Transcript Key People - Hudson Falls Middle School

Global History and Geography
Regents 2005
Susan E. Hamilton
Global History & Geography

Introduction & Overview of Program
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Test Structure
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Study & Test-taking Strategies
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Thematic Essay Review
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Final Tips
Test Structure
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50 multiple choice questions on ninth
and tenth grade material
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One thematic essay on broad topic
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Several short answer document-based
questions
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One essay based on the documents
How to Study for the Regents
Identify your strengths and weaknesses
and focus on your weaknesses
 Know how you learn
 Break up study sessions in small
chunks of time
 make yourself accountable - have
someone quiz you
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Multiple choice Questions
General social studies/vocabulary
 speaker/quotation
 maps/political cartoon/graphs/charts
 fact/opinion
 cause/effect
 trend/global issues
 outline/main ideas
 chronological order
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Multiple choice strategies
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Read the question carefully. If it is unclear
“translate” it (change vocabulary)
Use word association to make connections
between key words and what you know
If possible, determine whether the question is
asking for a positive or negative answer
Go with what you know
Use process of elimination
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Check your answers
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Positive Global Events/Ideas
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Pax Romana
Magna Carta
Enlightenment
Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
detente
Glasnost
Negative Global Events/Ideas
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Absolutism/ totalitarianism/ fascism
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Armenian Massacre/Holocaust/Cambodian
genocide/ ethnic cleansing in Bosnia/
Rwandan genocide
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Mao’s Great Leap Forward & Cultural
Revolution
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collectivization
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apartheid
Vocabulary translations
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Westernize=modernize=industrialize
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independence=self-determination = nationalism
=autonomy= sovereignty
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traditional = before industrialization
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mercantilism=favorable balance of trade
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imperialism = colonialism
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imperial power = mother country, colonial power
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Marxist socialism = communism/Marxism
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bourgeoisie = middle class
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capitalism= free market, supply and demand
Thematic Essay Strategies
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Study key global and geography themes
Read the task and be sure you understand what is
being asked.
Brainstorm ideas using word association. Think:
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
Make a chart or graphic organizer using the
information provided
Write your essay based on your chart
Reread your essay and add any additional relevant
information
Document-based Questions
Always read the question before you
read the document.
 As you read the document, underline
the answer
 Answer ALL the document questions
using information from the document
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Document-based Essay Tips
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Brainstorm using word association. It is VERY
IMPORTANT to include information relating to the
topic beyond the information found in the documents.
Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
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Make a chart or graphic organizer using the
information provided
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Make sure that you use and cite the required number
of documents. Keep in mind documents are meant to
support your position.
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Be sure you have included outside information(you
may wish to underline this)
Geography & Its Effects
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Natural resources: iron ore & coal in Britain >
Industrial Revolution, diamonds in S.Africa, gold in
Latin America
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Rivers: early civilizations emerge; Nile River in
Egypt, Fertile Crescent
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Water sources: Middle East and Russia
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Island status:
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Japan’s isolation & limited natural resources imperialism & industrialization,
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Great Britain- strength of navy, ports, WWII
Geography & Its Effects
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Monsoons: “feast or famine” of South Asia,
Green Revolution
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Irregular coastline: Italy has many natural
ports, inviting trade & Renaissance, England
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Land Bridge: Korea serves as a cultural
bridge between Japan and China
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Great Eurasian Plain: allowed easy
invasions of Poland and USSR (WWII)
Geography & Its Effects
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Enormous size of Russia: frequent invasion,
difficult to conquer, quest for warm-water ports
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Harsh winter: Russia’s “General Winter”
helped defeat Napoleon and Hitler
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Smooth(regular) coastlines & unnavigable
rivers in Africa: delay European imperialism
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Location of Middle East: cultural diffusion
and conflict over Holy Land
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Oil resources: Iraq takeover of Kuwait, OPEC
Global Problems
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Know location, causes, effects and possible
solutions
– overpopulation
– deforestation
– desertification
– status of women
– nuclear proliferation
– pollution/global warming/depletion of resources
– urbanization
– famine
– terrorism
Turning Points
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Just about any revolution can be a turning
point in a nation’s history
Others include:
– Signing of Magna Carta (1215)
– Fall of Constantinople (1453)
– Voyages of Columbus (1492)
– Collapse of Soviet Union (1990)
– End of apartheid in South Africa (1990)
Political Systems
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Democracy: gov’t by the consent of the
people, protection of individual rights
–
Direct: Athens
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Indirect: Rome
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Parliamentary: Britain & India
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Word association: Pericles, John Locke,
Enlightenment
Political Systems
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Communism: government control of
economy(command), “classless” society
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Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin:
1917-1990
China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949
Cuba, Fidel Castro:1959
Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: 1975
Cambodia: Pol Pot
North Korea: Kim Jong Il
Political Systems
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Totalitarianism/Authoritarian (Stalin)
Fascist (Hitler, Mussolini)
Theocracy/Religious rule (Ayatollah
Khomeini:Iran, Taliban/Afghanistan)
Oppressive dictator (Saddam Hussein)
Autocratic (Czars of Russia)
Absolute rule/divine right (King Louis XIV and
Louis XVI)
Feudalism: local control/strict social
system/lord
Religion & Philosophies
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Hinduism
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India
Sacred text: Vedas &Upanishads
Basic beliefs: several gods, caste
system, reincarnation, karma, dharma,
sacred cow
Impact: caste system remains strong in
rural areas but is weakening in cities, many
Hindus are vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny)
Religion & Philosophies
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Buddhism
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Southeast Asia
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Basic beliefs: reincarnation, nirvana, Four Nobel
Truths
 life
is full of suffering
 suffering
is caused by a desire for things
 suffering
can be eliminated by eliminating desire
 following
the Eightfold Path will help overcome
desire (right thinking and action)
Religion & Philosophies
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Judaism
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Israel, created in 1948
Holy Book: Torah
Three beliefs: monotheistic, God gave
Hebrews the land of Canaan (Israel), 10
Commandments
Spread throughout world as a result of
Diaspora
Impact: Zionism (Jewish nationalism),
conflict in the Middle East
Religion & Philosophies
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Christianity
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Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)
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Holy Book: Bible
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Three beliefs: monotheistic, Jesus Christ as savior,
10 Commandments
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Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Man’s
Burden)
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Impact: Crusades, dominant institution during the
Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin
Luther)
Religion & Philosophies
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Islam
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Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia
Holy Book: Quran (Koran)
Three beliefs: monotheistic, Five Pillars
(faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to
Mecca), Sharia (Islamic laws)
Spread through trade and conquest
Impact: Islamic fundementalism in Iran
(1979)
Religion & Philosophies
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Confucianism
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China
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Basic beliefs: Five Basic Human
Relationships, education should be the
road to advancement, filial piety (respect
for family)
Impact: provides social order and
encourages education
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Revolutions
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Neolithic Revolution:FROM nomadic tribes
TO domestication of animals and farming
giving rise to early civilizations
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Commercial Revolution:FROM limited trade
based on barter TO urban centers and new
middle class leading to changes in business
practices(mercantilism & capitalism)
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Scientific Revolution: FROM medieval
thinking TO use of observation and reason
Revolutions
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Glorious Revolution: FROM absolutist
policies of James II TO William and Mary
signing of Bill of Rights limiting power of the
monarchy in Great Britain
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French Revolution: FROM absolute
monarchy of Louis XVI TO democratic ideals
of Enlightenment
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Industrial Revolution: FROM cottage
industry (goods made at home by hand) TO
factory system, women working, higher
standard of living, reform movement
Revolutions
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Russian Revolution: FROM Czarist
autocratic rule of Nicholas II TO communist
rule under Lenin
Chinese Revolution:FROM warlord control
and civil war with Nationalists TO communist
rule under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants)
Iranian Revolution:FROM western rule of
Shah Reza Pahlevi TO Islamic
Fundementalist rule of Ayatollah Khomeini
Green Revolution: FROM limited crop yield
TO double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia
Chronological Events
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EUROPE: Ancient Greece & Roman Empire >
Roman Empire fall> splits > east = Byzantine Empire
(thrives from trade) and west = Dark Ages/feudalism>
Crusades > rise of trade > Renaissance/Reformation
>Age of Exploration > Commercial Revolution >
Absolute kings > Enlightenment > French Revolution
> Industrial Revolution > Age of Imperialism > WWI &
WWII > independence movements in colonies > Cold
War > fall of USSR> EU
More chronological events
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Africa:Early kingdoms (Ghana, Mali Songhai)
> Transatlantic Slave Trade > scramble for
Africa by European nations > demands for
independence after WWII (Nkrumah &
Kenyatta) > tribalism lingers > trend toward
democratic nations
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India: Mughal Empire (Akbar) > British rule >
Gandhi’s independence movement >
partitioning (India & Pakistan) > lingering
tensions
More chronological events
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Japan: Chinese influence > feudal period (Tokugawa
Shogunate) > Mathew Perry visits > Meiji
Restoration(westernization) > imperialism (raw
materials) > WWII > democratic economic superpower
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China: Early dynasties > Opium War > Spheres of
Influence > Boxer Rebellion > Civil War> Communist
Revolution (1949 - Mao) >Great Leap Forward/
Cultural Revolution > Deng’s economic reforms
(1980s) > calls for democratic reforms > Tiananmen
Square massacre
More chronological events
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Russia: harsh autocratic rule under czars >
1917 Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) > Stalin’s
totalitarian rule> WWII > Cold War >
Gorbachev’s Glasnost & Perestroika >
Collapse of Soviet Union> democracy & free
market
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Latin America: Spanish conquest > harsh
rule (encomienda system)> Slave trade >
nationalist movements> military
dictatorships> democratic trend
More chronological events
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Middle East: River Valley Civilizations > Byzantine
Empire > Golden Rule of Islamic Rule > Crusades
– Rise & Fall of Ottoman Empire
– Turkey modernizes (Ataturk)
– Arab-Israeli conflict (Zionism > Holocaust > wars >
PLO > Camp David Accords > Intifada > conflict
continues
– Shah overthrown> Iranian Revolution (1979) >
Islamic fundementalist state> war with Iraq/conflict
with US
– Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait >Gulf War
– Taliban in Afghanistan overthrown by US
Key People
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Nationalists
Communists
Women
Supporters of Westernization
Religious leaders
Ruthless Leaders
Enlightened thinkers
others
Nationalists
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Simon Bolivar, Toussaint L’Overture Latin
America: Jose de San Martin
Italy: Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi
India: Mohandas Gandhi
Africa: Kenyatta(Kenya), Nkruma(Ghana)
China: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek
Middle East: Arafat (Palestine), Ben-Gurion
(Israel - Zionist)
Communists
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Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/
communism)
V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Fidel Castro (Cuba)
Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China)
Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam)
Kim Jong Ill (North Korea)
Women
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World Leaders: Indira Gandhi (India),
Benazar Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda Meir
(Israel), Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain)
Humanitarian Concerns: Mother Tereasa
(India), Aung Su (Myanmar), Rigoberta
Menchu (Guatamala)
Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft
Supporters of Westernization
Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the
Great
 Iran: Shah Rezi Pahlevi
 Turkey: Kemel Aturk
 Japan: Emperor Meiji
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Religious leaders
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Martin Luther
– Goal: to reform Roman Catholic
Church
– Action: posted 95 Thesis, believed in
faith alone for salvation
– Reformation shattered religious unity
in Europe
Religious leaders
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and
western influence and replace it with an
Islamic Fundementalist state
Impact: Iranian Islamic Revolution in
1979. Government required strict
adherence to Islamic law and enacted antiwestern policies, held American hostages
for over one year, women lost rights
Ruthless Leaders
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
 Pol Pot (Cambodia)
 Slobadon Milosevic (Serbia)
 Mao Zedong (China)
 Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
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Enlightened Thinkers
John Locke
 Rousseau
 Voltaire
 Mary Wollstonecraft
 Montesquieu
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Other Key People
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Adam Smith: wrote The Wealth of Nations
advocating laissez-faire capitalism (gov’t
leaves businesses alone)
Machiavelli: wrote The Prince, a handbook
for rulers, “the ends justify the means” & “it is
better to be feared than loved”
Nelson Mandela: first black South African
president, fought against apartheid
Economic Systems
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Traditional: based on barter (trade)
Manorialism:feudal manors (self-sufficient)
Mercantilism: export more than import, led to
imperialism
Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism:
based on profit, private ownership, little gov’t
interference
Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism:
gov’t makes all economic decisions, no
private ownership
Human Rights Violations
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Denial of basic political, economic and social
rights to which all humans are entitiled
– Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in
Russia/Holocaust
– Apartheid: blacks in South Africa
– Untouchables in India
– Students in China (Cultural Rev./Tiananmen
Square)
– Dissidents under Stalin & other communist
leaders
– Urban population in Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)
– Tutsies in Rwanda
– Muslims in Bosnia
– Women under Taliban rule
Early Civilization Contributions
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Mesopotamia: legal system, wheel, irrigation,
cuniform (Sumerian writing)
Egypt: hieroglyphics, medicine, architecture
Phoenicians: alphabet
China:silk-making, gunpowder
Hebrews:monotheism, Ten Commandments
Muslims:algebra, astronomy, medicine
Gupta: zero, decimal, Arabic numerals
Rome: law, aqueducts, architecture
Mauryan: spread of Buddhism, organized
government
Organizations & Groups
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European Union (EU) a growing group made up of
European nations. Its goal is to expand free trade
(no tariffs). Use euro.
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Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Its goal is
to create an independent state in Palestine (conflict
with Israel)
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) Its goal is to control the oil industry by setting
production levels & prices.
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United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote global
peace and encourage economic and social wellbeing.
More organizations
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO):
a growing military alliance between
democratic nations (former communist
nations)
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Warsaw Pact: a counter military alliance
made up of the Soviet Union and its satellite
nations (Cold War)
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North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA): its goal is to promote free trade
between US, Canada and Mexico (pros and
cons)
Nationalism
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Devotion to one’s nation’s
independence
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Groups seeking independence
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Chechyns in Russia
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Tibetans in China
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Kurds in Iraq
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Albanians in Kosovo
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Palestinians in Palestine
Imperialism
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Taking over a territory for raw materials,
markets, power and prestige
NEGATIVE: treated natives as inferior,
exploited natural resources, forced labor
POSITIVE: brought technology, medicine and
infrastructure
AFRICA: Berlin Conference, Scramble for
Africa, MauMau Uprising, lingering conflict
CHINA: Opium War, spheres of influence,
Boxer Rebellion
INDIA: British East India CO., Sepoys, Gandhi
Cold War Events
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War of tensions between United States and
Soviet Union (1945-1990), fear of spreading
communism
Containment/ Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade
NATO & Warsaw Pact: collective security
Berlin Wall
Bay of Pigs & Cuban Missile Crisis
Korean War and Vietnam War
Final Words
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Know you can do this.
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Prepare using effective studying strategies
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Eat before the exam
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Bring pens with you to the exam
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Relax and do the best you can
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Look at the essays first and brainstorm
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Best of luck on the Regents!