Transcript Imperialism - Moore Public Schools

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Ch. 12 Sec. 1
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Vocabulary Focus
 Imperialism:
 domination by one country of the political,
economic, and cultural life of another country or
region
 Protectorate:
 country with its own government but under the
control of an outside power
 Sphere of Influence:
 area in which an outside power claims exclusive
investment or trading privileges
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Causes of Imperialism
 1. Economics:
 Industrial Revolution created
needs/desires that caused want for
overseas expansion
 want for rubber, petroleum, manganese,
palm oil
 Hoped for new markets to sale
manufactured goods
 Bankers invested for profits
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 2. Political and Military motives:
 Ships needed ports around the world
to take on coal and supplies
 Nationalism played a role- when one
country moved into an area, other
Euro countries countered to prevent
expansion
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 3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals
 Missionaries, doctors, & colonial officials
believed they had a duty to “spread the
blessings of Western culture”
 4. Social Darwinism
 Westerners embraced ideas of natural
selection and survival of the fittest
 West was superior than other “weaker”
races
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Spread of Western Imperialism
 Weakness of non-western states
 Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China
in decline
 Slave trade weakened West Africa
 Western Advantages
 Strong economies, well-organized
governments, powerful militaries, superior
technology/medicine
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 Resisting Imperialism:
 Africans and Asians especially tried to resist Western
expansion
 Western-educated Africans and Asians organized
nationalist movements to expel imperialist
 Facing Criticisms at home
 Small group of anti-imperialists emerged

Moving toward greater democracy at home, but imposing
undemocratic rule on other peoples
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Forms of Imperial Rule
 1. Direct rule - France
 Send officials and soldiers to administer
their colonies
 2. Indirect Rule – Great Britain
 Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers
to rule, and encouraged the children to
attend British schools- could still use force
if necessary
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 3. Protectorate:
 Local rulers left in place but were expected to
follow the advice of Euro advisors
 Costs less to run than a colony, usually did not
require large commitment of military forces
 4. Sphere of Influence:
 Area in which an outside power claimed
exclusive investment or trading privileges
 Carved these spheres in China & other areas to
prevent conflict among themselves
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Ch. 12 Sec. 2
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Vocabulary Focus
 Paternalistic:
 the system of governing a country as a father would a
child
 Westerners saw Africans as children in need of
guidance
 Elite:
 upper class
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Africa
early
1800s
 North Africa:
 Sahara and fertile land along Mediterranean
 Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims)
 West Africa:
 Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms
based on the sharia (Islamic law)

Literacy increased, local wars quieted, trade improved
 Inspired other Islamic reform movements
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 East Africa:
 Islam was very influential where in port cities there was
profitable trade
 Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory and copper were
exchanged for cloth and firearms
 Southern Africa:
 Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south

Set off mass migrations and wars- Boer Wars
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Sierra Leone
 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa for
former slaves to live
 Later more freed blacks from US settled in nearby
Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic
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European Contact
 1500-1700 Europeans traded on coast but did not move
interior
 1800s with medical advancements and steamboat- that
changed
 Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand
the people they met
 Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed
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Livingstone Blazes a Trail
 Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years
 Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias
 To end slave trade- open interior to Christianity and
trade
 1869- Henry Stanley tracked him down
 “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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Scramble for Colonies
 1884 Berlin Conference
 No Africans were invited to the conference
 Recognized King Leopold’s claim to the Congo- called
for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers
 Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa
unless it had an established government with an office
 Race to colonize Africa had begun
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European Colonies
 Belgians under King Leopold exploited the riches of
the Congo
 Brutalized the villagers and forced them to work
 Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the
Belgium government

better treatment, still exploited
 France extended its influence along Mediterranean
into Tunisia, as well as West and Central Africa
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 Britain’s land was scattered but was more heavily
populated than France’s
 West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan
 In south Africa, Britain clashed with the Boers
(decedents of Dutch settlers)- forcing the Boers to move
north
 Late 1800s: Boers found gold and diamonds
 led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost
(Boer War)
 Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation
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 Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique
 Italy: Libya and into the “horn”
 Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and
Togo
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African Resist Imperialism
 French fought Samori Toure who led Algerians
 British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in
the west
 Germans fought against the Yao and Herero
 Ethiopia succeeded in resisting Euro colonization
under Menelik II
 Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians
 Only independent nation besides Liberia
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Chapt. 10 Sec. 2
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Vocabulary Focus
 Kulturkampf
 Bismarck’s “Battle for Civilization” in which his goal was
to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their
allegiance to the Church
 Social Welfare
 Programs to help certain groups of people
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Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
 Germany possessed many of the industrial factors-
behind Great Britain
 Disciplined and educated workforce helped the
economy
 Rapid population growth provided huge home
market/workforce
 Government supported applied sciences and promoted
economic development
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The Iron Chancellor
 Otto von Bismarck became first
Chancellor of the newly unified German
empire
 Pursued several foreign-policy goals
 Wanted to keep France weak while building strong links with
Austria and Russia
 Respected British Navy but did not compete with them
 Domestic policies dealt with:
 Sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the
imperial state
 Targeted Catholic Church and the Socialists
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Campaign against the Church and
Socialists
 Campaign against the Church:
 Catholics made up about a third of the German population
 Bismarck distrusted Catholics- especially the clergy- whose
first loyalty was to the Pope instead of the state
 Launched Kulturkampf “Battle for Civilization”- his goal was
to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to
the Church
 His moves against the Church backfired- the faithful rallied
behind the Church and the Catholic party gained strength in
the Reichstag

Bismarck admitted his mistake and worked to make peace with
theChurch
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 Campaign against the Socialists:
 Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the
loyalty of German workers and turn them toward
revolution
 Had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut
down their newspapers, and banned their meetings
 His plan backfired again- workers were unified in
support of the socialist cause
 Bismarck then set out to “woo” workers away from
socialism- he became a pioneer in social reform

Workers benefitted from Bismarck’s plan but still did not
abandon socialism
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Kaiser William II
 1888 William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser
 Supremely confident and sought to put his own stamp
on Germany
 1890- asked Otto von Bismarck to resign- “There is
only one master in the Reich, and that is I.”
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 William resisted efforts to introduce democratic
reforms
 His government did provide programs for social welfare,
cheap transportation, excellent public school education
 Spent lavish amounts of German money on German
military- already the most powerful in Europe
 Also launched a campaign to expand the German Navy-
won an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and
France
 His ambitious and aggressive military stance increased
tensions on the eve of World War I
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Ch. 13 Sec. 1
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Japan Opens Up
 July 1853 American ships under Matthew Perry landed
in Tokyo Bay
 Letter from President Fillmore demanded Japan open its
borders to trade
 Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854- Japan agreed to open two
ports to American ships, but not for trade

US quickly won rights on trade, extraterritoriality, and low
taxes on American imports
 Led to social and economic unrest
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Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
 Under the new emperor- Mutsuhito (took the name
Meiji meaning “enlightened rule”) the capital moved
from Kyoto to Edo and was renamed Tokyo
 Moto: “A rich country, a strong military”
 Studied Western ways and adapted them to Japanese
needs- invited westerners to teach Japanese
 Created a strong central government from the previous
feudal order
 All citizens were equal before the law
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 Leaders made the economy a major priority
 Encouraged Japanese to adopt western business ideas
 New Constitution ended legal distinctions between
classes
 Distinctions survived, but improved laws for the lower
classes
 Japan modernized with amazing speed
 By 1890 Japan was strong enough to force Western
powers to revise the unequal treaties
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Japan’s Growing Military Strength
 As it grew as an industrial power, its economic needs
fed its imperial desires
 Japan lacked many of the basic resources needed for
industrialization
 Japan focused on Korea- at crossroads of East Asia, it
was already the focus of Russia, China, and now Japan
 1876- Japan forced Korea to open its ports to trade
 1894- competition over Korea led Japan and China to the
First Sino-Japanese War

Japan defeated the Chinese!
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 Ten years later- japan challenged Russia for territory in
Korea and Manchuria- Russo-Japanese war
 Japan defeated Russian troops in Manchuria and its navy
nearly destroyed the Russian fleet
 Japan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it
outright
 Ruled Korea for 35 years before a violence broke out
 March First Movement became a rallying symbol for
Korean nationalists
 By the early 1900s- Japan was the strongest power in Asia
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Ch. 13 Sec. 4
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Economic Consequences
 Suez Canal
 French entrepreneur built it to connect Mediterranean
with Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
 1875 Ottomans could not afford to pay back the loans so
the leader sold his shares to the British
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 Panama Canal
 US wanted to build a canal across Central
America but the Columbians refused to sell the
land
 1903 US backed Panamanians in a revolt against
Columbia



Gave US rights to the land as a thank you
Panama Canal opened 1914
To Latin America the canal was another example of
“Yankee Imperialism”
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Political Doctrine
 Monroe Doctrine
 “The American continents are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European powers.”
 Roosevelt Corollary
 Added to the Monroe Doctrine- The United States
claimed “international police power” in the Western
Hemisphere
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