Transcript Chapter 13: The Great War

Chapter 13: The Great War
1914-1918
CHAPTER 13, SECTION 1
Marching Toward War
• Nationalism was
causing both unification
within countries and
competition among
nations
• A rivalry developed
between Europe’s Great
Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Great
Britain, Russia, Italy,
and France
Rising Tensions In Europe:
The Rise of Nationalism
• The quest for colonies
also caused competition
in Europe
• By 1914, all of the Great
Powers (except Britain)
had large standing armies
and engaged in
militarism- the policy of
glorifying military power
and keeping an army
prepared for war
Rising Tensions In Europe:
Imperialism and Militarism
• Germany’s prime minister,
Otto von Bismarck saw
France as the greatest threat
to peace
• Bismarck formed the Dual
Alliance between Germany
and Austria-Hungary in 1879,
and Italy joined in 1882
making the Triple Alliance
• Bismarck also signed a treaty
with Russia in 1881
Tangled Alliances: Bismarck
Forges Early Pacts
• In 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced
Bismarck to resign
• Wilhelm let the treaty with Russia lapse
and Russia then formed an alliance with
France
• Germany began building a large navy,
causing Great Britain to enter into an
alliance with France and Russia in 1907,
called the Triple Entente
• By 1907 Europe has the Triple Alliance
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)
and the Triple Entente (Great Britain,
France, and Russia)
Tangled Alliances: Shifting
Alliances Threaten Peace
• By the early 1900’s the
Ottoman empire was in
decline and new nations such
as Bulgaria, Greece,
Montenegro, Romania, and
Serbia formed
• In 1908, Austria took over
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
arising huge tensions
between Austria and Serbia
Crisis in the Balkans: A
Restless Region
• On June 28, 1914 the heir
to the Austrian throne,
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
were shot in Sarajevo, the
capital of Bosnia
• The assassin was Gavrilo
Princip, a Serbian and
member of the Black
Hand, a secret society to
rid Bosnia of Austrian
rule
Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot
Rings Throughout Europe
• Austria used the murder
as an excuse to punish
Serbia
• They issued Serbia
several ultimatums to
avoid war, and Serbia
worked to negotiate
• On July 28, 1914 Austria
rejected negotiations and
declared war on Serbia,
beginning World War I
Crisis in the Balkans: A Shot
Rings Throughout Europe
CHAPTER 13, SECTION 2
Europe Plunges into War
• In response to Austria
declaring war, Russia
(Serbia’s ally) mobilized
towards Austria and
Germany
• Germany declared war on
Russia on August 1, 1914
and then on France two
days later
• Great Britain then
declared war on Germany
The Great War Begins
• By mid-August 1914,
the Central Powers
(Germany, AustriaHungary, the Ottoman
Empire, and Bulgaria)
were pitted against the
Allies (Great Britain,
France, Russia, Italy
and Japan) and troops
began marching off to
war
Nations Take Sides
• By the fall of 1914, the war
turned into a bloody stalemate in
Northern France along the
Western Front
• Germany developed a plan for
fighting a two-front war known
as the Schlieffen Plan, which
called for defeating France in
the west and then rushing east to
fight Russia
• When Germany lost the First
Battle of the Marne to France
on September 5, 1914, the
Schlieffen Plan was ruined
The Conflict Grinds Along
• By early 1915, both sides
dug miles of trenches to
protect against enemy fire,
known as trench warfare
• The space between trenches
was known as “no-man’s
land”
• The slaughter reached a
peak in 1916- by
November, each side had
reached more than a halfmillion casualties
War in the Trenches
• On Christmas Eve, 1914, along
the Western front of the war,
troops began to sing Christmas
carols from their trenches
• On Christmas day, German
troops left the trenches and
walked across “no man’s land”
to wish the Allied troops a Merry
Christmas
• Both sides left the trenches and
exchanged presents of cigarettes
and food
• The next day, fighting resumed
The Christmas Truce
• The Eastern Front was along
the German/Russian border
• Russian forces launched attacks
into Austria and Germany at the
beginning of the war
• By August, Germany
counterattacked and more than
30,000 Russians were killed in
the 4 day battle
• Russia defeated Austria early
on, but Austria drove them out
by December 1914
The Battle on the Eastern Front
• By 1916, Russia’s military
was near collapse
• The Russian army was
continually short on
supplies as a result of not
industrializing
• The biggest advantage
Russia had was its large
population
• They continued to send
troops to the front, and
suffered staggering losses
Russia Struggles
CHAPTER 13, SECTION 3
A Global Conflict
• World War I was more
than just a European
conflict
• Australia and Japan
entered the war on the
Allies’ side, while India
supplied troops to their
British rulers
• None of these alliances
did much to end the slow
conflict
War Affects the World
• The Allies decided to attack the
area known as the Dardanelles
in the Ottoman empire to
capture the capital,
Constantinople
• This was called the Gallipoli
Campaign, and began in
February 1915
• Both sides dug trenches and
Gallipoli turned into another
bloody stalemate
• The Allies pulled out in
December 1915 after suffering
about 250,000 casualties
The Gallipoli Campaign
• In parts of Africa and
Asia, German colonies
came under attack and
the Allies won three of
four German colonies in
Africa, as well as their
Pacific island colonies
• The British and French
used their colonies to
help supply troops and
labor
Battles in Africa and Asia
• In January 1917, Germany
announced it would sink any ship in
the waters around Britain. This
policy was called unrestricted
submarine warfare, and Germany
sank several American ships
• In the Zimmerman note, Germany
said it would help Mexico
“reconquer” land lost to the U.S. in
return for an alliance
• The telegram was intercepted, and
on April 2, 1917, the U.S. declared
war on Germany
America Joins the Fight
• World War I soon became a total
war, meaning countries devoted
all resources to the war effort
• Factories produced munitions and
equipment, and every citizen was
put to work
• Governments turned to rationinglimiting the amount of goods
people can buy
• In order to keep up morale,
countries also produced
propaganda, or one-sided
information designed to keep up
support for the war
Governments Wage Total War
• In spring of 1918, a
deadly strain of
influenza emerged in
England and India,
called the Spanish Flu
• By the fall, it spread
through Europe, Russia,
Asia, and to the United
States
• 20 million people died
worldwide
The Influenza Epidemic
• Governments turned
to women to help
keep production at
home going
• Women worked in
factories, offices, and
shops
• Many women worked
on the front lines as
nurses and for the Red
Cross
Women and the War
• By 1917, 5.5 million
Russian soldiers had
been wounded, killed, or
taken prisoner
• The Russian army
refused to fight any
longer
• In March 1918, Russia
offered Germany a truce
and signed the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
The Allies Win the War: Russia
Withdraws
• Russia’s withdrawal from the war
allowed Germany to send all forces to
the Western front
• By May 1918, the German army was
only 40 miles from capturing Paris,
but they were weak
• The Allies launched a huge
counterattack at the Second Battle of
the Marne, and crushed the Germans
• Germany signed an armistice ending
World War I on November 11, 1918
The Allies Win the War: The Central
Powers Collapse
• About 8.5 million
soldiers died in WWI
and another 21 million
were wounded
• The total combined cost
of the war was $338
billion
• Thousands of miles of
homes, farmland, and
entire cities were
destroyed in Europe
The Legacy of the War
CHAPTER 13, SECTION 4
A Flawed Peace
• Delegates of 32 countries
attended the Paris Peace
Conference at Versailles in
January 1919
• The meeting’s major
decisions were made by the
Big Four: Woodrow
Wilson (U.S.), Georges
Clemenceau (France),
David Lloyd George
(Britain), and Vittorio
Orlando (Italy)
The Allies Meet and Debate
• In January 1918 during the
war, Wilson drew up a series
of peace proposals called the
Fourteen Points
• The idea behind the Fourteen
Points was selfdetermination, or allowing
people to decide their
government for themselves
• The last point proposed an
association of nations to
negotiate world conflicts
peacefully
Wilson’s Plan for Peace
• The Treaty of Versailles between
Germany and the Allied powers was
signed June 28, 1919
• The treaty adopted Wilson’s fourteen
point and created a League of
Nations
• Germany lost territory and gained
severe military restrictions
• Through Article 231, or the “war guilt
clause”, sole responsibility for the war
was placed on Germany
• Germany had to pay reparations to the
Allies and their colonies were taken
away
The Versailles Treaty
• The Allied powers signed treaties with the other defeated
nations including Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the
Ottoman Empire
• These treaties led to huge land losses, and many new
countries were created. Austria-Hungary was also
disbanded
New Nations and Mandates
• The Treaty of Versailles did
little to build a lasting peace
• The U.S. rejected the treaty
and signed a separate one
with Germany
• The Treaty of Versailles left a
legacy of bitterness and
hatred with the German
people
• Some Allied powers were
upset they didn’t gain more
land
“A Peace Built on Quicksand”