Transcript The French Empire

Chapter 7
Pages –
214 to 241
Section 1 –
The French Revolution Begins
I. The Old Order/Regime
• _________ social classes called estates
• 1st two estates had access to _____________ offices & exempt from
_________________________
• 1st two estates also stated that the
_____________________________ were _____________________
& threatened their social status/privileges
• First Estate –
– _________________________________________________
• _________% of population & Owned _______ % of land
• Provided _________________________ & relief services to poor
• Contributed _____ % of their income to ____________________
• Second Estate –
– _________________________, ______% of population
– Owned ___________% of land & paid almost _______ taxes
• Third Estate –
• ________% of population & Paid high taxes
• ______________________ THE ________ TWO ESTATES
• Believed in ____________________________ Ideals & wanted
gov’t __________________________
– Bourgeoisie/Middle Class:
• bankers, factory owners, merchants, artisans, etc.
• ______________________________________
– Urban Workers:
• apprentices, laborers, & servants. Received __________ wages
– Peasants/Farmers:
• made up of __________% of the 3rd estate (_______ mill ppl)
• Paid __________ of their wages to taxes
II. Forces of Change
• Enlightenment Ideas:
– Inspired by ___________________________
– Demanded ____________________________________
• Economic Troubles:
– _______________ made it almost impossible to run a
profitable business
– Cost of living was ____________________
– Widespread _____________ failures = shortage of grain
= price of ______________________= ______________
– Extravagant spending by ___________________________
– ____________ from previous Kings & _______________
– 1786: ______________ refused to lend gov’t money
• Weak Leader:
– Louis ___________
• indecisive
• paid little attention to __________ & his ________________
• Solution to $ problems --- _____________________________
– Marie Antoinette
• Interfered in gov’t
• Gave king/husband ____________________
• Spent too much money on _______________, jewels, gifts, &
___________________________
– in one year she lost the equivalent of $_______________ playing cards
• Built her own _________________ on the Palace of Versailles
grounds
III. Dawn of Revolution
• National Assembly:
– The Estates-General ______________________ Rules…
• assembly of representatives from all ___________ estates
• Each estate’s reps. met in a ______________________ hall to
________________________________________
• Each estate had _________ vote = ______ votes total (no ties)
– 1789:
• ______ estate insisted that all _______ meet together & each
delegate would have a vote
• Would give a huge advantage to the _______ b/c they had
more ____________
• ___________ stated they MUST follow ___________________
– Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes:
• _________________________ & member of 1st estate
• Sympathetic to ______ estate’s cause & enlightenment ideals
• Suggested 3rd estate create the __________________________
which would be able to __________________________ & reforms
– June 17, 1789:
• National Assembly ________________________
• Abolished ___________________________ & started
________________________________________
• First deliberate act of the
________________________________
Tennis Court Oath:
• ______ estate ____________________________ of their meeting
room
• Broke down a door to an
____________________________________ & pledge to stay until
new __________________________ was written
• _____________________ & Clergy who agreed with 3rd estate
joined them
• ______________________________surrounded the Palace of Ver.
with ____________________________________for protection
• Storming the Bastille:
– Rumors…
• ______________________was going to use force against the
________________________________
• Foreign troops were arriving to _________________________
_______________________________
– People started gathering __________________ to
protect themselves & the ______________________
– July _______, 1789 a mob went looking for
________________ & arms at the _______________
(the prison ran by gov’t)
• _____________ guards & seized control of _______________
– Fall of Bastille is symbolic act of ___________________
• July 14th is Bastille Day & celebrated like our
_________________________________
IV. A Great Fear Sweeps France
• Rebellion overcame Paris & then traveled to rural lands
• Rumors…
– _____________ hired outlaws to terrorize ___________
• Peasant Reaction…
– became ______________ & armed themselves with
______________________ & other farming tools
– Broke into ______________________ & burn
________________________ &/or homes
• Price of Bread Rises…
– __________________________ started riots
• Demanded National Assembly provide _________________
• _______________ guards & broke into ___________________
& demanded that the king & queen return to ______________
• Louis XVI _______________ to return, then a few hours later
him & his family left the palace
__________________________________________
Section 2Revolution Brings
Reform & Terror
I. The Assembly Reforms France
• The Rights of Man:
– Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen
• “_________________________________________________”
• _______________ = “liberty, property, security, & resistance to
oppression”
• __________________________ = equal justice, freedom of
speech, & freedom of religion
– Leaders adopted slogan: “________________________”
– Ideals didn’t apply to everyone (___________ excluded)
• A State-Controlled Church:
– N. Assem. Reforms:
• took over __________________________
• Declared that church officials & _______________ were to be
________________ & __________________ as state officials
• Proceeds from land helped pay off ______________________
– ___________________________ hated this reform:
• Stated the church should be ____________________________
of the state
• Believed __________________ should rule over the churches
in France _____________________________________
• Louis XVI Tries to Escape:
– Advisers warned him that he & his family were in danger
– Supporters of monarchy/King _____________________
– 1791, Royal family tried to escape to
_____________________________________
• Marie Antoinette was the Austrian ______________________
– They were _________________ near ______________
& returned to __________________________
II. Divisions Develop
• Limited Monarchy:
– 1791 Nat’l Assem. creates new constitution & Louis XVI
approves it with _______________________________
• Created limited _____________________________________
• Took most of king’s __________________________________
• Created “The ___________________________ Assembly”
– Had power to ________________________________________
– Approve or reject declarations of _______________________
– King still had _________________________ power to enforce laws
• Factions Split France:
– _____________________________ & debt still problem
– Legislative Assem. split into __________ groups…
• _____________________________ –
– sat on left side of hall
– opposed monarchy & wanted LOTS of changes to gov’t
• ______________________________ –
– sat in the center & wanted some changes in gov’t
• _______________________________ –
– sat on right side of hall
– liked limited monarchy & wanted few changes to gov’t
– Émigrés
• ___________________ who fled France wanted to
____________ the revolution and reinstate the
_____________________________
• Wore fancy ______________________________ pants
– Sans-Culottes “________________________________”
• Workers & small _______________________________
• Wanted _________________________ to bring bigger changes
• Wore regular _______________________________
III. War & Execution
– ________________ & _________________ urged
France to restore Louis XVI to an ___________________
– France then ________________________ on
______________________ in April 1792
• France at War:
– Prussians were going to destroy ___________ if the
French revolutionaries harmed the
____________________________ who was being held
in the palace of _____________________
– French became upset. _________________ men &
women stormed the palace, _____________ guards, &
then ______________________ the Royal Family
– Rumors… ___________________ of king in
________________ were planning to break out & seize
control of _________________________
– Result… ___________________________________…
• citizens then took law into their own hands, raided prisons &
murdered over 1,000 prisoners
• VICTIMS – ________________________________________
– Leg. Assem. then…
• declared the king ________________________________
• _________________________________ the Nat’l Assem.
• called for election for a new legislature
– New governing body called “the National _______________________”
» Abolished ___________________ & declared France a republic
» Adult ___________________ granted right to vote & hold offices
• Jacobins Take Control:
– ____________________________
• ________________ who brought on most of the gov’t changes
• Tried Louis XVI for ____________________. He was found
_______________ & sentenced to death by _______________
on Jan. 21, 1793
– ________________________; most prominent member
• Called for death of all those who still _____________________
• The War Continues:
– 1793; ______________________, Holland, &
___________________ became allies with Prussia &
Austria
– French lost many battles & then took action…
• Draft of ________________ citizens between ages of 18 – 40
• 1794 army had over ________________ ppl including women
IV. The Terror Grips France
– Jacobins had lots of enemies in France…
• ___________________________ upset over execution of king
• ____________________ upset over gov’t controlled churches
• rival leaders who were causing rebellions
• Robespierre Assumes Control:
– Jacobin leader who wanted a “____________________”
– Changed calendar into _______ months of _______ days
& renamed the months.
• Had no _________________ b/c radicals stated that religion
was old fashioned & dangerous
– Closed all ______________________ in Paris, then
closed them all over France
– Became leader of the Committee of
_______________________________________
• Purpose – to protect ____________________ from its enemies
• Enemies were tried in morning & _____________ by afternoon
– Governed France almost like a ___________________ &
his rule became known as “_______________________”
• Those who challenged his rules were ___________________;
even fellow radicals
– Around _____________________________ people
– ________________ % were peasants or members of urban
poor/middle class
• Had ________________________________ killed
V. End of the Terror
• Members of ________________________turned
on Robespierre & demanded that he be
________________________
– July 1794 he was ________________________________
• 3rd new plan of gov’t was established…
– _________________________ class had power
– _____________ house legislature
– ___________ people made up the _________________
body aka the ___________________________
– ____________________________________ was made
commander of army
Section 3 –
Napoleon Forges an Empire
I. Napoleon Seizes Power
• Napoleon Facts…
– ________________ tall
– Born 1769 on the island of ___________________
– __________ years old sent to military school
– _____________ yrs. Finished school & became
________________________ in artillery
– During revolution joined army of the new gov’t
– Only took him ____________ years to go from officer to
_________________________________
• Hero of the Hour:
– 1795; thousands of ___________________ marched on
the Nat’l Conven. & he was in charge of defending them
– Attackers fled in panic & Napol. became a hero
– Known as the “_________________________________”
– He then went onto win several victories against
____________________ & Sardinia
• Coup d'état “blow to the state”:
– 1799, __________________ lost control of politics &
confidence of citizens
– Napol. quickly took action, placed troops around the
Nat’l Leg., & then forced them out
- Directory was __________________ & a group of
_______ consuls took power
- Napol. took one spot, took title of
____________________, & became ____________
- He brought an end to the war with Britain, Austria,
& Russia
- 3 nations at war signed peace agreement w/ France
- 1st time in _________ years Europe was not at ________
II. Napoleon Rules France
• Restoring Order at Home:
– Supported rev. ideals & laws that strengthened
________________________________________
– Set up an efficient method of ______________________
– Est. _______________________________________
– Dismissed corrupt officials
– Set up gov’t ran ________________________________
• Male students & graduates were appointed to public offices based
upon merit
– Allowed ______________________back into France
– Created a system of laws called
“__________________________________________”
•
•
•
•
Gave France a uniform set of laws
Eliminated _______________________________
Limited liberty
Promoted order & authority over individual rights
– Freedoms of __________________________________were restricted
– Restored _________________ in the French Colonies of the Caribbean
• Napoleon Crowned as Emperor: 1804
– ____________________ supported this change
– Received crown from _______ at Notre Dame Cathedral
– He put __________________ on his own head
• Signified that he had _____________________________ than
the church
III. Napoleon Creates an Empire
• Loss of American Territories:
– Enslaved Africans in ____________________
demanded their freedom & civil war broke out
• Africans seized control of colony. Leader
___________________________________________
– Sold Louisiana Territory to USA’s _________________
for $___________ million (3 cents per acre) in 1803
• Got money to finance European attacks
• Punish British
– $233 million or 42 cents per acre today
• Conquering Europe:
– Annexed ___________________________ & parts of
Italy
– Set up a __________________ gov’t in Switzerland
– Britain, Russia, Austria, & Sweden joined forces to try &
stop Napol. from conquering all of Europe
• Russia, Austria, & Prussia signed peace treaties with France
due to too many battles lost
• The Battle of Trafalgar:
– Napol. only _________________________– naval defeat
– Off southwest coast of ______________ against Britain
– Forced Napol. to give up plans to
________________________________________
• The French Empire:
– Only areas ___________ conquered by Napoleon were…
• G.B., Portugal, Sweden, & the Ottoman Empire
– Napoleon’s ________________________________…
• Spain, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, & many German Kingdoms
– Those afraid of attack or had an alliance with France….
• Russia, Prussia, & Austria
– Empire only lasted for __________ years; 1807-1812
Section 4 –
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
I. Napoleon’s Costly Mistake
• The Continental System:
– Set up a __________________ to prevent trade &
communication b/t G.B. & other European nations
• Was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient
& destroy G.B.’s commercial & industrial revolution
– Smugglers brought goods from G.B. to Europe
– Napol. allies & family disregarded the blockade
– G.B. started their own blockade & it was stronger
• Neutral ships were stopped, sent to G.B. port, ships were
searched, & then taxed
• ________ declared war against G.B. in 1812 due to G.B.’s policy
• War of _______________ lasted two years
• The Peninsular War:
– Tried to force __________________ to accept blockade
– Sent forces through Spain to get to Portugal
– ___________________ protested & Napol. removed
Spain’s _______________ from power & then put his
______________________ on the throne
– For _______ years Spanish
____________________________ fought French armies
• G.B. sent troops to help Spain
• The Invasion of Russia:
– Czar ________________________ refused to stop
selling grains to G.B.
– Fr. _____________ Army (420,000) marched into Russia
– Russians practiced _________________________ policy
where they burned all fields & killed livestock so enemy
wouldn’t have anything to eat
• Alex I burned down the “_________________” of Moscow
– France eventually retreated b/c of…
• Snow
• Attacks by Russian troops
• Cold temps, exhaustion & hunger killed many
– Only 10,000 French soldiers survived
II. Napoleon’s Downfall
• Napoleon Suffers Defeat:
– G.B., Russia, Prussia, Sweden, & Austria declared war on France
• Napol. was married to Marie Louise – _____________________ Princess
– Napol. raised another army, but they were untrained
– Within _______ months the Kings of ________________ &
________________ were parading in Paris with their troops
– April 1814 Napol. accepted the terms of __________________
• Treaty of ______________________________________________
– Gave up throne
– Given a small pension
– Banished to a small island off the coast Italy called _______
• The Hundred Days:
– Louis _______ took the throne & was VERY unpopular
• Louis XVI’s ________________ – XVI’s son died in prison
– March 1815; Napol. __________________ from Elba &
excited citizens welcomed him & thousands immediately
volunteered for his army
• Napol. was ________________________ once again
– France’s enemies quickly assembled military & planned
attacks against Napol.
• Napol. was defeated in ______________________________
• G.B. sent Napol. to ___________________(island is S. Atlantic)
& lived their for ________ years & died in 1821 of stomach
ailment (possible cancer)
Section 5
Congress of Vienna
• Congress of Vienna:
– Goal – _____________________________________
– Meeting b/t leaders & only suppose to last 4 weeks
• Went on for _____________________________
I. Metternich’s Plan for Europe
– Five Great powers… Russia, Prussia, Austria, G.B., & France
• Most influential ruler was the ____________________________________,
Prince Klemens Von Metternich
– He _________________ the democratic ideals of Fr. Rev.
– His 3 goals were…
• Prevent future aggression by France – solution surround them
with more powerful nations
• Restore a __________________________________– no
country could be a threat
• Restore Europe’s ___________________________to thrones
• The Containment of France:
– Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Repub. United to form the
Kingdom of the ___________________________
– __________ German states were loosely joined to create
the _____________________________ & was
dominated by Austria
– Switzerland became an _____________________ nation
– Kingdom of ___________________ (Italy) gained Genoa
• Legitimacy:
– Gave powers back to Royal families in France, Spain,
several places in Italy, & many kingdoms in Central
Europe
– Peace lasted in Europe for ____________ years until the
___________________________ War
II. Political Changes Beyond Vienna
– G.B. & France = _______________________ Monarchies
– Eastern & Central Europe = _______________________
– Russia, Prussia, & Austria = _______________ Monarchs
• Conservative Europe:
– “_________________________” created & signed by
Czar _____________________ & Emperor
_________________ of Austria, & King
_________________________________ of Prussia
• Purpose? – alliances based upon Christian principles to combat
revolution
– They were worried that political philosophies of “liberty, equality, &
fraterninity” would cause another revolution in Europe
– “__________________________” created alliance
system for war
– France was politically divided…
• ______________________________________
– Wanted Louis XVIII on throne & wanted monarchy to stay
• _____________________________
– Wanted king to share more power w/ legislature
• __________________________________
– Believed in Rev. ideals of liberty, equality, & fraternity
» Brought about new revs. in 1830 & 1848