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Reformed tax and land systems
Supported industry
Supported irrigation projects
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North Africa: Britain and Egypt
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To pay debts, Egypt sells its canal shares
to British giving them control
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British becomes greater influence
British defeats Egyptian revolt by Ahmed Arabi
Egypt becomes British protectorate
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North Africa: Britain and Egypt
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The Sudanese had challenged British
expansion for years under their leader, the
Mahdi
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Brits defeat Sudan using Maxim machine guns
Battle of Omdurman
Brits then confront French at Fashoda
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Brits and French agree: Brits get Sudan and
France controls Morocco
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North Africa: Italy Seizes Libya
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Known as Tripoli (1800s), now Libya, Italy
wanted it
Italy wanted to establish an African empire
Italy declared war on Ottoman Empire and
defeated them. They had ruled Tripoli
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Italy renamed Tripoli, Libya
Libya was last country in North Africa conquered
by European nations
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The Partition of Africa: West, Central,
and East Africa
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Varied landscapes: mountains, plains,
deserts, etc
During 1800s, many regions, each unique
Europeans exploit lack of political unity and
cohesion
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Swallowed up most of lands in late 1800s
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West, Central, and East Africa:
West Africa
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During 1500s-1600s, Europeans traded
along the west coast of Africa
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Transatlantic slave trade provided slaves to
plantations and mines in the Americas
West Africa states traded salt, gold, and iron
wares with the Europeans. Local leaders also
supplied prisoners of war to the slave trade
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West, Central, and East Africa: West
Africa
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During 1800s, many Western nations, including
the United States, abolished slavery
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Slave trade continued from Africa to Middle East and Asia
West African states, weak after loss of people
through slave market, traded natural products for
European manufactured goods
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West, Central, and East Africa: West
Africa
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To control trade and expand holdings,
Europeans began to push inward
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European were reluctant: disease and difficult
terrain
Discovery of quinine to fight malaria and
steamboats made internal exploration OK
By 1900, France and Great Britain especially,
had large land masses in West Africa
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West, Central, and East Africa: West
Africa
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European expansion was challenged
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Samory Toure (sah*MOHR*ree*too*RAY) and Behanzin
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West African rulers
Led armies against French
Ashanti queen Yaa Asantwaa fought British expansion
Well armed European forces defeated Africans
Liberia was left alone
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Established 1822 by free African Americans; republic in
1847
Ties to United States made it off limits
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West, Central, and East Africa: Central
and East Africa
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Henry M. Stanley reached Congo River
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Belgium’s King Leopold claims Congo region for
his own
Enslaves Congolese people
Has rubber tree forests cut down
Kills elephant herds for ivory tusks
Brutality lasted about 20 years
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West, Central and East Africa: Central
and East Africa
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Leopold gave his plantation to Belgium for
large loan in 1908
Region became known as Belgium Congo
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West, Central, and East Africa: Central
and East Africa
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British, Italians, and Germans claim East African
lands
Ethiopia was only East African nation remaining
independent at this time
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Emperor Menelik II himself had conquered smaller
kingdoms.
Menelik crushed Italian forces at Battle of Adowa
No European countries dared to attack him during his
lifetime
Ethiopia and Liberia alone avoided the Age of Imperialism
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Southern Africa
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Dutch settlers came to southern Africa in
1652
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Established port of Cape Town
Conquered lands around them
Became known as Cape Colony
People became known as the Afrikaners
41
Southern Africa
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British seized Cape Colony during the
Napoleonic Wars
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Brits saw the advantage; before Suez Canal
Then, fastest route to Asia
Afrikaners resented British rule
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Brits forbade slavery
Afrikaners believed themselves superior to
Africans and that God ordained slavery
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Southern Africa
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In 1830s, about 10,000 Afrikaners (Brits
called them Boars, meaning “farmer” in
Dutch) moved northeast into the interior
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Called the Great Trek
Established two independent republics:
Transvaal and Orange Free State
Constitution of Transvaal said, “There shall be no
equality in State or Church between white and
black”
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Southern Africa
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Afrikaners fought constantly with neighbors
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Fought Zulus under king Shaka
Both unable to win decisive battles
British became involved in fighting Zulus
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Zulus at first defeated the British
With guns and greater numbers, the British
destroyed the Zulu empire
44
Southern Africa
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Conflict develops between Boars and Brits
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In 1880s, British citizens move into Transvaal in
search of gold and diamonds
Great Britain, Cecil Rhodes—Prime minister of
Cape Colony—and others, wanted all south
Africa under British rule
Tensions grew to the Anglo-Boar War which the
British won in 3 years
45
Southern Africa
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Having won the Anglo-Boar War, the Brits
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Unite Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape
Colony, and Natal
New nation called the Union of South Africa
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The Constitution made it nearly impossible for
nonwhites to vote
46
Southern Africa
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Racial equality became dominant issue in
new nation
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South African groups tried to push equality
Mohandas K. Gandhi, a lawyer from India, urged
local Indians to disobey unfair laws
Gandhi’s efforts brought additional rights to
Indians
47
Southern Africa
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Black majority also took action for rights
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Founded the South African Native National
Congress (SANNC)
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Goal was to give Africans rights in south Africa
Later became the African National Congress
(ANC)
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Effects of Imperialism
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Imperialism had profound effects on Africa
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Mostly social and economic
Imperialists profited from drilling mines, working
plantations, and building factories and ports
Hired Africans at low wages
Imposed taxes to be paid in cash
Men often housed away from families and
subjected to brutal discipline
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Effects of Imperialism
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More on effects of Imperialism
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Schools taught European was were best
Some African traditions declined
Most Africans held on to their cultures
Accepted some European ways
Many came to accept Christianity
By early 1900s, western-educated elite pushed for
independence
By the end of the 20th century, African peoples
had won their independence from European rule
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