Transcript State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth

Chapter 15
Advanced Placement European History
7/20/2015
John 3:16
1
Overview of the Chapter


Growing secularism,
declining religion
Seventeenth century
seen as turning
point in modern
state system
7/20/2015
John 3:16
2
Overview of the Chapter

United Christian
Europe gives way to
 Secular states
 Secular politics
 Secular
intellectualism

Religious wars gave
religion less
credibility
7/20/2015
John 3:16
3
Overview (cont)



A yearning for order
Absolute monarchies,
or absolutism, was a
means to order
King Louis XIV
7/20/2015
John 3:16
4
Overview (cont)

King Louis XIV is seen
as perfect example of
absolutism
 Said to love “truth,
justice, order, and
reason”
 Also said to be vain

Absolute and limited
monarchies were the
two opposite poles of
state building
7/20/2015
John 3:16
5
Overview-Two Poles of State Building



Western Europe
France, best example
Unquestionable control
and power over all
aspects of government
Absolute Monarchy
7/20/2015



England
Limited by representative
assemblies
Limited control and
power over government
Limited Monarchy
John 3:16
6
Economic conditions
Population trends
Temperature reduction
War
Famine
Plague
7/20/2015
John 3:16
7
Social Crises, War, and
Rebellions

Europe was facing financial decline
 Fewer imports of silver
 Across the board for all countries

Population increase
 Warmer climate
 More food production
 First major recovery since “Black Death” of
mid 14th century
7/20/2015
John 3:16
8
Social Crises, War, and
Rebellions
War, famine, and plague continued to
effect populations
 Little Ice Age after mid 16th century
limited harvests and caused famines
 All problems created social tensions
peeking during the witchcraft craze

7/20/2015
John 3:16
9
The Witchcraft Craze


Hysteria effected
Europeans in 16th
and 17th centuries
England, Scotland,
Switzerland,
Germany, France,
New England
(America)
7/20/2015
John 3:16
10
The Witchcraft Craze



Witchcraft part of
villages for centuries
Medieval churches
began to link
witches with the
devil…not Biblically
acceptable
Enforcement turned
over to secular
authorities
7/20/2015
John 3:16
11
The Spread of Witchcraft



Increased numbers
from 16th to 17th
centuries
Perhaps 100,000
people prosecuted
Cities first then
spread to rural areas
7/20/2015
John 3:16
12
The Spread of Witchcraft


Torture forced
confession
Incantations, special
ointments, and
powders to wreak
havoc on neighbors
were part of
confessions
7/20/2015
John 3:16
13
The Spread of Witchcraft
Religious passions of
Protestantism verses
Catholicism—one
side accused the
other of being in
league with the devil
 Where controversies
raged or where
Protestantism was
recently victorious

7/20/2015
John 3:16
14
The Spread of Witchcraft

Social conditions as
major reason:
 New economic ethic—
self sufficiency
 More fearful of growing
numbers of poor
○ Psychologically, the
poor became agents
of the devil
7/20/2015
John 3:16
15
The Spread of Witchcraft
 Old women thought to
sell potions and other
remedies to survive
were handy
scapegoats
 Women seen as
inferior-- becoming
witches for pleasure
seeking
7/20/2015
John 3:16
16
The Spread of Witchcraft


Women held in low
esteem
Judges were biased
against women
 Nicholas Remy
(judge), “…not
unreasonable that
this scum of humanity
(witches) should be
drawn chiefly from the
feminine sex”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
17
The Spread of Witchcraft


Most theologians,
lawyers, and
philosophers
believed in early
modern Europe
believed in natural
inferiority of women
Found it plausible
for women to be
witches
7/20/2015
John 3:16
18
Decline of Witchcraft


Fewer magistrates
willing to accept the
divisive conditions of
the trials
People found it
contrary to reason to
accept the old view
of a world haunted
by spirits
7/20/2015
John 3:16
19
The Thirty Years’ War



The first half of the
17th century was
plagued by crises
A devastating war
effected much of
Europe
Another war
fomented by
religious differences
7/20/2015
John 3:16
20
The Thirty Years War
Called the “last of the religious wars”
(1618-1648)
 Europe wide struggle
 Some historians consider it part of Bourbon
(France) and Habsburg (Spain) and Holy
Roman Empire struggles

7/20/2015
John 3:16
21
The Thirty Years’ War

Peace of Augsburg
ended religious
warfare but
Lutherans and
Catholics continued
to struggle for
control of
principalities
7/20/2015
John 3:16
22
The Thirty Years War
Peace of Augsburg had not recognized
rights of Calvinists
 Some German states had adopted
Calvinism

7/20/2015
John 3:16
23
The Thirty Years’ War


The Calvinist ruler of
the Palatinate,
Elector Palatine
Frederick IV, formed
the Protestant
Union—a league of
German Protestant
states
Duke Maximilian of
Bavaria countered
with the Catholic
League
7/20/2015
John 3:16
24
The Thirty Years’s War


By 1609, Germany
was dividing into two
armed camps
Anticipating religious
war
7/20/2015
John 3:16
25
The Thirty Years War
Exacerbated by constitutional issues
 Hapsburg emperors wanted to consolidate
authority with Holy Roman Empire

 Resisted by German princes—concerned about
“German liberties”
Hapsburg looked to Spain for help, ruled by
another branch of the Hapsburg family
 German princes looked to France for help,
the enemies of Spain

7/20/2015
John 3:16
26
The Thirty Years’ War
The divisions in the Holy Roman Empire
and Europe made almost inevitable that
war would be widespread and tough to
stop
 The war was generally divided into four
phases

7/20/2015
John 3:16
27
The Bohemian Phase
7/20/2015
John 3:16
28
The Bohemian Phase
1618-1625
 One of four phases
 Bohemian states soon became unhappy
with Archduke Ferdinand

 Many nobles were Calvinists
 Ferdinand was a Catholic
○ He fostered re-Catholicizing Bohemia
○ Wanted to strengthen royal power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
29
The Bohemian Phase
Bohemian states originally accept
Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand as king
 Ferdinand was Catholic, but many
Bohemian nobles were Calvinists
 Ferdinand began to reprocess
Catholicism and garner increased royal
power

7/20/2015
John 3:16
30
The Bohemian Phase

Protestant nobles rebel in 1618
 Threw two Hapsburg governors and a




7/20/2015
secretary out the window of the royal castle
in Prague
The seat of the Bohemian government
They survived the fall
Catholics story: Intercession of Mary
Protestants story: They fell into manure pile
John 3:16
31
The Bohemian Phase

Bohemian rebels deposed Ferdinand
 Elected Palatinate, Elector Frederick V, head of
Protestant Union
 Ferdinand, elected Holy Roman Emperor,
refused to accept his disposition

The imperial forces (Ferdinand) defeated
Frederick and the Bohemian nobles at the
Battle of White Mountain
7/20/2015
John 3:16
32
The Bohemian Phase



Spanish troops go
on to conquer the
Palatinate
Frederick flees into
exile
Contemporary
Prague
7/20/2015
John 3:16
33
The Bohemian Phase (cont)
The Spanish took control of the western
part of Platinate—gaining access route
from Italy to Netherlands—renewed
attacks on the Dutch
 Maximilian took the rest of territory
 Ferdinand declared Bohemia a
hereditary Habsburg possession and
established Catholicism as sole religion

7/20/2015
John 3:16
34
The Bohemian Phase



Ferdinand
confiscates land of
Protestant nobles
Spanish renew their
attack on Dutch
At this point,
Catholicism seemed
on the road to
victory
7/20/2015
John 3:16
35
The Danish Phase
7/20/2015
John 3:16
36
The Danish Phase
The Second Phase, 1624-1629
 King Christian IV of Denmark led an army
into northern Germany
 Made anti-Catholic/Habsburg alliance
with the United Provinces and England
 Christian wanted some Catholic territories
in Northern Germany to benefit family

7/20/2015
John 3:16
37
The Danish Phase

Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian nobleman,
defeated Protestants at Dessau
 Wallenstein had won confidence of Ferdinand and had become
rich in the process


Christian IV defeated by Catholic League under Count
Tilly
Christian suffers even greater loss from Wallenstein
the following year
 Meant the end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic
7/20/2015
John 3:16
38
The Danish Phase (cont)

Imperial Ferdinand II at height of power
 Issued Edict of Restitution
 Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored
property taken by Protestant princes the
past 75 years
 Dismissed Wallenstein because princes
feared loss of independence
7/20/2015
John 3:16
39
The Swedish Phase
7/20/2015
John 3:16
40
The Swedish Phase
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden,
enters war
 1630-1635
 Military genius—brought well trained
and equipped army to northern
Germany

 Devout Lutheran who felt compelled to help
fellow Lutheran in Germany


Gustovus killed at Battle of Luten
Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen
7/20/2015
John 3:16
41
The Swedish Phase
Gustavus’s forces initially swept into the
heart of Germany
 Ferdinand recalled Wallenstein for help
 The Swedish forces prevail at the Battle
of Lutzen, but Gustavus is killed
 Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated
 Swedes are defeated at the Battle of
Nordlingen

7/20/2015
John 3:16
42
The Swedish Phase (cont)
Battle of Nordlingen guaranteed southern
Germany remained Catholic
 Emperor agreed to annul Edict of
Restitution to make peace with German
princes
 Swedes wanted to continue
 French per Cardinal Richelieu enters war

7/20/2015
John 3:16
43
The Franco-Swedish Phase
7/20/2015
John 3:16
44
The Franco-Swedish Phase





Religion begins to lose significance in the war
Catholic French support Protestant Swedes against
Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain
French defeat Spanish at Battle of Rocroi bringing an
end to Spanish military greatness
French defeat Bavarian armies
All parties ready for peace and Thirty Years’ War ended
by Peace of Westphalia in 1648
7/20/2015
John 3:16
45
The Franco-Swedish Phase
War between France and Spain
continued until the Peace of the
Pyrenees (1659)
 Spain had become second class power
 France emerged as the dominant nation
of Europe

7/20/2015
John 3:16
46
Thirty Years’ War Outcomes
German states free to determine own
religion
 Territory changes

 France gained parts of west Germany and
control of Franco-German border
 Sweden and German states of Brandenburg
and Bavaria gained some German territory
7/20/2015
John 3:16
47
Thirty Years’ War Outcomes
Habsburg emperor reduced to figurehead
in Holy Roman Empire
 Three hundred states of Holy Roman
empire were virtually independent
 Religion and politics were now separate

 Pope ignored in devising Treaty of Westphalia
 Religion moved closer to individual matter, not
politics
7/20/2015
John 3:16
48
The Thirty Years’ War Outcomes
Economic and social outcomes debated
 Many parts of Germany devastated, other
parts did well
 Population declined in Germany 21 to 16
million
 Most destructive conflict Europe had yet
experienced

7/20/2015
John 3:16
49
A Military Revolution


By 17th century, war
was larger part of
European affairs
Military power
essential to rulers
reputation and
power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
50
Seventeenth Century War
Machines
Essential to rulers power
 Changes 1560-1650 called “military
revolution”
 Increased use of firearms and cannons,
greater flexibility and mobility in tactics,
and better disciplined and better trained
armies

7/20/2015
John 3:16
51
A Military Revolution


Gustavus Adolphus,
king of Sweden,
develop first
standing army of
conscripts
Infantry brigades
composed of equal
musketeers and
pikemen, standing 6
deep
7/20/2015
John 3:16
52
A Military Revolution

Gustavus Adolphus
of Sweden was
brilliant in tactics
 Salvos with all rows
firing at once
 Pike charges
 Cavalry charges with
swords
 Lighter artillery pieces
moved in battle
7/20/2015
John 3:16
53
A Military Rebellion


Gustavus Adolphus
men fired their
muskets all at once
instead of row by
row
Salvos were
followed by
pikecharge
7/20/2015
John 3:16
54
A Military Revolution

Calvary were used
with more mobility
 Pistols fired followed
by charge with
swords


Lighter artillery
pieces--flexibility
Changes required
better training and
coordination
7/20/2015
John 3:16
55
Rebellions
Before/during/after Thirty Years’ War
 Rocked the stability of governments
 Monarchs attempted to extend control

 Raised taxes and created other hardships
Peasants and lower classes revolt
 Clergy, nobles and mercantile groups
 Throughout all Europe
 English Revolution most famous

7/20/2015
John 3:16
56
Western Europe
7/20/2015
John 3:16
57
Absolutism

Ultimate authority
Resting in the hands
of a king
Rules by divine right

King Louis XIV


7/20/2015
John 3:16
58
Jean Bodin—Political Theorist on
Divine-Right Monarchy

What did sovereignty mean?
 Make laws
 Tax
 Administer justice
 Control administrative system
 Determine foreign policy
7/20/2015
John 3:16
59
Bishop Jacques Bossuet—Theory on
Divine-Right of Monarchy

His book, Politics Drawn from the Very
Words of Holy Scripture
 Government divinely ordained
 Humans must live in organized society
 God established kings
 God reigns through the kings
 Kings responsible to no one—not even
parliaments--except God

Practical considerations limit power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
60
Absolute Monarchy in France


Reign of Louis XIV
(1643-1715) best
example of absolute
monarchy
French culture,
manners, and
language reaches
throughout Europe
7/20/2015
John 3:16
61
Absolute Monarchy in France

Stability of Louis’s
rule was magnified
by instability that
preceded it
7/20/2015
John 3:16
62
Foundations of French
Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu


Fifty years before
Louis XIV came to
power, monarchies
were struggling to
hold the state
together
The line between
order and monarchy
was narrow
7/20/2015
John 3:16
63
Foundations of French
Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu



Both Louis XIII and
XIV were just boys
Dependent on
competent ministers
Richelieu eliminated
military and political
rights of Huguenots,
but kept their religious
ones
7/20/2015
John 3:16
64
Foundations of French
Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu
 Richelieu

was
cautious with nobles,
understanding their
important role
Nobles excluded from
central government
and who claimed land
independence were
the dangerous ones
7/20/2015
John 3:16
65
Foundations of French
Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu acted
cautiously in
“humbling the pride
of the great men”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
66
Cardinal Richelieu
Efficient spy network
 Crushed conspiracies and executed
conspirators
 Sent “intendents” out to effect
government policies

 Sometimes in conflict with governors
 Further strengthened the crown

Not good at finances—debt grew
7/20/2015
John 3:16
67
Cardinal Richelieu

Increased the “taille”
 Direct tax on land/property

Confronting Habsburgs in 30 years war
cost money
 Increasing expenditures outstripped
revenues

Richelieu died 1642
7/20/2015
John 3:16
68
Cardinal Mazarin
Richelieu/Louis XIII die within months
 Louis XIV at four years old
 Richelieu’s trained successor, Mazarin,
attempts to carry on Richelieu’s policies
until his death in 1661
 Naturalized citizen of France, from Italy
 Incurred some resentment from the
people

7/20/2015
John 3:16
69
Cardinal Mazarin

Continues the antiHabsburg policies
 Continues to cost
money and builds
resentment
 Many French resented
Mazarin, a naturalized
citizen from Italy
7/20/2015
John 3:16
70
Cardinal Mazarin

Dealt with a revolt-the “Fronde”
 Response to more
centralized power at
the expense of nobles
 New taxes for Thirty
Years War
 Nobles united,
temporarily, united
with members of
parliament
7/20/2015
John 3:16
71
Cardinal Mazarin


The Parliament of
Paris—most
important court in
France
First Fronde: formed
by the “nobles of the
robe”—lawyers and
administrators
 1648-1649: ended in
compromise
7/20/2015
John 3:16
72
Cardinal Mazarin

Second Fronde: led by nobles of the
sword
 Interested in overthrowing Mazarin for own
interests
 Crushed on 1652—made easier by infighting
Most French concluded best bet was
with the crown
 Louis XIV took over upon Mazarin’s
death in 1661

7/20/2015
John 3:16
73
The Reign of Louis XIV (16431715)


Expressed interest
from the day of
Mazarin’s death to
be real king and
take over
Louis was 23 years
old
7/20/2015
John 3:16
74
The Reign of Louis XIV



Louis had a
proclivity of “fun and
games”
“getting into the
beds of maids in the
royal palace”
Few people took him
seriously at first
7/20/2015
John 3:16
75
The Reign of Louis XIV

He wrote, “ Up to
this moment I have
been pleased to
entrust the
government of my
affairs to the late
cardinal. It is now
time that I govern
them myself”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
76
The Reign of Louis XIV



Louis was willing to
pay the price of
kingship
He considered his
royal profession
“grand, noble, and
delightful
Called the “Sun
King”—the source of
light for his people
7/20/2015
John 3:16
77
The Reign of Louis XIV (16431715

He set the standard
for monarchies and
aristocracies all over
Europe
 Grand spectacle in
his Versailles court
 Voltaire called 16611715 the “Age of
Louis XIV”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
78
The Reign of Louis XIV (cont)
Despite all the centralizing efforts,
France was still a maze of regional
courts, local estates, and lesser nobility
who set had their own authority and
wanted to hold it
 Both towns and provinces possessed
privileges and powers

7/20/2015
John 3:16
79
Administration of the
Government


Versailles was self-contained government and
home to Louis, his family and “blood” nobles
He removed nobles and princes of noble blood
from the Royal Council—the chief administrative
body of the king and overseer of the central
machinery of government--and placed them in his
court where he could watch them
 Relied on ministers and other nobles
 Expected total loyalty
 “I had no intention of sharing my authority with them”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
80
Administration of the
Government

Louis structure gave
him control of
central policy
making machinery
 Foreign policy
 Making of war and
peace
 Secular power of
crown over religions
 Ability to levy taxes
7/20/2015
John 3:16
81
Administration of the
Government
Louis had less control over internal
responsibilities than international
policies
 Nobles, officials, town councils, guilds,
and representative Estates were too
powerful and independent

7/20/2015
John 3:16
82
Administration of the
Government



He often bribed
them
Local officials could
still block what they
wanted to block
“Absolute” in reality
wasn’t so absolute
7/20/2015
John 3:16
83
Religious policy
Religious harmony long an area of
monarchial power
 Louis wanted to keep it and it led to
conflict with Huguenots
 He didn’t want Protestants to practice
their faith in Catholic France

7/20/2015
John 3:16
84
Religious Policy
“One king, one law, one faith”
 Issued the Edict of Fountainebleu

 Revoked the Edict of Nantes
 Destruction of Huguenot churches
 Closing of Protestant schools
 200,000 Huguenots leave France, ma ny
skilled artisans
 France weakened--states receiving
Huguenots gain
7/20/2015
John 3:16
85
Financial Issues
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller of
general finances
 His reforms increased revenues

 Improved quantity and quality of goods
 Stressed mercantilism
 Introduced new industries
 Built new infrastructure
 Granted tax exemptions
7/20/2015
John 3:16
86
Financial Issues


Although Colbert
was brilliant at
obtaining revenues
for Louis’s high
palaces, wars, and
his opulent court, he
spent the money as
fast as it came in
Peasants still paid
highest price
7/20/2015
John 3:16
87
Daily Life at the Court of
Versailles
Palace built to impress locals and foreigners
 Blood nobles kept involved in palace life
under strict protocols

 King would determine who sat where and who
handed him his shirt
 At stake were offices, titles, and pensions

7/20/2015
Palace was home to thousands of nobles,
seat of King’s government, and reception
hall
John 3:16
88
Daily Life at the Court of
Versailles
The court was built to impress foreigners
and serve as a visible manifestation of
the superiority of France
 Resident to the king
 Home to high nobility and princes
 Keeping nobles involved in palace
details allowed Louis to keep them out
of real power—keeping nobles to a
“plane of equality”

7/20/2015
John 3:16
89
Daily Life at the Court of
Versailles

There were strict
protocols as to who
could sit on what
kind of chair, where,
and within what
proximity to the king
7/20/2015
John 3:16
90
Daily Life at the Court of
Versailles

Life in the palace
also included much
entertainment
 Walks
 Boating trips
 Plays
 Ballets
 Concerts
7/20/2015
John 3:16
91
The Wars of Louis XIV


France developed
professional army of
100,000 men
Army rose to
400,000 during time
of war
7/20/2015
John 3:16
92
The Wars of Louis XIV


Waged war for power
and prestige
Wanted to ensure the
domination of the
Bourbon dynasty over
European affairs
7/20/2015
John 3:16
93
The Wars of Louis XIV—Four
Wars

SpanishNetherlands to the
north, FrancheCompte to the east
 Triple alliance:
Dutch, English,
Swedes allied
against him
 Received
Franche-Compte
7/20/2015
John 3:16
94
The Wars of Louis XIV

Holly Roman
empire
 Received Alsace
and Lorraine
7/20/2015
John 3:16
95
The Wars of Louis XIV

The War of the
league of Augsburg
 Brought depression
and Famine to France
7/20/2015
John 3:16
96
The Wars of Louis XIV

War of Spanish
Succession
 Ended with Peace of
Utrecht and Rastatt
 Little achievement
7/20/2015
John 3:16
97
The Wars of Louis XIV


Only two years after
the peace treaty,
Louis died
Appeared to have
some remorse
7/20/2015
John 3:16
98
The Wars of Louis XIV

To his successor, his great grandson,
five years old at the time, he said,
 “Try to remain at peace with your neighbors”
 “Do not follow me in that (war) and
overspending”
 “Do what I have had the misfortune not to do
myself”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
99
The Decline of Spain
Appeared wealthy, but coffers empty
 Philip II overspent on war and his court
 Controlled much of South America, parts
of Africa and Asia
 Greedy Duke of Lerma made matters
worse when Philip let him run country

7/20/2015
John 3:16
100
Reign of Philip IV

Attempted to reform internally to increase central
power
 Limited success due to large numbers of aristocrats
fighting the changes



Attempt to limit power of Catholic Church
Involvement in Thirty Years War and civil wars
resulted in exposing Spain for its weakness
Peace of Westphalia and Peace of the Pyrenees
meant giving up land and prestige
7/20/2015
John 3:16
101
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe
7/20/2015
John 3:16
102
Overview

During the seventeenth century, a
development of great importance for the
modern Western world took place in
central and eastern Europe, the
appearance of three new powers:
Prussia, Austria, and Russia
7/20/2015
John 3:16
103
The German States
The Peace of Westphalia ended the
Thirt Year War in 1648 and resulted in
dividing Germany into three hundred
little Germanys
 Two emerged as great powers

7/20/2015
John 3:16
104
The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia






Evolved from lands originally Hohenzollern
Foundation set by Frederick William the Elector
Raised and maintained standing army
Gave nobles unlimited power over peasants to
support his policies
Established mercantile policies
Aided Holy Roman Emperor in War of Spanish
Succession and officially granted title of King of
Prussia
7/20/2015
John 3:16
105
The Emergence of Austria
The Austrian Habsburgs had hoped for
united Germany—not to be
 Leopold I urged the westward
movement of the Austrian Empire, a
kingdom of several divergent states
joined together
 The Habsburg Empire was three
empires in one, but together loyal to the
Habsburgs

7/20/2015
John 3:16
106
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian
Rule



Emperor Charles V
defeats French
armies
Charles gives his
son Phillip the duchy
of Milan
Charles transfers all
imperial rights over
Italy to Spain
7/20/2015

Italy continues to
suffer from the
Catholic Counterrevolution
 The Inquistion
 The Index
 The Jesuits
John 3:16
107
Italy: From Spanish to
Austrian Rule

Austria gains Milan,
Sardinia, and
Naples and
supplants Spain as
dominant power in
Italy
7/20/2015
John 3:16
108
Russia: From Fledgling
Principality to Major Power

Ivan the Terrible
(1533-1584)
expanded Russian
territories eastward
 First to take title of
Czar (Caesar)

Extended autocracy
by crushing the
boyars (Russian
nobility)
7/20/2015
John 3:16
109
Russia: From Fledging
Principality to Major Power


In 17th century,
Russian society was
highly stratified
Abundance of land
and shortage of
peasants fostered
serfdom-type “to the
land” laws
7/20/2015
John 3:16
110
Russia: From Fledgling
Principality to Major Power



Unsettling conditions
and frequent
contacts with the
west
Western ideas
began to take hold
End of 17th century,
Peter the Great
accelerated western
progress
7/20/2015
John 3:16
111
The Reign of Peter the Great

Peter the Great
 Highly unusual man
 Six feet none inches
tall
 Coarse in tastes and
rude in behavior
 Vicious punishments
7/20/2015
John 3:16
112
The Reign of Peter the Great



After trip to the
West, he returned
determined to
westernize Russia
Peter admired
western technology
Needed technology
to modernize his
military
7/20/2015
John 3:16
113
The Reign of Peter the Great



Formed first Russian
navy
Conscripted
peasants for 25
years service
Built standing army
of 210,000 men
7/20/2015
John 3:16
114
The Reign of Peter the Great


Organized central
government along
Western lines
Created senate for
supervising
administrative
machinery of
government while
out of country
7/20/2015
John 3:16
115
The Reign of Peter the Great

Created “colleges”,
boards of
administrators, to
supervise functions
like foreign affairs,
war, and justice
7/20/2015
John 3:16
116
The Reign of Peter the Great

Divided Russia into
8 and then 50
provinces
 Tried for better
government
 Tried for sense of
civic duty

Forceful personality
and fear of him
prevented civic duty
7/20/2015
John 3:16
117
The Reign of Peter the Great


Demanding those in
landowning class
serve in military or
civic duty
Created Table of
Ranks, an
opportunity for nonnobles to reach
nobility and serve in
the military
7/20/2015
John 3:16
118
The Reign of Peter the Great


Peter attempted to
create a new nobility
based on merit
Peter’s efforts at
new nobility was not
continued by
successors
7/20/2015
John 3:16
119
The Reign of Peter the Great


He absorbed fourfifths of revenues to
support military
Adopted Western
mercantilism to
stimulate growth
7/20/2015
John 3:16
120
The Reign of Peter the Great



Tried to increase
exports by exploiting
natural resources
like iron
Military needs were
“endless”
Relied too much on
the usual, raising
taxes on poor
7/20/2015

Peasants becoming
ever more burdened
by Peter
John 3:16
121
The Reign of Peter the Great



Sought to gain
control of Russian
Orthodox Church
Eliminated patriarch
Installed the Holy
Synod
 At the head was a
procurator
 Represented interests
of the tsar
7/20/2015
John 3:16
122
The Reign of Peter the Great

Introduced western
customs

 Western manners
 First Russian book of
etiquette
 Russian beards
shaved
 Coats shortened
7/20/2015

Enforced dress
codes on people
arriving and leaving
towns
Anyone failing to
conform were to be
“beaten without
mercy”
John 3:16
123
The Reign of Peter the Great

Women benefitted
from Peter’s reign
 Observing Western
women, he told
women to remove
traditional face

Fostered social
gatherings where
men and women
could meet, talk,
dance, etc.
7/20/2015
John 3:16
124
The Reign of Peter the Great

Women could marry
of their own free will
7/20/2015
John 3:16
125
Russia as a Military Power


Domestic reforms
were to make
Russia a great state
and military power
Wanted to open a
window to the West
 His only route was
through the Baltic
 Baltic controlled by
Sweden
7/20/2015
John 3:16
126
Russia as a Military Power

King Charles XII of
Sweden proved
brilliant general
 Defeated forces of
Danes, Poles, and
Russians
 Russians fell at the
Battle of Narva

Started the Great
Northern War
7/20/2015
John 3:16
127
Russia as a Military Power

Peter fights back
 Defeats Charles’ at
Battle of Poltava
 War dragged on for
12 years
 Peace of Nystadt
gave formal
recognition to Peter
 Peter acquired
Estonia, Livonia, and
karelia
7/20/2015
John 3:16
128
Russia as a Military Power


Peter achieved the
great European
state he sought
Began construction
of new grand city,
Saint Petersburg
 Window to the West
 Symbol of westward
looking
7/20/2015
John 3:16
129
Russia as a Military Power

Peter modernized
Russia to the extent
it became military
power and important
member of the
European state
system
7/20/2015
John 3:16
130
Russia as a Military Power


Western culture only
reached upper
classes
Forceful ways of
Peter resulted in
many people not
embracing Western
culture
7/20/2015
John 3:16
131
The Great Northern States

Denmark’s and
Sweden’s territorial
ambitions kept them
at almost in constant
rivalry in 17th century
7/20/2015
John 3:16
132
Denmark

Christian IV

 Little success in
expansion
 Monarchs forced to
share power with
nobility
 “War machine”
sustained losses in
30-Years War and
Northern War
7/20/2015



Bloodless revolution
in 1660
Christian V
established as
monarch
Absolutist
constitution
Nobility as chief
officeholders
John 3:16
133
Sweden


Sweden was poor
compared to
Denmark
Gustavus Adolphus
expanded central
government
 Nobility formed First
Estate occupying
bureaucratic postions
7/20/2015
John 3:16
134
Sweden



Sweden’s new
stable monarchy
helped Gustavus to
create powerful
military
Killed, 30 Years War
Strong central
government and
state building
7/20/2015
John 3:16
135
Sweden

Gustavus’s daughter
abdicated throw to
her brother, King
Charles X

 Reestablished

domestic order

King Charles XI
weakened the
nobility, subdued the
church, and
improved the military
7/20/2015
His son, Charles XII,
inherited a powerful
state that dominated
northern Europe
Review
 Strong monarchy
 Strong bureaucracy
 Weakened nobility
 Strong military
 Weakened church
John 3:16
136
Sweden


Charles XII
interested in military
prowess
Tested his troops in
conflicts with
Poland, Denmark,
and Russia
 Conflicts resulted in
losing first class
status as northern
power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
137
The Ottoman Empire

After conquering
Constantinople, tried
to complete their
conquest of the
Balkans
7/20/2015
John 3:16
138
The Ottoman Empire



Ottoman Empire
replaced Byzantine
Empire which
sprang out of
Roman Empire
Began 1300
Mixture of cultures
7/20/2015
John 3:16
139
The Ottoman Empire


Mehmed II, Sultan of
Ottoman Empire
7/20/2015
Advanced through
Wallachia but were
stopped by Hungarians
from advancing further
up Danube River
From 1480 to 1520,
internal problems held
them back from
advancement
Seeking conquest of
Balkans
John 3:16
140
The Ottoman Empire




Suleiman brought the
Turks back to European
attention
Conquered Belgrade and
Hungary
Stopped at Vienna
Advances made along
the Mediterranean
Ottoman Turks on the
move
7/20/2015
Sultan Suleiman I the
Magnificent
John 3:16
141
The Ottoman Empire


Spanish fleet destroyed
the Turkish fleet at
Lepanto—otherwise, the
Turks would have
controlled the seas
By early 17th century,
Turks were starting to be
accepted as European
nation
Europe seeks alliances
and trade concessions
7/20/2015
Ottoman Empire
Advancements
John 3:16
142
The Ottoman Empire



Constantinople was larger
than any European city
7/20/2015
Ottoman politics could
degenerate to bloody
intrigues
A sultan would kill his
brothers to prevent from
being overthrown
Well-trained bureaucracy
continued to administer
state affairs
Political intrigue, but the
“beat” went on
John 3:16
143
The Ottoman Empire



Janissaries: Christian
boys loyal to sultan
7/20/2015
Well organized military
added to strength of
Ottoman Empire
Janissaries were
Christian boys taken
from parents, converted
to Muslims, highly
trained, loyal to Sultan
Elite core of 8,000 troops
Well structured, organized
military
John 3:16
144
The Ottoman Empire



Sleeping giant
Threatened by challenge
from Persia
Content with status quo
First half of 17th century
7/20/2015
New line of viziers
 Marched through
Hungarians and laid
siege to Vienna
 Repulsed by mixed army
of Austrians, Poles,
Bavarians, and Saxons
 Never threatened Europe
again

Second half of 17th
century
John 3:16
145
The Ottoman Empire
Ottomans pushed back never
to threaten Europe again
7/20/2015
Ottomans keep core of
their empire
John 3:16
146
The Limits of Absolutism



Monarchies power
not absolute
Most people dealt
with local authorities
King’s policies not
guaranteed to be
followed



7/20/2015
There were entire
bureaucracies of
people with
“authorities”
Most successful
kings used the old
system to best
advantage
Landowners had
great power
John 3:16
147
Certain states had limited monarchys
7/20/2015
John 3:16
148
The Weakness of the Polish
Monarchy


The merger of
Poland and
Lithuania in 1569
resulted in largest
Christendom
kingdom at that time
In the beginning, the
nobles elected the
king
7/20/2015


Power of nobles
enabled them to
hold on to serfdom
Merger involved the
merger of the
Jagiello dynasty
John 3:16
149
The Weakness of the Polish
Monarchy

Tried choosing
outsiders as kings

 Thought to foster new
alliances

Swede Sigismund III
had vision of vast
polish empire that
caused the state to
be weak and
decentralized
7/20/2015
Kings had to agree
to share power with
Sejm, Polish diet
 Two-chamber
assembly


Reduced central
monarch authority
Government
reduced to chaos
John 3:16
150
The Weakness of the Polish
Monarchy

Poland became
confederation of
semi-independent
states
 Landed nobles ruled

Became
battleground for
foreign powers,
although difficult to
rule
7/20/2015
John 3:16
151
The Golden Age of the Dutch
Republic

Seventeenth century
often called Golden
Age of the Dutch
Republic
 United Provinces was
Atlantic power
 Shift in economic
power from
Mediterranean to the
Atlantic seaboard
7/20/2015
John 3:16
152
The Golden Age of the Dutch
Republic

The seven northern
provinces of the
Netherlands, calling
themselves the
United Provinces of
the Netherlands,
became the core of
the modern Dutch
state
7/20/2015

Internal dissension
 William of Orange
and heirs wanted a
strong central
monarch
 The States General
wanted a
decentralized republic
John 3:16
153
The Golden Age of the Dutch
Republic

A trading power, the
Dutch began to
experience a decline
by 1715 due to wars
with France and
England
7/20/2015
John 3:16
154
Life in Seventeenth-Century
Amsterdam

By the beginning of
the 17th century,
Amsterdam replaced
Antwerp as the
economic capital of
Europe

Dutch invention of
fluyt—shallow draft
ship—added to
capacity of ship for
carrying goods
 Made possible of vast
fleets of ships owned
by Amsterdam
merchants
7/20/2015
John 3:16
155
Life in Seventeenth-Century
Amsterdam


Chief port for Dutch
West Indian and
East Indian trading
companies
City industries
turned raw materials
into finished goods
7/20/2015

Principal supplier of
military goods in
Europe
 Gun foundaries
John 3:16
156
Life in Seventeenth-Century
Amsterdam


As a financial center,
trading profits
provided much
capital for
investment
The Exchange Bank
of Amsterdam
founded in 1609
7/20/2015

Amsterdam Stock
Exchange
 Speculation in
commodities
John 3:16
157
Life in Seventeenth-Century
Amsterdam


Wealthy merchants
were able to control
much of the
governmental
activities of the
Dutch
Calvinist
backgrounds led to
simple lifestyle
7/20/2015

Second half of 17th
century, these
wealthy burghers
reduced their simple
lifestyle and began
wearing more
colorful clothes
John 3:16
158
England and the Emergence
of Constitutional Monarchy


Struggle in England
as to which would
dominate, the king
or the parliament
Complicated by
religious issues
7/20/2015
John 3:16
159
King James I and Parliament


The death of Queen
Elizabeth ended the
Tudor dynasty and
ushered in the
Stuart line
King James VI of
Scotland became
Kings James I of
England
7/20/2015
John 3:16
160
King James and Parliament


England was used
to a balanced
system with the king
and parliament
sharing power, a
“balanced polity”
James believed,
however, in the
“divine right of kings”
7/20/2015
John 3:16
161
King James I and Parliament


The English Puritans
also wanted James
to eliminate the
episcopal system of
church organization
James knew the
Anglican church,
bishops appointed
by the crown, would
help him govern
7/20/2015
John 3:16
162
King James I and Parliament
James had also managed to irritate the
gentry, wealthy landowners just below
the nobility
 Gentry held important seats in the
House of Commons

7/20/2015
John 3:16
163
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution


James conflict
continues with son
Charles I
Charles reneged on
Petition of Right
 Parliament must
approve certain
actions before taken
effect

Limited king’s power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
164
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolutuion

Charles
circumvented
Parliament and
collected taxes
through other
sources

Merchants became
irritated because
Charles
circumvented
parliament
 Ship money on
merchants of
seacoast towns
7/20/2015
John 3:16
165
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution


Charles married to
Henrietta Marie,
Catholic, raising
suspicions about his
religious inclinations
Charles and William
laud, Archbishop of
Canterbury,
introduced more
ritual into Anglican
services
7/20/2015
John 3:16
166
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution

Charles and William
attempted to impose
Book of Common
Prayer on to the
Scottish
Presbyterian church
 Scots rose up in
rebellion
 Charles strapped for
money
7/20/2015
John 3:16
167
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution


Charles was forced
to call parliament
into session
Parliament dealt
Charles
“broadsides” which
limited his authority
7/20/2015



Political battles
lasted 1640-1660
Triennial Act ruled
parliament must
meet each three
years
Some members
pushed for more
change
John 3:16
168
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution


Split in Parliament
between more
radical members
who wanted to make
more changes
Charles tried to take
advantage by
arresting them
7/20/2015
John 3:16
169
Charles I and the Move
toward Revolution


Response to
Charles attempts
was met by John
Pym and fellow
Puritans
England slipped into
civil war
7/20/2015
John 3:16
170
Civil War in England

Parliament created
the New Model Army
 Composed of
extreme Puritans
 Known as
Independents
 Believed to be doing
battle for the Lord

Oliver Cromwell was
one of group’s
leaders
7/20/2015
John 3:16
171
Civil War in England

Statement by
Cromwell
 “Sir, this is none other
than the hand of God;
and to Him alone
belongs the glory”

With the aid of the
New Model Army,
parliament captured
Charles
7/20/2015
John 3:16
172
Civil War in England

Split occurs in the
Parliamentary forces
 Some want to restore
Charles to the throne
 Charles takes
advantage of
disagreement and
flees to the Scots


House of Commons
tries and condemns
Charles and
beheads him, highly
unusual act at that
time
Second civil war
results in capture
7/20/2015
John 3:16
173
Cromwell and New
Governments

After death of
Charles I
 Rump parliament
abolished monarchy
and House of Lords
 England proclaimed a
republic
7/20/2015

Oliver Cromwell was
the most powerful
figure
 He had to crush a
Catholic uprising in
Ireland and an
uprising in Scotland
 Cromwell did so in a
most brutal way
 Irish and Scots
despised him
John 3:16
174
Cromwell and the New
Governments


Cromwell faced
opposition at home
from groups with
new agendas
Most formidable of
groups was
Levellers
 Freedom of speech

Con’t>
 Right to vote for male
householders over 21
 Annual parliaments
 Women’s equality
with men
 Government
programs to care for
poor
 Freedom of religion
 Democratic republic
7/20/2015
John 3:16
175
Cromwell and New
Governments


To Cromwell, a
country gentleman,
only people of
property had the
right to participate in
the affairs of state
Cromwell, …”you
have no other way
to deal with these
men but to break
them….
7/20/2015
John 3:16
176
Cromwell and New
Governments


Cromwell would
smash the Levellers
by force
Finding it difficult to
deal with the
parliament, he
dispersed it y force
7/20/2015
John 3:16
177
Cromwell and New
Governments

The army provided a
new government
and drew up the
Instrument of
Government

 Divided country into
11 regions each ruled
by major general
 Levied 10% tax on all
Royalists
 Executive power
vested in Lord
Protector (Cromwell)
 New parliament
 System failed to work
7/20/2015
Cromwell dissolved
parliament

Cromwell resorted in
more brutal policies
than Charles I
John 3:16
178
Cromwell and New
Governments



Cromwell died in
1658
Monarchy was
reestablished as
Charles II, eldest
son of Charles I
Stuart monarchy
restored
7/20/2015
John 3:16
179
Restoration of the Monarchy


Charles II accepted
parliaments
approval of taxes
and abolition of
arbitrary courts
Parliament restored
the Anglican church
as official church of
England
7/20/2015


Laws passed to
force Catholics and
Puritan dissenters to
conform to the
church
Charles was
sympathetic to
Catholics and
James, his brother,
was Catholic
John 3:16
180
Restoration of the Monarchy

Charles took strong
step of issuing the
Declaration of
Indulgence

Parliament
responded with the
Test Act of 1673
 Only Anglicans could
hold military and civil
offices
 Suspended laws
passed by parliament
against Catholics and
Puritans
7/20/2015
John 3:16
181
Restoration of the Monarchy

Debate over the Test
Act resulted in two
political groupings
 The Whigs
 The Tories

Whigs

Tories
 Support king (despite
dislike for James and
Catholics)
 Parliament should not
tamper with rightful
succession to thrown
 Exclude James
 Protestant king
 Tolerate dissenters
7/20/2015
John 3:16
182
Restoration of the Monarchy

Charles dismissed
parliament

 Relied on French
subsidies


Died in 1685
James came to the
thrown
 Open, devout

Opened “wounds”
between king and
parliament
James named
Catholics to high
government
positions, contrary to
Test Act
Catholic
7/20/2015
John 3:16
183
Restoration of the Monarchy

James issued new
Declaration of
Indulgence

 Suspended all laws
barring Catholics and
Dissenters from office
 Parliament stopped
short of rebellion
because he was old
man
 Successors were
Protestant sisters
7/20/2015

But, June 10, 1688,
a son was born to
James II’s second
wife, also Catholic
Fired Catholic
officeholders for
failing to move the
England quickly to
Catholicism
John 3:16
184
A Glorious Revolution


Group of seven
prominent English
noblemen invited
William of Orange
(pictured) to invade
England
James had failed to
work with parliament
and had abused his
powers other ways
7/20/2015
John 3:16
185
A Glorious Revolution


William, ongoing foe
of King Louis XIV of
France, fighting
Louis with the Dutch
and always trying to
stop the spread of
France
Devout Protestant
7/20/2015
John 3:16
186
A Glorious Revolution

William and Mary
(pictured) raised an
army and James
fled with family to
France
 Their army was
comprised of many
Huguenots

Little bloodshed
7/20/2015
John 3:16
187
A Glorious Revolution


The revolution was
fought not over
whether there would
be a monarch, but
who would be the
monarch
James made last
effort at Battle of
Boyne (pictured) but
was defeated
7/20/2015
John 3:16
188
The Glorious Revolution


The Revolution
Settlement
confirmed William
and Mary as
monarchs
The people in
general accepted
the monarchs with
open arms
7/20/2015
John 3:16
189
The Glorious Revolution

In 1689, the
Convention
Parliament asserted
James had tried to
subvert the
constitution and they
then offered the
monarchy to William
and Mary (pictured
as cousins)
7/20/2015
John 3:16
190
The Glorious Revolution

William and Mary
accepted the throne
on the provisions
provided under the
Bill of Rights, 1688
(pictured)
 Laid the foundation
for a constitutional
monarchy
7/20/2015
John 3:16
191
The Glorious Revolution

Bill of Rights
 Affirmed Parliament’s
right to make laws
and levy taxes
 Made it impossible for
kings to oppose or do
without Parliament
 Standing armies
raised only with
Parliament’s consent
7/20/2015
John 3:16
192
The Glorious Revolution

Bill of Rights (con’t)
 Elections and
debates of Parliament
had to be free
 Rights of citizens to
petition the sovereign,
keep arms, jury trial,
and no excessive bail
7/20/2015
John 3:16
193
The Glorious Revolution

The significance of
the Bill of Rights
 System of
government based on
rule of law
 Freely elected
Parliament
 Established
foundation for
constitutional
monarchy
7/20/2015
John 3:16
194
The Glorious Revolution


Bill of Rights didn’t
settle religious
questions
Toleration Act 1689
 Puritan dissenters
free public worship
 Catholics excluded
7/20/2015

Toleration Act didn’t
mean complete
religious freedom
and equality, but few
people were ever
again persecuted for
religious reasons
John 3:16
195
The Glorious Revolution

The Glorious
Revolution is seen
as end of 17th
century struggle
between king and
Parliament
 Parliament now had
unquestioned role in
in affairs of state
7/20/2015
John 3:16
196
The Glorious Revolution

Over the next
century, Parliament
would prove to be
the real authority in
the English system

Picture: Teams of
horses used to pull
cannon during
conflicts
7/20/2015
John 3:16
197
Responses to Revolution

The English
revolutions
prompted different
responses from two
English political
thinkers
 Thomas Hobbes
 John Locke (pictured)
7/20/2015
John 3:16
198
Responses to Revolution

Generally, Hobbes
(pictured) was for
the absolute rule of
man and Locke was
against it
7/20/2015
John 3:16
199
Responses to Revolution

In nature’s state, human
life (before society) was
“solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short”
 Humans led by animal
instincts, not reason
 Ruthless struggle for self
preservation
 (continued next slide)

Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
7/20/2015
Argued against absolute
rule of one man
 Wrote, Two Treatise of
Government
 Early state of nature for
man was state of
equality and freedom
 Humans had inalienable
rights
John 3:16
200
Responses to Revolution

To save themselves,
(war of man against
man) man contracted to
form a commonwealth

 Life, liberty, and property

 The great Leviathon, or that
mortal god


Commonwealth placed
powers into hands of a
sovereign authority
(Continued next slide)
Thomas Hobbes
7/20/2015
Inalienable rights include

Since there was no
impartial judge found in
nature, people founded
government to mutually
protect their rights
Government and people
had mutual obligations
John Locke
John 3:16
201
Responses to Revolution

Sovereign authority was
preferably a single ruler
 Served as executor,
legislator, and judge
 Possessed unlimited power
 Subjects may not rebel
Thomas Hobbes
7/20/2015
Government would
protect rights
 People would act
reasonable toward
government
 If government broke its
agreement, people could
form a new government
 (Continued next slide)

John Locke
John 3:16
202
Responses to Revolution
Community of people
was primarily landholding
aristocracy represented
in Parliament
 Not advocate of political
democracy
 Ideas important in
American and French
revolutions

John Locke
7/20/2015
John Locke
John 3:16
203
European culture continued to flourish. The era was
blessed with many prominent artists and writers
7/20/2015
John 3:16
204
The Changing Faces of Art:
Mannerism

Artistic Renaissance
ended with the style
of Mannerism
 Attempt o break down
High Renaissance
principles of balance,
harmony, and
moderation
7/20/2015
John 3:16
205
Mannerism

Mannerism reflects
uncertainty,
suffering, anxiety,
and yearning for
spiritual experience
7/20/2015
John 3:16
206
Mannerism


Mannerism derives
from critics who
considered these
contemporary artists
to be second-rate
imitators
Painters who
painted “in the
manner” of a great
artist
7/20/2015
John 3:16
207
Mannerism

Reached it apogee
with el Greco
 Elongated, contorted
figures
 Unusual shade of
green and yellow
 Intense emotion
7/20/2015
John 3:16
208
The Baroque Period



Mannerism replaced
by Baroque
Embraced by
Catholic reform
movement
Sought to combine
classical ideals of
Renaissance art
with religious revival
of 16th century
7/20/2015
John 3:16
209
The Baroque Period


Known for dramatic
effects to arouse
emotion
Reflected search for
power
 Large part of 17th
century ethos

Kings and princes
wanted their power
reflected in their art
7/20/2015
John 3:16
210
The Baroque Period





Dramatic effects of
high emotional
intensity
Bodies in violent
motion
Heavily fleshed
nudes
Restless forms
Violent movement
7/20/2015
John 3:16
211
The Baroque Period

Perhaps greatest
figure of the baroque
was Italian architect
and sculptor Gian
Lorenzo Bernini
 Completed Saint
Peter’s Basilica at the
Vatican
7/20/2015
John 3:16
212
The Baroque Period

Action, exuberance,
profusion, and
dramatic effects
mark the works of
Bernini

Throne of Saint
Peter
7/20/2015
John 3:16
213
The Baroque Period

In his most striking
sculptural work,
Ecstacy of Saint
Theresa, Bernini
depicts a moment of
mystical experience
in the life of the 16th
century saint
7/20/2015
John 3:16
214
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680
7/20/2015
John 3:16
215
The Baroque Period

Artemisia Gentilischi
 Successful career as
painter
 At 23, first woman
elected to Florentine
Academy of Design
 Known for pictures of
heroines from Old
Testament
 Judith Beheading
Holofernes
7/20/2015
John 3:16
216
French Classicism


Second half of 17th
century, France
replaced Italy as
cultural center of
Europe
Preferred High
Renaissance
Classicism
7/20/2015

Classicism
 Clarity
 Simplicity
 Balance
 Harmony of design
 Rejected baroque
emotionalism
 Grande portrayal of
noble subjects
John 3:16
217
French Classicism

Nicholas Poussin
exemplified French
Classicism
principles in his
paintings
7/20/2015
John 3:16
218
Dutch Realism


Wealthy Dutch
patricians and
burghers
commissioned
works for buildings
Not classical or
baroque, Dutch
were interested in
realistic portrayal of
secular life
7/20/2015
John 3:16
219
Dutch Realism

Rembrandt became
more introspective
as he grew older
 Refused to follow
secular “road”
 Half of his paintings
are Biblical
 He is the one great
Protestant painter of
the 17th century
7/20/2015
John 3:16
220
Dutch Realism

Judith Leyster
 Portrayed everyday
Dutch life in her
paintings
 Self-Portrait is the
essence of
introspection
7/20/2015
John 3:16
221
A Wondrous Age of Theater


Except for academic
fields, Latin was no
longer the universal
language
Greatest English
theater is called
Elizabethan
7/20/2015


Much of cultural
flowering of English
culture was during
reign of Queen
Elizabeth
Elizabethan
literature exhibits
England
international exploits
John 3:16
222
William Shakespeare

William
Shakespeare
 “Complete man of the
theater”
 Writer, actor, and
company shareholder
 Long recognized as a
universal genius
 Master of English
language
7/20/2015
John 3:16
223
William Shakespeare

Language
proficiency was
matched by his
insight into human
psychology
7/20/2015
John 3:16
224
William Shakespeare


In tragedies and
comedies,
Shakespeare
showed remarkable
understanding of the
human condition
Portrait of
Shakespeare being
nursed by two
characters (pictured)
7/20/2015
John 3:16
225
Spain’s Golden Century



Professional
theaters opened in
Madrid and Seville
in 1590s
Lope de Vega wrote
over 1500 plays that
survive today
Picture from one of
his plays, Villains
and Villeins
7/20/2015
John 3:16
226
French Drama


French playwrights
wrote for elite
audience and were
forced into support
from royal patronage
Louis XIV used
theater to attract
attention to his
monarchy
7/20/2015

Jean-Baptiste
Racine followed the
line of Greek
tragedies
 Focused on conflicts
like love and honor or
inclination and duty
John 3:16
227
French Drama

Jean-Baptiste
Moliere
 Enjoyed patronage of
King Louis XIV
 Produced and acted
in series of comedies
and satires

The Paris clergy had
his play Taruffe
banned for five
years
○ Religious and social
world of his time
7/20/2015
John 3:16
228
Conclusion

The divisive effects
of the Reformation
had been
assimilated and the
concept of a united
Christendom was
destroyed by
religious wars
7/20/2015


The door to power
politics was now
open
Secular power of the
state reflected the
changes in 17th
century society
John 3:16
229
Conclusion

Certain
governmental
machinery made it
possible for growing
centralization and
power and more a
move to absolutism

In England, landed
aristocracy gained
power and set the
stage for a
constitutional
monarchy
 Parliament became
focus of power
7/20/2015
John 3:16
230
Conclusion



Concern for power
and expansion led to
conflict
Religious concerns
were losing ground
to secularism
Transition to more
secular Western
civilization
7/20/2015
John 3:16
231