Transcript CHAPTER 11 THE FIRST WORLD WAR

CHAPTER 11
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Four main factors led to the outbreak of
World War I in Europe. The first was
nationalism — the belief that the interests
of a single country were more important
than cooperation among many countries.
This led to competition. The second cause
was imperialism. Countries tried to
increase the power and influence around
the world.
Continued;
• This led to conflicts among them. The
third main cause was militarism.
Militarism meant building up armies,
navies, and other armed forces. It also
meant using them as a tool for
negotiating with other countries. The
fourth cause was the alliance system.
Continued;
• Some countries in Europe had made
treaties promising to defend each other.
These mutual-defense treaties placed
European countries in two main
groups. The Allies were made up of
France, Great Britain, and Russia. The
Central Powers were made up of
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the
Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
Honoring and promoting one's own
nation above all others
Ans--Nationalism
Building up armed forces in aggressive
preparedness for war.
Ans--Militarism
WWI group Great Britain, France Russia
Ans--Allies
The group of Nations led
by Germany, AustriaHungary, and the Ottoman
Empire (Turkey)
ANS—Central Powers
European war dating
1914-1918. US enters in
1917. Also known as the
Great War and the War
to End All Wars.
Ans—World War I
In 1914, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand was assassinated. He
had been the heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary. His killer was a
Serb who wanted to unite all
Serbs (including those in AustriaHungary) under one government.
This touched off an action to
punish Serbia.
Continued;
• The alliance system pulled one
nation after another into the
conflict. If a nation had sworn to
protect another, it had to declare
war on that nation’s enemies.
Germany and Austria-Hungary
were facing France, Great Britain,
and Russia.
BEGINNING OF WWI
• July 28: Serbia rejects Austria’s
ultimatum
• Austria declares war
• Russia mobilizes toward
Austrian-Russian, GermanRussian borders
BEGINNING OF WWI
• Germany declares war on
Russia, France
• France declares war on
Austria-Hungary and
Germany
BEGINNING OF WWI
• Schlieffen Plan: “Last sleeve
of the last soldier will brush
the English Channel”
• Sweep through Belgium to
France, encircle Paris
BEGINNING OF WWI
• Germany violates
Belgium’s neutrality
• Great Britain declares war
on Austria-Hungary and
Germany
BEGINNING OF WWI
•Triple Alliance: AustriaHungary, Germany, Italy
•The Triple Entente
(Allies): Great Britain,
France, Russia
Germany began by invading
Belgium. It planned to overrun
France and then to attack Russia.
The British and French could not
save Belgium. They did, however,
manage to stop Germany’s advance.
By the spring of 1915, two lines of
deep trenches had developed in
France.
Continued;
• Germans occupied one line. The
Allies occupied the other line.
Between the two lines lay “no man’s
land.” The soldiers would climb out
of their trenches and try to overrun
enemy lines. They did this while
facing machine gun fire and poison
gas.
Continued;
• This bloody trench warfare
continued for more than three
years. Neither side gained territory,
but more than one million soldiers
died.
Interactive Notebook
1. Militarism: country building up its military
2. Nationalism: promoting one’s own country
above others
3. Alliance system: countries joining forces
during WW I
4. Franz Ferdinand: his assassination started
WWI
5. 4 MAIN Causes of WWI: Militarism,
Alliance, Imperialism, Nationalism
Review Questions
1. What were the 4 MAIN reasons for WWI?
2. What was the name of the archduke whose
assassinated pushed WWI forward?
3. What countries held an alliance in The Triple
Entente?
4. What countries held an alliance in The Triple
Alliance?
5. Which war was called The Great War or The
War to End All Wars?
Military operation in which the opposing
forces attack and counterattack from systems
of fortified ditches.
Ans—Trench Warfare
French Trench
Verdun
Verdun
In the United States, public opinion
about the war was strong but divided.
Socialists saw the war as an
imperialist struggle between German
and English businessmen. Pacifists
believed that all wars were bad.
Continued;
• They urged the United States to set an
example for peace. Many other
Americans simply did not want to send
their sons to war. Many naturalized
U.S. citizens still had ties to the
countries they came from. Many
immigrants from Germany, for
example, sympathized with Germany.
Continued;
• Americans tended to sympathize
with Great Britain and France.
They shared a common language
and heritage with Britain. They
were horrified at Germany’s brutal
attack on Belgium. And they had
strong economic ties with the Allies.
The war affected American shipping.
Great Britain set up a blockade
along the German coast to keep
goods from getting through.
American ships would not challenge
Britain’s blockade. German U-boats
(submarines) attacked ships from all
nations. A U-boat sank the British
ship Lusitania, killing more than a
thousand people, including 128
Americans.
WORLD WAR I
• German submarines try to break
British blockade, disrupt British
trade
• British passenger ship LusitaniaBrits smuggle ammo on board
WORLD WAR I
• Americans outraged at
attacks on civilian ship
• Germans agree to stop
attacking “neutral ships”:
British keep smuggling
WORLD WAR I
• British naval blockade:
starving Germany, 1917
• Germany-submarine
warfare against ALL ships
trading with British
British passenger ship that was sunk by
a German U-boat in 1915.
Ans--Lusitania
Three incidents brought the United
States into the war. First, in January
1917, Germany announced it would
sink all ships in British waters on
sight whether they were hostile or
neutral. Second, British agents
intercepted the Zimmermann note, a
telegram that proposed an alliance
between Germany and Mexico against
the United States.
Continued;
• Third, the replacement of the Russian
monarchy with a representative
government allowed American to
characterize the war as a struggle of
democracies against brutal monarchies.
On April 6, 1917, at President Wilson’s
request, Congress declared war on
Germany.
Message sent by German foreign
minister proposing GermanMexican Alliance.
Ans—Zimmerman Note
Zimmermann's message was:
On the first of February, we intend to begin
unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is
our intention to endeavour to keep the United States
of America neutral. In the event of this not
succeeding, we propose an alliance on the following
basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together
and make peace together. We shall give generous
financial support, and an understanding on our part
that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details of settlement
are left to you. You are instructed to inform the
President [of Mexico] of the above in the greatest
confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an
outbreak of war with the United States and suggest
that the President, on his own initiative, invite Japan
to immediate adherence with this plan; at the same
time, offer to mediate between Japan and ourselves.
Please call to the attention of the President that the
ruthless employment of our submarines now offers
the prospect of compelling England to make peace in
a few months.
Interactive Notebook
1. Trench Warfare: style of fighting of
dug in trenches
2. Zimmerman Note: secret note of
alliance between Mexico and
Germany
3. Lusitania: British ship sunk by
unrestricted submarine warfare
4. Blockade: cutting off supplies to a
country using ships
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Review Questions
This practice used by the German’s sunk
the Lusitania?
This was an attempt to form an alliance
with Mexico and Germany?
This type of warfare created a no man’s
land?
Britain set up this to cut off German
supplies from the sea?
What were the years of WWI?
Chapter 11 Section 2
American Power Tips the Balance
The United States first needed to
build up its armed forces. When war
was declared, only about 200,000
men were in service. To solve this
problem, Congress passed the
Selective Service Act. It required men
to register with the government so
that some of them could be selected
for military service.
Continued;
• This process — called the draft — put
about 3 million men in uniform. Many
African Americans served in the
military. They were placed in separate
units, but some blacks were trained as
officers. Blacks were among the first to
receive the French honor of the Croix
de Guerre.
Continued;
• Women were not drafted. The
army would not let them join.
But the navy accepted women in
noncombat positions. Woman
served as nurses, secretaries, and
telephone operators.
1917 law that required men to register
for military service.
Ans—Selective Service
Act.
To reduce the loss of ships to German
submarine attacks, the United States and
Britain began to use the convoy system.
In this system, merchant ships traveled
in a large group guarded by naval
vessels. American soldiers helped turn
the tide of battle in Europe. The Allies
had absorbed many casualties and were
running out of men. Thousands of fresh
American soldiers were eager for battle.
Protection of
merchant ships from
U-boats by having
ships travel in large
groups escorted by
warships.
Ans-Convoy system
The American Expeditionary Force
was led by General John J. Pershing.
American infantrymen were called
doughboys because of the white belts
they wore and cleaned them with pipe
clay, or “dough”. New weapons played
a decisive role in the war. The two
most innovative weapons were the
tank and the airplane.
Continued;
• Pilots went from shooting at each other
with pistols to using mounted machine
guns. Eddie Rickenbacker was an
American ace pilot. He fought in 34 air
battles and shot down 26 enemy planes.
American soldiers arrived in Europe
just in time to stop a German advance
on Paris.
Continued;
• One soldier from Tennessee, Alvin
York, became a war hero for his actions
in battle. At the start, York had been a
conscientious objector (a person who
opposes war on moral grounds), but he
then agreed to fight. For his actions in
battle he was promoted to sergeant and
called a hero.
Leader of the American Expeditionary
Forces in WWI.
Ans—Gen. John J. Pershing
Germany, exhausted from
the war, finally agreed to
an armistice on November
11, 1918. The war took a
bloody toll, killing more
than 22 million and
causing untold suffering.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interactive Notebook
Sgt Alvin York: started war a
conscientious objector/war hero
Selective Service Act: registration for
the draft
Convoy System: use of battleships to
protect merchant ships
Technology used in the war: machine
guns, airships/planes, tanks, poison gas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Review Questions
This system ensured the safety of
merchant ships in the oceans?
What is a conscientious objector?
The Selective Service registers men for
what?
List two positions that women held in
the Navy during WWI?
What were the two most innovative
weapons of WWI?
Chapter 11 Section 3
The War at Home
The government needed to raise
money for the war. They did this
by increasing several kinds of
taxes and by selling war bonds.
Thousands of volunteers sold the
bonds. Newspapers and billboards
carried advertisements free of
charge.
Continued;
• To popularize the war, the
government created the
Committee on Public
Information (CPI). It was the
nation’s first propaganda
agency. The agency was headed
by George Creel.
Continued;
• He had been a muckraking
journalist. He used artists
and advertising people to
create thousands of posters,
paintings, and cartoons to
promote the war.
Communication designed to influence
people’s thoughts and actions.
Ans-Propaganda
Congress passed the Espionage and
Sedition Acts to punish people who did
not support the war effort. People could
not interfere with the draft or obstruct
the sale of war bonds. They could not
even speak against the war effort. These
laws violated the spirit of the First
Amendment, which guarantees freedom
of speech.
Continued;
• The chief targets of the Espionage
and Sedition Acts were socialists
and union leaders. Labor leader
Eugene V. Debs was jailed for
making a speech about the
economic causes of the war. The
Industrial Workers of the World
urged workers to strike. This was
considered an antiwar activity, and
they received jail sentences.
Two laws that imposed
harsh penalties on
anyone interfering with
or speaking against US
participation in WWI.
Ans—Espionage and Sedition Acts
The war sped up the Great
Migration. This was the
movement of thousands of African
Americans from the farms in the
South to the cities of the North.
They wanted to escape racial
discrimination. They also wanted
to find jobs in Northern
industries.
The large-scale
movement of African
Americans from the
South to Northern cities
th
in early 20 century.
Ans—Great Migration
US supreme court case that upheld
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Ans—
Schench vs
US
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interactive Notebook
Propaganda: biased communication used
to influence peoples opinions
War Industries Board: regulated
businesses during the war
Espionage and Sedition Acts: did not
allow people to speak against WWI
Great Migration: large number of
African Americans from South to
Northern cities
Review Questions
1. This type of media is designed to influence
peoples opinions?
2. This did not allow people to speak out
against WWI?
3. What was the Great Migration during this
period?
4. How did the government start to fund WWI?
5. What was the purpose of War Industries
Board?
Chapter 11 Section 4
Wilson Fights for Peace
President Wilson presented his plan for
world peace to Congress in January 1918.
The plan was called his Fourteen Points.
The first five points suggested ways that
wars could be avoided. They stated that
(1) countries should not make secret
treaties with one another, (2) freedom of
the seas should be maintained, (3) tariffs
should be lowered to promote free trade,
(4) countries should reduce their arms,
Continued;
• and (5) the interests of the colonial people
should be considered. The next eight points
suggested new national boundaries. Wilson
believed in self-determination: different
ethnic groups should be able to decide for
themselves what nation they would belong
to. The fourteenth point called for a League
of Nations. This international organization
would address problems between countries
before they led to war.
The principles making up Woodrow
Wilson’s plan for world peace following
WWI.
Ans– Fourteen Points
Association of nations
established in 1920 to
promote international
cooperation and peace.
Ans—League of Nations
On June 28, 1919, the leaders of the
Allies and the Central Powers met at
the Palace of Versailles in France.
They were to sign the Treaty of
Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles
had three basic weaknesses. The first
was its harsh treatment of Germany.
Continued;
• Germany was humiliated. Germany
was not the only country that had also
been militaristic, yet Germany alone
was punished. And, Germany would
not be able to pay the huge reparations.
The second weakness was that the
Soviet Union (formerly Russia) lost
more territory than Germany did.
Continued;
• Russia had been one of the Allies,
and had suffered more casualties
than any other country. The Soviet
Union was determined to get its
territories back. The third
weakness concerned colonies. The
treaty did not recognize the claims
of colonies for self-determination.
The 1919 peace treaty the ended WWI
Ans—Treaty of Versailles
The treaty took away Germany’s
army and navy. It forced
Germany to pay reparations, or
war damages, to the winners. In
addition, the treaty contained a
war-guilt clause. Germany had to
admit that it was responsible for
causing the war.
Compensation paid by
a defeated nation for
the damage or injury
it inflicted during a
war
Ans--Reparations
Wilson brought the treaty back to the
United States for approval. He found
several groups opposed it. The main
opposition to the treaty was over the
League of Nations. Conservative
senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge,
opposed joining the League. They did not
like the idea of working with other
countries to take economic and military
action against European problems and
aggression.
Continued;
• Wilson refused to compromise on
the League. As a result, the Senate
failed to ratify the treaty. The
United States never entered the
League of Nations. It finally signed
a separate treaty with Germany in
1921, when Wilson was no longer
president.
US Senator who led fight against the US
joining the League of Nations.
Ans—Henry Cabot Lodge
The war had transformed the United
States and the world. World War I had
strengthened both U.S military power
and the power of government. It
accelerated change for African
Americans and women. In Europe, the
war left a legacy of massive destruction,
loss of life, political instability, and
violence. Communists ruled in Russia
and soon after the war fascist
organizations seized power in Italy.
Continued;
• Americans hoped that the war had
convinced the world to never fight again.
But in Europe the war settled nothing. In
Germany, Adolf Hitler exploited
Germans’ discontent with the Treaty of
Versailles and threatened to fight again.
Hitler was true to his predictions;
America did have to fight again years
later in a second world war.
Hitler's Father
1.
2.
3.
4.
Interactive Notebook
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s idea for peace
League of Nations: a forum of nations to
settle grievances
Treaty of Versailles: forced Germany to
pay reparations, not standing army
allowed
War guilt clause: forced Germany to
accept responsibility
Quiz for Chapter 11
Take this time to review for five
minutes. You will have 10 minutes to
answer the 10 questions.