Transcript WWI
World War I Chapter 25 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution The Great Powers of Europe prior to 1914 • Great Britain • Germany • France • Austria • Russia • Dreikaiserbund-Three Emperor’s League (1873) • Wilhelm I of Germany, Franz Joseph of Austria, Alexander II of Russia • Russo-Turkish War (1877-78)• Bulgaria revolts against the Ottoman Empire • Serbia and Montenegro respond by declaring war on Ottomans • Russia self-proclaims protector of the Slavs and Orthodox Christians • Treaty of San Stefano (1878) • Ottomans defeated and must recognize the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania • Creates a large Bulgarian state (under Russian influence) *Austria did not like the amount of power Russia was gaining in the Balkans and neither did the British; thus increasing the possibility of war *The Congress of Berlin (1878) was called by Bismarck; the “honest broker” to settle the dispute of San Stefano *Treaty of Berlin (1878) replaced Treaty of San Stefano 1. Granted independence for Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania 2. Size of Bulgaria was reduced 3. Austria was allowed to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina (but no annexation) 4. Great Britain gained right to occupy the island of Cyprus *Bismarck intended for the Treaty of Berlin to show Russian dominance over the eastern Balkans and Austrian dominance over the western Balkans, but in reality Austria gained more influence. Treaty of San Stefano 1878 Treaty of Berlin 1878 • Dual Alliance 1879 • Three Emperor’s League collapses after Treaty of Berlin 1878 • Bismarck creates a defensive alliance with Austria • Each would bring mutual aid if either was attacked by Russia • Revival of the Three Emperor’s League 1881 • Bismarck is able to restore this alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia • The alliance was fragile due to the animosity between Russia and Austria over the Balkans • Triple Alliance 1882 • Italy, Germany, and Austria • Italy initiated this treaty due to their anger of losing influence in Tunisia to France • Reinsurance Treaty 1887 • Continued conflict over the Balkans led Russia to not renew the Three Emperor’s League • However Bismarck is able to convince Russia to sign a treaty with Germany only • “benevolent neutrality” in case either went to war with exceptions • Germany attacked France • Russia attacked Austria • Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II 1890 • Wilhelm II/Germany does not renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia; Wilhelm II felt that an autocratic Russia and a Republican France would never create an alliance with each other…oh, how wrong he was • Wilhelm II wants “a place in the sun” • Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 • Secret military alliance; originally aimed at Great Britain’s presence in the Mediterranean • Secret Italo-French Agreement 1902 • Italy would recognize French claims in Africa; and France would recognize Italy’s future claims in Africa • This would help France during the First Moroccan Crisis • Entente Cordial 1904 • Agreement between France and Great Britain primarily over colonial claims • France recognized British claims over Egypt; Great Britain recognized French claims over Morocco Crises Leading to WWI Alliances and the First World War: Triple Entente, 1907 In 1907 Russia joined Britain and France to make the Triple Entente. So by 1914 Europe had divided into two massive superpower blocs. People thought this BALANCE OF POWER would keep the peace. •First Moroccan Crisis 1905 •Wilhelm II/Germany provoked a crisis with France over its claim to Morocco; Wilhelm II said Germany had a stake in Morocco and wanted its independence •Algeciras Conference 1906 •Germany only had support from AustriaHungary •Great Britain, Russia, and Italy supported France’s claim to Morocco First Bosnian Crisis 1908-1909 •Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina •Russia and Serbia are both outraged at this event •Russia and Serbia back down once Germany gives “full support” to Austria •Once again Russia is humiliated Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 •Germany renews objections to France’s claim over Morocco; sends a warship to the area •France relents and cedes part of French Congo to Germany •Germany then recognizes France’s claim to Morocco Attention!!! The Second Moroccan Crisis alarmed both Great Britain and France. So much so that Great Britain begins to concentrate its navy in the North Sea, and France sends the bulk of its navy to the Mediterranean. First Balkan War 1912-13 • Creation of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece) • Balkan League declares war on the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) • Treaty of London 1913 • Austria persuades the great powers (except Russia) to create the new Balkan state of Albania • Russian and Serbia are infuriated-once again both lose influence in the Balkans Second Balkan War 1913 •Serbia did not receive access to the Adriatic Sea that it sought during the First Balkan War; wants part of Bulgaria’s share in Macedonia •Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, and Turkey go to war with Bulgaria •Bulgaria loses and must give territory to Romania; Serbia and Greece get most of Macedonia Alliances and the First World War: The Balkans But Russia was also allied to Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. When trouble erupted in the Balkans in 1914, the nations found their alliances dragged them into war… Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik • The aim of Weltpolitik (world policy) was to transform Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, the acquisition of overseas colonies, and the development of a large navy. We have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall remain our undisputed possession, in order that the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign parts... The more Germans go out upon the waters, whether it be in journeys across the ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so much the better it will be for us. A speech by Kaiser Wilhelm to the North German Regatta Association, 1901. Naval Race 1898-1914 • Between Great Britain and Germany • Germany wanted to expand its navy to 2/3 the size of Great Britain • This plan to increase its navy was sparked by Great Britain’s invasion of the Transvaal and the eventual Boer War • 1902-1910 Great Britain’s navy went through massive expansion to keep its naval dominance over Germany • Technologically advanced ships like the HMS Dreadnought, became the British standard HMS Dreadnought • Haldane Mission-Great Britain sent a mission to Germany to negotiate the number of ships both sides could build; the mission was a failure due to Wilhelm II’s announcement of a naval construction bill to the Reichstag the day before Haldane’s arrival • The naval race would be a primary reason Great Britain would join the Triple Entente • By 1913-Due to financial constraints and increasing tension with Russia, Germany began to focus more on U-Boats than large warships; money was also used to increase army needs along the German-Russian border World War I The Great War The Road to World War I • Nationalism and Internal Dissent • Nationalism • Diplomacy based on national states to bring peace • Led to competition instead of cooperation • Socialist labor movements create fear • Militarism • Conscription • Influence of military leaders • The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914 • The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914 • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28, 1914 • German “full support” to Austria (Blank Check) • Russian mobilization • Schlieffen Plan Who is fighting who??? • Triple Entente becomes the Allied Powers: Great Britain, Russia, France and eventually Italy and the United States • The Triple Alliance becomes the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria 4 Steps to War 1. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 2. Russia begins to mobilize for war with AustriaHungary (defending Serbia) 3. Germany initiates the Schlieffen Plan leading Germany to declare war on Russia and France 4. Great Britain declares war on Germany due to its invasion of a neutral Belgium ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Schlieffen Plan https://www.khanacademy.org/huma nities/history/euro-hist/world-war-Ifighting/v/schlieffen-plan-and-thefirst-battle-of-the-marne The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate • European attitudes toward the beginning of war • Failure of the Schlieffen Plan • First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914 • Russian failures • Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 • Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 • Austrian failures • Galicia and Serbia • Germans come to Austria’s aid The War 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter • Trench warfare • “No-man’s land” • “Softening up” the enemy • Battle of Verdun, 70,000 lost • Battle of the Somme, • Heaviest one-day loss in WWI https://www.khanacademy.org/human ities/history/euro-hist/world-war-Ifighting/v/battles-of-verdun--sommeand-the-hindenburg-line ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Western Front, 1914-1918 The Widening of the War • Ottoman Empire enters the war • Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 • Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers • Middle East • Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935) • Entry of the United States • The United States tried to remain neutral • Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-ihistory/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915 Return to unrestricted submarine warfare January 1917 • United States enters the war, April 6, 1917 • Bolshevik Revolution, 1917 A New Kind of Warfare • New Technology • Airplanes • Machine Guns • Zeppelins • Tanks http://video.answers.com/the-weapon-innovations-ofwwi-355445549 The Home Front: The Impact of Total War • • • • Governments become more centralized Conscription Effects on Economics Public order and public opinion • Dealing with unrest • Defense of the Realm Act • Propaganda • Social Impact of Total War • Labor benefits • New roles for women • Male concern over wages • Women began to demand equal pay • Gains for women The Last Year of the War • Last German offensive, March 21-July 18, 1918 • Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/euro-hist/world-war-I-fighting/v/closing-stages-of-world-war-i • General Ludendorff informs German Leaders that the war is lost • Wilhelm II abdicates, November 9, 1918 • German Republic established • Armistice, November 11, 1918 http://video.answers.com/how-world-war-i-ended-316336777 The Peace Settlement • Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations • Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points • Pragmatism of other states • Lloyd George determined to make Germany pay • Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security • January 25, 1919, the principle of the League of Nations adopted The Treaty of Versailles • Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) • The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18, 1919 • Article 231, War Guilt Clause • 100,000 man army • Loss of Alsace and Lorraine • Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state • German charges of a “dictated peace” http://video.answers.com/learn-about-the-treaty-of-versailles320911248 The Other Peace Treaties • German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern Europe • New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary • Romania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria • Yugoslavia • Compromises will lead to future problems • Minorities in every eastern European states • Ottoman Empire dismembered • Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle East • Mandates • France – Lebanon and Syria • Britain – Iraq and Palestine • United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty