Transcript The Invasion and Settlement of North America, 1550-1700

The Invasion and Settlement
of North America, 1550-1700
New Spain: Colonization and
Conversion
• Spanish adventurers were the first Europeans to
explore the southern and western United States.
• By the 1560s their main goal was to prevent
other Europeans from establishing settlements.
• In 1565 Spain established St. Augustine, the first
permanent European settlement in America;
most of Spain's other military outposts were
destroyed by Indian attacks.
• In response, the Spanish adopted The
Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries
(1573) and employed missionaries.
• Spanish rule was not benevolent, and many Indians questioned it.
• In 1610 Santa Fe was established and the system of missions and forced labor was reestablished.
• By 1680 many Pueblos in New Mexico were
faced with extinction; the Pueblos eventually
joined with the Spanish to protect their lands
against nomadic Indians.
• Spain maintained its northern empire but
did not achieve religious conversion or
cultural assimilation of the Native
Americans.
• The cost of expansion delayed the
Spanish settlement of California.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Protestant Movement
–
Over the centuries the Catholic Church became a
large and wealthy institution, controlling vast
resources throughout Europe.
–
Martin Luther publicly challenged Roman Catholic
practices and doctrine with his NinetyFive Theses;
the document condemned the "sale of indulgences"
by the Church.
–
Christians divided into camps of Catholics and
Protestants; after 1517 Christianity was no longer a
unifying force in Europe.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Protestant Movement
–
Southern German rulers installed Catholicism as
their official religion, and Northern German rulers
chose Lutheranism as their state creed.
–
Protestant John Calvin and his Institutes of the
Christian Religion (1536) preached predestination,
the idea that God determines who will be saved
before they are born.
–
When the pope denied his request for a marriage
annulment, King Henry VIII broke with the Roman
Catholic Church and created a national Church of
England.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Protestant Movement
– Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I, combined
Lutheran and Calvinist beliefs; angered by
Elizabeth, some radical Protestants took
inspiration from the Presbyterian system.
– Other radical Protestants called themselves
Puritans; they wanted to "purify" the church
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Dutch and the English Challenge
Spain
– King Philip II wanted to root Protestantism
out of the Netherlands.
– Viewed himself as the right hand of God
ordained to wipe out Protestant error and
restore religious unity to Europe
•
To protect their Calvinism and political
liberties, the seven northern provinces of
the Spanish Netherlands declared their
independence in 1581 and became the
Dutch Republic (or Holland).
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Dutch and the English Challenge Spain
–
In 1588 the Spanish Armada sailed out to reimpose
Catholic rule in England and Holland but was
defeated.
–
As Spain floundered, the Dutch Republic became
the leading commercial power of Europe
–
England's economy was stimulated by a rise in
population and "mercantilism," a system of statesupported manufacturing and trade.
New France: Furs and Souls
• Quebec, established in 1608, was the first permanent French settlement; New France became
a vast fur-trading enterprise.
• The Hurons, in exchange for protection from the
Iroquois, allowed French traders into their
territory.
• By providing a market for furs, the French set in
motion a series of devastating Indian wars.
• French missionaries did not use Indians
for forced labor.
• The French colonial system allowed the
Indians to retain their traditional religious
beliefs.
New Netherland: Commerce
• The Dutch republic emphasized commerce over
religious conversion.
• In 1621 the West India Company had a trade
monopoly in West Mrica and exclusive authority
to establish outposts in America.
• The Company founded the town of New Amsterdam as the capital of New Netherland.
• To encourage migration, the Company
granted land along the Hudson River to
wealthy Dutch men.
• New Netherland failed as a settler colony
but flourished briefly in fur trading.
• The West India Company came to ignore
the floundering Dutch settlement.
• After a 1664 English invasion, New
Amsterdam subsequently accepted
English rule.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Dutch and the English Challenge
Spain
– Mercantilist-minded monarchs like Queen
Elizabeth encouraged merchants to invest in
domestic manufacturing, thereby increasing
exports and decreasing imports.
– The English and the Dutch could now
challenge Spain's monopoly in the Western
Hemisphere.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Social Causes of English
Colonization
– The "Price Revolution," major inflation,
caused social changes in England; the
English nobility were the first casualties of
the Price Revolution
– In two generations, the price of goods
tripled, but income from rents barely
increased, causing aristocrats to lose wealth
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Social Causes of English
Colonization
– Yeomen and gentry gained wealth and were
able to influence politics and give small
landowners a voice.
– Due to enclosures and inflation, many
peasants lost the means to earn a living.
The Protestant Reformation and
the Rise of England
•
The Social Causes of English
Colonization
– Peasants were willing to go to America as
indentured servants; the stage was set for a
substantial migration to America
– As land prices rose, yeomen looked to
America for land for their children
The First English Model: Tobacco
and Settlers
• English merchants became the leaders of
English expansion.
• In 1607 the Virginia Company sent an
expedition of men to North America,
landing in Jamestown, Virginia; the goal of
the Virginia Company was trade, not
settlement.
• Life in Jamestown was harsh: death rates
were high, there was no gold and little
food.
• Tobacco became the basis of economic
life in Jamestown.
• To encourage English settlement, the
Virginia Company granted land to
freemen, established a headright system,
and approved a system of representative
government under the House of
Burgesses.
• An influx of settlers sparked war with the
Indians but did not slow expansion; by
1630 English settlement in the
Chesapeake Bay was well established.
The Chesapeake Experience
Settling the Tobacco Colonies
• James I dissolved the Virginia Company
and created a royal colony in Virginia.
• The Church of England was established in
Virginia and property owners paid taxes to
support the clergy.
• The model for royal colonies in America
consisted of a royal governor, an elected
assembly, and an established Anglican
church.
• Lord Baltimore wanted Maryland to become a
refuge from persecution for English Catholics;
settlement of Maryland began in 1634.
• Baltimore granted the assembly the right to
initiate legislation.
• A Toleration Act was enacted in 1649 to protect
Protestants and Catholics alike.
• Demand for tobacco started an economic boom
in the Chesapeake, attracting migrants, but
diseases, especially malaria, kept population low
and life expectancy short.
Masters, Servants, and Slaves
• The great majority of migrants to Virginia
and Maryland were indentured servants;
most masters ruled with beatings and
withheld permission to marry.
• The first African workers fared even worse
and their numbers remained small.
• At first, Africans were not legally enslaved,
although many served their masters for
life.
• Some Africans escaped bondage by
becoming Christians or working a certain
length of time.
• In the 1660s Chesapeake legislatures
began enacting laws that lowered the
status of Africans; being a slave had
become a permanent and hereditary
condition.
The Seeds of Social Revolt
• By the 1660s the Chesapeake tobacco market
had collapsed and long-standing social conflicts
flared up in political turmoil.
• In an effort to exclude Dutch and other
merchants, Parliament passed an Act of Trade
and Navigation (1651), permitting only English
or colonial-owned ships into American ports.
• The number of tobacco planters increased, but
profit margins were thin.
Puritan New England
The Puritan Migration
• New England differed from other European
settlements; it was settled by men, women, and
children.
• The Pilgrims, Puritans who were "Separatists"
from England's Anglican Church, sailed to
America in 1620 on the Mayflower.
• They created the Mayflower Compact, a
covenant for religious and political autonomy
and the first constitution in North America.
• After having Anglican rituals forced upon their
churches, Puritans sought refuge in America; in
1630 John Winthrop and 900 Puritans
established the Massachusetts Bay colony.
• Over the next decade, 10,000 Puritans migrated
to Massachusetts Bay.
• The Puritans created representative political
institutions that were locally based.
• The right to vote and hold office was limited to
Puritan church members, and the Bible was the
legal as well as spiritual guide for Massachusetts
Bay.
Religion and Society, 1630-1670
• Puritans eliminated bishops and devised a
democratic church structure; influenced by John
Calvin, they embraced predestination.
• Puritans dealt with the uncertainties of divine
election in three ways: "conversion experience";
"preparation"; and belief in a "covenant" with
God.
• Puritans of Massachusetts Bay felt they must
purge their society of religious dissidents.
• Roger Williams and other dissidents founded
settlements in Rhode Island where there was no
legally established church.
• Anne Hutchinson was considered a heretic
because her beliefs diminished the role of
Puritan ministers.
• In 1636 Thomas Hooker and others left
Massachusetts Bay and founded Hartford; in
1639 the Connecticut Puritans adopted the
Fundamental Orders.
• Connecticut government included a
representative assembly and elected governor.
• Connecticut united church and state, but
voting was not limited to church members.
• With the failure of the English Revolution,
Puritans looked to create a permanent
society in America based on their faith and
ideals
The Indians' New World
Puritans and Pequots
• Seeing themselves as God's chosen
people, Puritans tried to justify taking
Indian lands.
• In 1636 Pequot warriors attacked English
farmers who had intruded on their lands.
• Puritan militiamen and their Indian allies
massacred about 500 Pequots, and many
of the Pequot survivors were sold into
slavery
• English Puritans viewed the Indians as
"savages" who did not deserve civilized
treatment.
• Disease, military force, and
Christianization eventually subdued the
Indians of New England.
• By 1670 New England settlers were, at
least temporarily, guaranteed safety.
Restoration Colonies
• Six new colonies were founded or came
under English rule during the Restoration
era (1660-88).
• All were proprietary in form
• Proprietors sought to attract settlers from
the older established colonies
• The Restoration colonies made it easy for
settlers to acquire land
– all promised either toleration or full religious
liberty (christians)
• With the exception of William Penn, the
new proprietors were Cavaliers.
– supported Charles II and his brother James,
duke of York, during their long exile.
– Charles was indebted to them
– colonial charter cost the crown nothing to
grant.
• New York: An Experiment in
Absolutism
• West New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
The Puritan Imagination and
Witchcraft
• Puritans thought that the physical world
was full of supernatural forces.
• Between 1647 and 1662, Puritans hanged
fourteen people for witchcraft.
• In 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, 175
people were arrested and 20 were hanged
for witchcraft.
• Popular revulsion against the executions
dealt a blow to the dominance of religion in
public life; there were no more legal
prosecutions for witchcraft after 1692.
• The European Enlightenment helped
promote a more rational view of the world.
• Puritans instituted land-distribution policies
that encouraged the development of self
governing communities.
• Puritans believed in a social and economical
hierarchy: the largest plots of land were given to
men of high social status.
• All male heads of families received some land; a
society of independent yeomen farmers
emerged, and all had a voice in town meetings.
• Town meetings chose selectmen, levied taxes,
and enacted ordinances and regulations.
• As the number of towns increased, so did their
power enhancing local control.
Metacom's War
• By the 1670s, whites in New England numbered
55,000 while Indians numbered 16,000.
• Seeking to stop the European advance, the
Wampanoag leader Metacom forged an alliance
with the Narragansett and Nipmuck peoples in
1675.
• The group attacked white settlements
throughout New England, and the fighting
continued until Metacom's death in 1676.
• Losses were high on both sides, but the
Indians losses were worse: 25 percent of
the Indians' already diminished population
died from war or disease.
• Many survivors were sold into slavery in
the Caribbean, including Metacom's family.
• The defeated Algonquian peoples lost their
land and the integrity of their traditional
cultures.
The Fur Trade and the Inland
Peoples
• The greatest threat to Indian cultures
came from wars and epidemics brought by
the fur trade, nonetheless, the Iroquois
fought to gain control of the fur trade with
the French and Dutch
• The Iroquois allowed a number of Jesuit
missionaries in Iroquoia.
• In 1680 the Iroquois again had to battle for
control of the fur trade.
• Disease, sickness from liquor, and neglected
artisan skills were the fur trade's legacy.
• Constant warfare shifted power from Indian
elders to young warriors.
• The fur trade profoundly altered the natural
environment.
• The Chesapeake colonies came to be
dominated by elite planter-landlords and
merchants.
• Social tensions reached a breaking point in
Virginia during William Berkeley's regime;
Berkeley gave tax-free land grants to himself
and members of his council.
• The corrupt House of Burgesses changed the
voting system to exclude landless freemen;
distressed property-holding yeomen rose in
rebellion against the planter elite.
Bacon's Rebellion
• Poor freeholders wanted the Indians removed
from the lands along the frontier.
• Wealthy planter-merchants were opposed; they
wanted to maintain the Indian labor supply and
to continue trading for furs with the Native
Americans.
• Militiamen began killing Indians and the Indians
retaliated by killing whites.
• Not wanting the fur trade disrupted, Governor
Berkeley proposed building frontier forts.
• Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the
governor's council, led a protest against
Berkeley's strategy; Bacon and his men
killed a number of Indians and triggered a
political upheaval.
• Realizing Bacon's military power, Berkeley
agreed to political reforms and restored
voting rights to landless freemen.
• Bacon's men burned Jamestown to the
ground and issued a "Manifesto and
Declaration of the People," demanding
removal of all Indians and an end to the
rule of wealthy "parasites."
• Bacon's rebellion prompted tax cuts, a limit
to the governor's authority, and the
expansion into Indian lands.
• To forestall another rebellion, laws were
enacted to legalize African slavery.