Transcript Chapter 7

Chapter 7
The French
Revolution and
Napoleon, 1789-1815
Section 1 The French Revolution
Begins
Preview: In the 1700s, France appeared to
be the most advanced country in Europe.
It had a large population, good trade, was
the center of the Enlightenment and its
culture was imitated throughout Europe.
Beneath the surface, though, there
was unrest caused by bad harvests,
high prices, high taxes and ideas
about equality.
I. The Old Order
A. DEF: Old Regime: 1770s, social and political
system of France
DEF: estates: three
large social and
economic classes in
France
B. The First Estate
1. Clergy from the Roman Catholic
Church
2. Owned 10% of the land
3. Exempted from taxes
4. Education and relief services for the
poor
5. Contributed 2% to the income of
France
C. The Second Estate
1. Rich nobles – 2% of population
2. Owned 20% of land
3. Paid almost no taxes
4. Had access to high offices in
government
D. Both First and Second – threatened by
Enlightenment ideals
E. The Third Estate
1. @97% of France’s population
2. Made up of 3 diverse groups
3. Group 1
a. Bankers, factory owners, merchants,
professionals, skilled artisans
b. Well educated
c. Believed in Enlightenment ideals of
liberty and equality
d. Paid high taxes and lacked privileges
e. Felt wealth should bring higher social
status and political power
4. Group 2
a. Tradespeople, apprentices, laborers,
domestic workers
b. Poorest economically
c. Low wages; often out of work
d. Hungry – problems with rising costs –
especially bread
e. Ripe for riots
5. Group 3
a. Peasants
b. 80% of population
c. Paid ½ of income to nobles,
the Church, and in taxes to
the king’s agents (even on
basics like salt)
d. Joined with group 2 in resenting clergy and
nobles over special treatment
3. Began to want change
II. The Forces of Change
A. Growing resentment among Third
Estate
B. Role of the Enlightenment
1. Inspired by the American Revolution
2. Questioned ideas about structured
society
3. Demanded Enlightenment ideas of
equality, democracy, liberty
C. Economic troubles
1. 1780s – economic decline hurt merchants,
factory owners and bankers in the Third
Estate
2. Heavy taxes made it difficult to make a
business profitable in France
3. Cost of living rose
4. 1780s – bad weather = crop failures =
shortage of grain
5. Price of bread doubled and people faced
starvation
6. Government debt
a. Spending by Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette
b. Leftover debt from previous kings
c. Borrowed and spent to help in American
Revolution
d. 1786 – bankers refused to loan the
government any more money
D. Leadership
1. King Louis XVI and
Queen Marie
Antoinette
(from Austria)
2. Indecisive and weak king
3. Marie – big spender and
from France’s enemy,
Austria
4. Louis – tried to tax the Second Estate
a. Forced to call a meeting of the Estates
General – representatives from all 3
estates
b. 5/15/1789 – meeting
at Versailles –
first meeting in
175 years
III. Dawn of the Revolution
A. Estates General
1. Each estate with one vote
2. Met in separate halls
3. First and Second could
vote together
and overrule Third
B. The National Assembly
1. Third Estate wanted changes
a. Wanted all estates to meet together
b. Wanted each delegate to have a vote
c. Would give advantage to Third Estate
– size
2. Louis ordered them to follow tradition
3. Third Estate with spokesman
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes
a. Created National Assembly,
6/17/1789
b. Wanted to pass laws and reforms
c. Proclaimed end of absolute monarchy and
beginning of representative government
d. *First act of French Revolution
C. Tennis Court Oath
1. 6/20/1789 – Third Estate locked out of
meeting room
2. Moved to an indoor tennis court
3. Made oath to create new constitution
4. Joined by some nobles and clergy
members who wanted reform
5. Louis stationed guards around
Versailles
D. Storming the Bastille ( prison and
armory in Paris)
1. Rumors about military force to dismiss
the National Assembly
2. Rumors about foreign troops being
brought in
3. 7/14/1789 – mob searching for
weapons attacked the Bastille
4. Killed the commandant and guards
5. Tore the Bastille down
6. Bastille Day – 7/14
now French holiday
IV. A Great Fear Sweeps France
A. The Great Fear
1. Rebellion spread from Paris to
countryside
2. Peasants broke into manors and
destroyed legal papers binding them
to paying feudal dues
3. Burned down some manor homes
B. Bread Riot
1. 10/1789 – Parisian women – “fearsome fish
ladies” rioted over bread prices
2. Took up weapons and marched on Versailles
3. Demanded that the National Assembly
provide bread
4. Attacked the guards and the king and queen
5. Forced the king and queen to return to Paris
6. **signified a change of power in France
Women March on Versailles
Section II Revolution Brings Reform
and Terror
Preview: The revolutionary
government of France made
reforms but also used terror
and violence to retain power.
I. The Assembly Reforms France
A. August 4, 1789
1. Noblemen met with Third Estate and
discussed liberty and equality
2. Swept away feudal privileges of the
First and Second Estates
3. Ended the Old Regime
B. The Rights of Man
1. Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
2. Influenced by American Declaration of
Independence
3. Declared individual rights
a. Rights – liberty, property,
security and resistance to
oppression
b. Equal justice, freedom of speech,
freedom of religion
4. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” = slogan
5. **NOT for women
a. Ex. Author Olympe de Gouges
b. Called for equal rights for
women
c. 1793 – called
enemy of the
revolution and
executed
C. The Catholic Church
1. Assembly took over Church lands
2. Said Church officials were to be
elected and paid as state officials
3. *Helped pay off France’s huge debts
4. Lost peasant support – very devout
Catholics
D. Louis’s Reaction
1. Louis and family tried to escape to
Austria
2. Caught and returned to Paris
3. Increased the rebels’ power and
sealed their fate
II. A New Constitution
A. 9/1791 – new constitution approved by
Louis
1. Created limited constitutional monarchy
2. Stripped king of authority
3. Created new legislative body – Legislative
Assembly
a. Create laws
b. Approve or reject declarations of war
c. *king could still enforce laws
B. Problems remaining
1. Food shortages
2. Government debt
C. Division in the Legislative Assembly
1. Radicals – seated on left side
a. Opposed monarchy
b. Wanted huge changes in government
2. Moderates – center of hall
a. Wanted some changes
b. Not as much as radicals
3. Conservatives – seated on right
side
a. Wanted limited monarchy
b. Wanted few changes in
government
Antoine
Barnave
Jean
Chapelier
D. Other Factions for change
1. Emigres
a. Nobles and others who had fled
France
b. Wanted to undo Revolution
c. Restore Old Regime
2. Parisian shopkeepers and urban
workers
a. Wanted greater changes
b. Called sans culottes –
“those without
knee
breeches”
III. War and Execution
A. Ideas Spread to Other Nations
1. Monarchs and nobles saw Revolution
2. Feared it would spread in Europe
3. Radicals – wanted ideas to spread
4. Austria and Prussia wanted Louis
restored
5. 4/1792 – Legislative Assembly
declared war
B. France at War
1. Prussia advanced on Paris by
summer, 1792
2. Prussian commander
said would destroy
Paris if royal family
was harmed
3. Parisians’ reaction:
a. Enraged mob attacked Tuileries palace
where royal family was staying
b. Massacred guards, imprisoned royal
family
4. French troops sent to reinforce
battlefield
5. Mobs broke into Parisian prisons and
murdered @ 1,000 prisoners –
September Massacres
Attack by the Parisian Mob
C. Change in Government
1. Legislative Assembly set aside
Constitution of 1791
2. Deposed the king, dissolved the
Assembly, called for election of new
legislature
3. New government body = National
Convention
a. Abolished the monarchy
b. Established France as a republic
c. All adult male citizens could vote
and hold office
d. Women were not allowed to vote
D. Jacobins in Control and Death of a
King
1. Leaders in political organization =
Jacobins
2. Jean-Paul Marat
a. Published newspaper
b. called L’Ami du Peuple
c. Called for death to king’s
supporters
The Death of
Marat
Charlotte
Corday
3. Georges Danton
a. Lawyer, speaker
b. Dedicated to rights of
Parisian poor
4. Death of Louis XVI
a. Reduced to citizen and
prisoner
b. Tried for treason
c. Sent to guillotine 1/21/1793
E. War with Europe
1. French victory at Battle of Valmy –
def. Austria and Prussia
2. 1793 – Great Britain, Holland, Spain –
joined Austria and Prussia
3. French suffered defeats
4. New draft of soldiers – 300,000 men
between ages of 18-40
5. 1794 – army of 800,000 – including women
IV. Internal Problems
A. Enemies of the Republic
1. Peasants – upset by king’s execution
2. Priests – wouldn’t accept government
control
3. Rival leaders –
stirring up rebellion
in provinces
B. Control Through Terror
1. Leader –
Maximilien
Robespierre –
head of Committee of
Public Safety
2. Created “Republic of Virtue”
a. Changed calendar – no Sundays
b. Religion – considered old-fashioned
and dangerous
c. Closed churches
3. Reign of Terror
a. 7/1793 – Robespierre ruling
as virtual dictator
b. Committee of
Public Safety –
formed to protect
France from enemies
c. Used swift trials and guillotine
d. Included former heroes such as
Georges Danton
e. Included Queen Marie Antoinette
f. Included @40,000 peasants and middle
class – about 85%
C. End of the Terror
1. Others in National Convention feared
Robespierre
2. 7/28/1799 – guillotined
Robespierre
3. People upset with time of
terror, high costs of bread,
salt, etc.
D. New Government Created
1. 1795 – created by moderates
2. Power in the hands of the middle class
3. Two-house legislature (bicameral)
4. Executive governing body =
The Directory
5. Appointed Napoleon
Bonaparte as army
commander
Section 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire
Preview: Napoleon Bonaparte, a
military genius, seized power in
France and crowned himself emperor.
I. Napoleon Bonaparte
A. Background and Rise to Power
1. 1769 – born on island of Corsica
2. Age 16 – lieutenant in artillery
3. Joined French army with Revolution
4. With gunners, defended National
Convention in 10/1795 – HERO
5. 1796, General Bonaparte
a. Led army against Austria and
Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy –
victories
b. Led attack on Egypt –
unsuccessful – defeated
by British admiral
Horatio Nelson
B. Napoleon Gains Power
1. DEF: coup d’etat – sudden seizure of
power
2. 11/1799 –
Surrounded
Assembly, drove
out members
3. Lawmakers dissolved
The Directory
4. Created governing group of three
consuls
5. Napoleon was first consul
and took power in a
coup d’etat
6. 1799- Great Britain,
Austria and Russia
allied to drive out Napoleon
7. 1802 – peace agreements signed and
Europe at peace
II. Napoleon Rules France
A. DEF: plebiscite – vote of the people
B. New Constitution
1. 1800, plebiscite approves new
constitution
2. Napoleon receives all power as first
consul
3. 1804, Napoleon crowns self Emperor
C. Domestic Policy (Within France)
1. Supported laws
a. Strengthen the central government
b. Achieve some Revolutionary goals
2. Economic policy
a. New method of tax collection
b. National banking system
c. Outcome: good financial management
and better control of economy
3. Governmental policy
a. Dismissed corrupt officials
b. Established Lycees – government run
public schools
c. Open to all male
students
d. Grads appointed to
jobs on basis of merit
4. Religion
a. Concordat (agreement) with Pope
Pius VII
b. Recognized influence
of the Church
c. Rejected Church control
in national affairs
d. *Gained support of people and Church
5. Legal system
a. Napoleonic Code – system of laws –
equality?
b. Limited liberty, promoted order and
authority over personal rights
c. Ex. – freedoms of speech and press –
restricted
d. Ex. Slavery restored in French colonies in
the Caribbean
III. Napoleon Creates an Empire
A. Loss of American Territories
1. 1789 – Saint Dominique (Haiti) –
planters demanded
rights – NO!
2. Slaves demanded
freedom – NO!
3. Civil war – Haitian leader =
Toussaint L’Ouverture
4. French defeated
5. ***1803 – Louisiana Territory sold to
U.S for $15 million
6. Brought money for European
operations and punished the British
B. European Empire
1. Annexed Austrian Netherlands and parts of
Italy
2. Placed puppet government in Switzerland
3. Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden – allied
against Napoleon
4. Napoleon won – Battle of Austerlitz
5. Forced rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia
to sign peace treaties
6. Only major enemy left = Great Britain
C. Battle of Trafalgar
1. 1805 British Admiral Horatio Nelson – off
southwest coast of Spain
2. Split French sleet –
captured ships – French
loss
3. *Ensured British naval
supremacy for next
100 years
4. *Made Napoleon give up idea of invading
Britain
D. French Empire by 1812
1. Only areas free of Napoleon’s control were
Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman
Empire
2. Controlled other “independent” countries
through puppet rulers
3. Russia, Prussia and Austria – alliances and
threats of military action
4. Huge but unstable empire – lasted from
1807-1812
First French
Empire at its
greatest extent in
1811
French Empire
(dark blue)
French satellite
states (light blue)
Allied states
(green)
Section 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Preview: Napoleon’s conquests aroused
nationalistic feelings across Europe.
Napoleon’s personality and desire for
power led to the end of his reign.
I. Napoleon’s Mistakes
A. The Continental System
1. 11/1806 – French blockade against
British trade with Europe
a. Called the Continental System
b. Idea – make continental Europe more
self-sufficient
2. Destroy Britain’s commercial and
industrial economy
B. Failure of the Continental System
1. Blockade not strong enough – smuggling
2. Countries disregarded the trade laws
3. Britain created its own blockade – better
than France’s
4. **Led to War of 1812 between U.S.
and Great Britain
Clockwise from top: damage to the
U.S. Capitol after the Burning of
Washington; the mortally wounded
Isaac Brock spurs on the York
Volunteers at the battle of
Queenston Heights; USS Constitution
vs HMS Guerriere; The death of
Tecumseh in 1813 ends the Indian
threat to the American Midwest;
Andrew Jackson defeats the British
assault on New Orleans.
C. The Peninsular War (Iberian Peninsula)
1. 1808 – Napoleon sent troops through
Spain to Portugal
2. Spanish protested
3. Napoleon removed the
king and made his brother,
Joseph, king
4. Aroused nationalistic feelings in Spain
5. Aroused fears over what would happen
with the Catholic Church
6. Guerilla warfare in Spain
a. Lasted 6 years
b. France – lost about
300,000 in Peninsular War
c. Spanish were aided by British troops
7.***led to feeling of nationalism in all
conquered areas
D. The Invasion of Russia
1. Czar Alexander I –
selling grain to
Great Britain
2. Concerned over what would happen to
Poland
3. 6/1812 – Napoleon and Grand Army of
@420,000 troops invaded Russia
4. Russians used scorched earth policy and
even burned Moscow
E. Course of Invasion – map p. 235
F. Napoleon and 10,000 forced to retreat
from Moscow in 12/1812
II. Napoleon’s Downfall
A. European Reaction to Russian Campaign
1. Britain/Russia/Prussia/Sweden –
declared war on France
2. Austria joined even though Napoleon’s
second wife, Marie Louise, was Austrian
Josephine
Marie
Louise
B. Napoleon’s Reaction
1. Raised another army
2. Problems – ill-trained and ill-prepared
for battle
3. Defeat – Battle of Leipzig, 10/1813
C. Removal of Napoleon
1. King Frederick William II (Prussia) and
Czar Alexander I (Russia) in control of
Paris
2. 4/1814 – Napoleon
accepted surrender,
gave up throne
3. Napoleon – received small
pension and exiled to island of Elba
Napoleon’s Farewell
D. The Rest of the Story
1. Louis XVI’s brother became Louis XVIII
2. Unpopular leader – people feared he
would undo all accomplished by the
Revolution
3. Napoleon –
escaped from
Elba, 3/1/1815
a. Returned to France
b. Thousands volunteered to help him
c. Became emperor again
4. European Reaction
a. Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) 6/1815
b. British army led by the Duke of
Wellington with Prussian troops
defeated Napoleon
Duke of Wellington
Gebhard Leberecht
von Blucher
(Prussia)
5. Hundred Days
a. Napoleon’s last grab for power
b. Exiled to St. Helena – island in South Atlantic
c. Died, 1821
6. *****Led to need for new order in Europe
Section 5 The Congress of Vienna
Preview: After exiling Napoleon,
European leaders met at the Congress of
Vienna to try and restore order and reestablish peace. Goals were collective
security and stability for the entire
continent.
I. Metternich’s Plan for Europe
A. Who and Where?
1. Vienna, Austria, 1814-15
2. Five “great powers” – Russia, Prussia,
Austria, Great Britain and France
a. Prince Klemens von
Metternich – Austria
b. Disliked the democratic
ideals of the Revolution
c. Had 3 goals for the Congress of Vienna
B. Metternich’s First Goal
1. Prevent French aggression by surrounding
France with strong countries
2. Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic
joined and created Kingdom of the
Netherlands
3. 39 German states – created the German
Confederation
4. Switzerland became independent
5. Kingdom of Sardinia was strengthened by
adding Genoa
Map After Congress of Vienna
C. Metternich’s Second Goal
1. Restore balance of power in Europe
2. France remains as a power, but weakened
D. Metternich’s Third Goal
1. Restore royal families to thrones held before
Napoleon’s conquests
2. Called the principle of legitimacy
3. Return monarchs to stabilize political
relations
E. Outcomes
1. Nations cooperated over political affairs
2. No grudges = possibly no future wars
3. No wars in Europe between the “Big 5”
for 40 years
4. Peace broken by Britain and France fighting
against Russia in the Crimean War
II. Political Changes Beyond Vienna
A. Victory for Conservatives
1. Kings and princes resumed power
2. Some changes – Great Britain and France
were constitutional monarchies
3. Governments in Eastern and Central
Europe were conservative-based
B. Conservative Europe
1. Monarchs worried about revolutionary ideas
2. 1815 – Russia/Austria/Prussia
a. Signed Holy Alliance
b. Agreed to combat forces
of revolution
3. Concert of Europe
a. Series of alliances devised by Metternich
b. Help each other if revolutions broke out
C. Reaction from Liberals
1. France – divided politically
a. Liberals – wanting share of power
b. Peasants – wanting goals of liberty,
fraternity, equality
2. Would lead to revolutions in
1830 and 1848
D. Revolutions in Latin America
1. Napoleon’s removal of the Spanish king
led to revolts in Spanish colonies in the
Americas
2. Peninsulares (Spanish-born) v. Creoles
(Spanish, but born in Americas) – vied for
control
3. Mexico became independent from Spain
4. Brazil declared independence from
Portugal
E. Long Term Legacy of Congress of Vienna
1. Decreased power of France
2. Increased power of Great Britain and Prussia
3. Spread nationalism to Italy, Germany. Greece
and other areas - led to revolutions and new
nations
4. Colonies broke away from Spain and Portugal
5. *Change in basic ideas of power and authority
6. *Democracy seen as way to ensure equality
and justice for all
• Visual Summary – p. 242