Transcript Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

Chapter 13: Mass Society and
Democracy
Section 1: The Growth of Industrial
Prosperity
The Second Industrial Revolution:
• gave rise to steel, chemicals,
• electricity, and petroleum
• - New Products:
• Steel: Henry Bessemer and William Kelly – used for
machines, engines, railways, ships, and weapons
• Electricity: could be converted easily to heat
light and motion through wires; by 1880
powering streetcars and subways
• Light Bulb: Thomas Edison – opened homes
to electric lights
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell
“Mr. Watson, come here.
I want to see you!”
• Radio: Gugliemo Marconi
Internal Combustion engine
• Airplane: Orville and Wilbur Wright; first
flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Automobile: Henry Ford; Model T – made
the car affordable for the ordinary man
- New Patterns
• People could afford to buy more
consumer goods because wages
increased and because of lower cost of
transportation
• First department stores open, goods like
clocks, bicycles, and typewriters were sold
Rothchild No. 5 
Macy’s
Woolworths
Organizing the Working Class:
 Marx’s Theory: 1848 – The Communist Manifesto
also written by Friedrich Engels; were appalled
at the horrible conditions of factories; blamed industrial
capitalism; their solution – a new social system
Marx believed world history was a “ history of class struggles”;
the oppressors: owned means of production and therefore
power to control government and society; the oppressed:
dependent on the owners of land raw materials, money, etc.
Marx believed society was splitting into two
opposing classes: Bourgeoisie(oppressors)
and Proletariat (the oppressed); he predicted
this struggle would led to a revolution; the
proletariat would win and form a dictatorship
to organize the means of production; would
ultimately produce a classless society
• - Socialist Parties: parties based on Marx’s
ideas
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD):
advocated revolution; competed in elections
for parliament; once elected delegates
worked to pass laws to improve working
conditions; by 1912 had become the largest
party in Germany
• Second International: an association of
national socialist groups; fought against
capitalism worldwide
• Pure Marxists thought a violent revolution
would overthrow capitalist; Revisionist
argued workers must organize into political
parties to gain reforms
• Trade Unions:
• Labor Unions won the right to strike in
1870; organized strikes and sit-down
strikes; used strikes to gain better wages
and working conditions
• Collective bargaining: negotiations
between workers representatives and
employers to determine working conditions
Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
C. The New Urban Environment:
- By the end of the nineteenth century, mass society had
emerged, the concerns of the majority (the lower class) were
important
- urban areas grew because of rural migration; lack of jobs in the
country and improved living conditions in the cities led to this
rural migration
- social reformers advised city governments to create boards to
improve the quality of housing and medical officers inspected
buildings for public health hazards; essential to public health in
cities were clean water and proper sewage systems; sewage
treatment was improved by building underground pipes that
took the waste out of the city
D. Social Structure of Mass Society:
- The New Elite:
The wealthy elites stood at the top of
European society; 5% of population;
controlled 30 – 40% of the wealth
Made up of landed aristocrats and
wealthy upper middle class; became
leaders in government and military;
marriage united the two groups
The Middle Classes:
members of this group provided goods and
services for the classes above them believed in
hard work; was open to everyone; always saw
positive results
were regular churchgoers; believed in good
conduct associated with Christianity
concerned with the right way to do things; good
etiquette; best-selling manners book The Habits
of Good Society
- The Working Classes:
made up 80% of population
experienced an improvement in
material conditions after 1870; a rise in
wages with a decline in the cost of
consumer goods made it possible for
them to buy more than just food and
housing
enjoyed some leisure activities; strikes
were leading to 10 hour workdays and
Saturday afternoons off
E. The Experiences of Women: 1800,
women were defined by family and
household roles; inferior to men; throughout
the century they struggle to change their
status
- New Job Opportunities:
working classes maintained that women should
remain at home to bear children and should not be
allowed in the industrial workforce; argued keeping
women out of the workplace would ensure the moral
and physical well-being of families
new jobs for women: clerks, typists, secretaries, file
clerks and sales clerks
expansion of government services also gave new
opportunities for women to work as telephone
operators, teachers, and in health and social
services
- Marriage and Family:
ideal: men were wage earners; women
cared for the family
marriage remained the only honorable
career for most women
important change – number of children
born to the average woman declined;
increased birth control
- The Movement for Women’s Rights
feminism had its beginnings during the
Enlightenment; equality based on natural rights
1830, women begin to argue for the right to divorce
and own property some fought for access to
universities and entry into occupations dominated
by men
training to become a doctor was closed to women,
they entered the field by becoming nurses; Amalie
Sieveking founded the Female Association for the
Care of the Poor and Sick in Germany; other
pioneers in nursing: Florence Nightingale in Crimean
War and Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War
1840s begin to call for the right to vote; key to
improving their conditions
Sieveking
Nightingale
Barton
• Britain: The Women’s Social and Political
Union was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst;
members used unusual stunts to call
attention to its demands; threw eggs at
government officials, chained themselves to
lamppost, burned railroad cars and smashed
department store windows
F. Universal Education:
between 1870 and 1914 most western governments set
up state-financed primary schools; boys and girls ages
6 – 12 were required to attend these schools
states set up teacher training schools
Western nations made a commitment to public education
for several reasons:
1) industrialization; they needed trained, skilled labor
2) political reasons; people who had the right to vote
needed to be an educated voter
3) schools instilled patriotism
Result of public education: increased literacy; literacy
led to the rise of mass newspapers
New Forms of Leisure:
what people did for fun after work:
amusement parks, team sports; both
were big business organized to make
profits
Baseball
Arlie Latham
“The Clown Prince of Baseball”
Daniel Coogan
“Little Danny”
Section 3: The National State and Democracy
H. Western Europe and Political Democracy:
- Great Britain:
By 1871, Britain has a two party system; Liberal and
Conservative Parties; both led by aristocratic
landowners and upper-middle-class people
Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884; both increased the
number of males who could vote; 1928; all males
over 21 and women over 30 could vote
Around 1900, a new party emerged - the Labour Party;
they were dedicated to the interest of workers; they
supported the following reforms: The National
Insurance Act of 1911 – provided benefits for
workers in case of sickness and unemployment; a
small pension for those of 70; compensation for
those injured at work
• - France:
• The collapse of the Second Empire left the
country in confusion; it took five years for a
constitution to be written and the Third
Republic officially proclaimed
• Third Republic: had a president – powers
were not defined by constitution; a
bicameral legislature – the Senate and the
Chamber of Deputies; a prime minister –
led the government and was responsible
to the Chamber of Deputies (ministerial
responsibility)
• - Italy:
• by 1870, Italy was an untied national state
but had little sense of unity because they
were divided between the poverty stricken
south and the industrialized north;
government corruption kept Italy from
dealing with this problem
• Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order
• - Germany:
• Constitution of 1871 had a bicameral legislature;
lower house called the Reichstag was elected by
universal male suffrage
• Misters were responsible to the emperor not
parliament; emperor controlled armed forces,
foreign policy, and the government bureaucracy
• Emperor from 1888 – 1918: William II; under his
reign Germany had the strongest military and
industrial power in Europe
• -
• Austria-Hungary:
• Austria-Hungry enacted a constitution that,
in theory, set up a parliamentary system
with ministerial responsibility – Francis
Joseph ignored the system; appointed and
dismissed ministers and issued decrees
and laws when parliament was not in
session
• Conflicts between various nationalities
remain
• Russia industrialized quickly in the 1890s; with
industrialization came a proletariat who worked
and lived in pitiful conditions
• Socialist parties based on Marxist ideas
developed; government repression forced the to
go underground
• After Russia is defeated by Japan, discontent
and opposition to the czar explodes in to the
Revolution of 1905; massive group of workers
go to the winter palace to present the czar with
their grievances; troops open fire on the group
becomes known as “Bloody Sunday”; workers
throughout Russia strike
• Result: Nicholas II is forced to grant civil liberties
and create the Duma; reforms short-lived; by
1907 Nicholas has curtailed the powers of the
Duma and ruled absolutely
• The United States and Canada
• - Aftermath of the Civil War:
• Civil War had preserved national unity, but
South had been destroyed; 1\5 of male
population had been killed; 4 million slaves
had been freed
• 13th Amendment: abolished slavery; 14th
Amendment: gave citizenship to African
Americans; 15th Amendment: gave
African Americans the right to vote;
southern state laws stripped African
Americans right to vote; supporters of
white supremacy were everywhere in the
South
• Economy:
• Between 1870 – 1914, the U.S. became an
industrial nation; by 1900, Carnegie Steel
Company produced more steel than Britain
• Urbanization grew because of immigration; 40%
of population lived in cities by 1900
• By 1900, U.S. had become the world’s richest
nation; serious problems existed: 9% of
Americans owned 71% of wealth; labor unions
organized; American Federation of Labor
emerged as the main voice for labor but lacked
real power
• Expansion Abroad:
• Samoan Islands first colony of the United States
• Hawaii: 1880s, trade agreements allowed
Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty free in the U.S.;
Hawaii lease Pearl Harbor to U.S.; 1891,
Liliuokalani becomes queen – she is a
nationalist who opposed U.S. control of the
islands and worked to reduce the power of U.S.
merchants; 1893, with the help of U.S. marines,
Sanford B. Dole removed Liliuokalani from
power and claimed Hawaii a republic and
requested the U.S. annex Hawaii; became a
state in 1898 with little consideration of what
Hawaiians wanted
• 1898, U.S. defeats Spain in Spanish-American
War; receive former Spanish colonies of the
Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam
• Canada:
• By 1871, the Dominion of Canada
extended from Atlantic to Pacific; however
unity was hard to achieve among the
English and French speaking people
• Wilfred Laurier: first French-Canadian
prime minister; reconciled the two groups
and industrialization boomed in his
administration
• International Rivalries:
• - Bismark realized Germany’s emergence as the most
powerful
•
European state upset the balance of power, therefore
he created
•
a defense alliance with Austria-Hungry; few years
later Italy joins
•
this alliance; becomes known as the Triple Alliance
• 1890, William II fires Bismark and takes control of
Germany’s
•
foreign policy; wanted to enhance German power;
causes France
•
and Russia to form an alliance
• 1907, Great Britain joins France and Russia with an
entente; they
•
become known as The Triple Entente; stage is set for
WWI
• Crises in the Balkans:
• - Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire
gradually gained
•
independence; Greece, Serbia, Romaina and
Montenegro
•
independent by 1878
• Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed by
Austria-Hungary in 1908; Serbs opposed
annexation because they wanted to create a
large Slavic nation; Russia supported the
Serbians therefore Germany demands Russia
recognize Austria-Hungary’s claim or face war;
Russia backs down but vows revenge
• Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
• M. A New Physics:
• - Europeans still value ideals put forth by the
scientific revolution and the Enlightenment;
Reason, science, and progress were still
important to Europeans
• - Marie Curie: discovered an element called
radium gave off energy that came from within
the atom itself; proved atoms were not simply
hard material bodies as Newton had purposed
but small, active worlds
• Albert Einstein: 1905; published his theory
of relativity: states that space and time are
not absolute but are relative to the
observer;
• he concluded that matter is another form
of energy – led to an understanding of
energy contained within in an atom –
known as the Atomic Age
• Freud and Psychoanalysis:
• - 1900, published The Interpretation of
Dreams; he argued human behavior was
determined by past experiences and internal
forces of which people were unaware; therefore
he concluded painful and unsettling experiences
were repressed but continued to influence
behavior because they were apart of your
unconscious
• - psychoanalysis: method by which therapist
and patient could probe deep into the memory; if
patient’s conscious mind could be made aware
of what was contained in his unconscious then
the patient could be healed
• Social Darwinism and Racism:
• - scientific theory misapplied; ideas were
popular among nationalist and racist
• - Herbert Spencer argued that social progress
came from “the struggle for survival”; “the fit” –
advanced while the weak declined
• Extreme nationalist said nations were in a
struggle for survival;
• German Bernhardi said war was necessary to
rid society of the weak and unfit
• - Houston Stewart Chamberlain argued that
Germans were the only pure successors of the
Aryans, the supposed creators of Western
culture, and that Jews were the enemy of the
Aryan race
•
.
Anti-Semitism and Zionism:
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- Anti Semitism is hostility and discrimination against Jews; Since
Middle Ages, Jews had been portrayed as the murders of Christ,
subjected to mob violence, and had their rights restricted
•
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- 1880s and 1890s, anti-Semitic political parties sprang up in
Germany and Austria-Hungary; won votes of people who felt
threatened by the changing economic forces
•
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•
•
- worst treatment of Jews occurred in Eastern Europe(72% of
world’s Jewish population lived here); Jews were forced to live in
certain regions of the country; persecutions and pogroms were
widespread
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•
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- To escape persecution, many Jews emigrated to the U.S. and
Palestine, where Zionist headed by Theodor Herzl wanted to
establish a Jewish homeland and state; remained a dream in the
early 1900s
• . The Culture of Modernity:
• - Literature: a group of writers known as
the symbolist caused a literary revolution
by arguing that art should be about the
inner life of people and should serve only
art, not social progress
• Painting:
• 1870 – 1914, impressionist worked and
went out into the
•
countryside to paint nature directly;
most famous Claude Monet and PierreAuguste Renoir
• Postimpressionism arose in the 1880s;
Vincent van Gough most famous; for him
art was a spiritual experience; believed
color was its own kind of language
MONET
• Because of the invention of the camera by
George Eastman, artist came to realize
that their strength was not in mirroring
reality but in creating reality; main feature
of modern art – artist attempts to avoid
“visual reality”
• Most famous modern artist – Pablo
Picasso; created a new style called
cubism – used geometric designs to
recreate reality
• 1910, abstract painting began with Wassily
Kandinsky, who sought to avoid visual
reality entirely; used only line and color
PICASSO
KANDINSKY
• Architecture:
• Functionalism was the idea that buildings
should be useful; should fulfill the purpose
for which they are built; no unnecessary
ornamentation; Louis H. Sullivan built
skyscrapers free of ornamentation;
• Frank Lloyd Wright pioneered the modern
American house; built mainly for wealthy
patrons “FALLINING WATER”
FALLINGWATER
• Music: Igor Stravinsky; his ballet The Rite
of Spring revolutionized music; at its
premiere the audience almost rioted
because of the piece’s novel sounds and
rhythms