Transcript ap-ch-23-27-ppt-from-smart-notebook

Factors Which Brought About IR
Stable Population - creates a workforce (population
BOOM)
New Technologies - James Watt - effective steam
engine, Locomotives (railroads), steamboat (Increase
quantity of shipment), FACTORIES (24-7), SKILL? decreases,
#1 area of TECH - TEXtiles
Rate of Production - SKYROCKETS, Potatoes
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Inspired by the Enlightenment (Checks and balances MONT)
No taxation w/o representation
Quartering Soldiers
Not being granted the rights of citizens of the British
Empire
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Inspired by Enlightenment
Unfair taxation - exceedingly poor
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette OUT
Maximillien Robespierre IN
REIGN OF TERROR
Napoleon IN :)
POST REVOLUTION FRANCE
(Napoleon and the Cong of Vienna)
Popular Authoritarian (hero)
Continental System (empire w/o Britain)
Napoleonic Code
ALL HE DID WAS WIN (except...)
Sells LAND in US (15 million)
Russia ->Elba -> 100 -> Waterloo -> St. Helena ->
Death
Congress of Vienna
RESTORE THE BALANCE OF POWER (Louis XVIII)
Napoleon comes back
New borders cause future conflict
Consolidation Movements in Germany and Italy
GERMANY - Uniting to not be decimated. Otto von
Bismarck (conservative Prussian)
ITALY - Uniting against common enemy. Camillio di
Cavour (conservative)
BOTH had strong nationalism
Lack foreign territories
KARL MARX and SOCIALISM
Socialism - no classes, everyone is equal.
Revolution of the masses create a classless society
(yay UTOPIA)
2 Classes - BOURGEOISIE and Proletariat
Capitalism = EVIL
EMERGENCE OF LEISURE
People got better $$ and lower hours
Comfort class emerged (middle class)
Extra money = time to do what you want
Sports, pop culture, entertainment (newspapers) VACATION
Women working
RISE OF THE US
Amer Rev
Industrialism = economic strength
MANIFEST DESTINY - LA Purchase and other (1849)
SPAM - Spanish American War
MAM - Mexican American War (5%)
Monroe Doctrine - Europeans should not interfere in
LA
CANADA, AUS, NZ
AUS - Penal Colony, prosperous sheep haven w/ agr
(gold), some self-governance
CAN - Initially French until BR defeat and they are in
Quebec (FR), railroads
NZ - sheep (lots), confilct w Maoris (they give in vs
elimination), parliament
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
asdf
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SCIENCE Freud - subconscious analysis
Darwin - Evolution and natural selection (the survival of the fittest - Social
Darwinism)
Einstein - theory of relativity, etc...
Medicine gets better (vaccines) = population
benefits (GERMS!!!!)
Electricity - Edison gets credit
Lots of inventions
OIL
Alliances and Balkans Holy Alliance
Triple Alliance - GER, ITALIANS, AUS-HUN..ottomans
Triple Entente - France UK RUS
Biggest desire in the Balkans - self-rule (sovereignty)
BALKANS - Area subjected to foreign rule
Nationalism inhibited by imperialism
1.
Factors which brought about the industrial revolution
Population Boom - industrial nations, less disease/conflict, Potato
Famine sends people away, recovery of population, More
products/food available to sustain population, sanitation
Urbanization
Vaccinations
Increase in Factories
INVENTIONS - STEAM ENGINE, Locomotives, boats, etc...
Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts
2.
American Revolution and French Revolution
AMER
Dont like the king
Not Represented, over taxed, quartering (want rights as citizens)
Foreign trade control :(
Inspired by the ENLIGHTENMENT
FRANCE (Louis XVI)
Over taxed, Dont like the king, poor representation
Inspired by ENLIGHTENMENT (via USA)
Robespierre - Head of the Committee for Public Safety (not good
- Reign of Terror)
Replaced by Napoleon
3.
Post Revolution France: Rise of Napoleon and the Congress
of Vienna
Napoleon Bonaparte - POPULAR Authoritarian
Tolerant, Greater equality, education, Continental System,
Napoleonic Code, RUSSIA (cold, scorched earth policy)
EMPEROR->RUSSIA->ELBA->100 DAYS (WATERLOO)->ST.
HELENA (DEAD)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA (Klemens von Metternich)
Groups allied to fix Napoleon's empire. (trying to restore the
BALANCE OF POWER) Louis XVIII
4.
Consolidation movements in Germany and Italy
both brought about by conservatives
greater unity in control of states
GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck - Conservative PRUSSIAN "unified"
ITALY
Camillo di Cavour - Conservative Italian who unified Italy
5.
Karl Marx: Socialism (Communist manifesto)
"The workers have nothing to lose but their chains" - Class
revolution will create a classless society
Two Classes Bourgeoisie - managers
Proletariat - working class
6.
7.
Emergence of Leisure
The Rise of the United States as a Power
8.
9.
10.
Settlement of Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Advances in Scientific Knowledge
Emerging Alliances in Europe and Balkan Nationalism
1.
Dutch Java
Paid tribute to Mataram kindgom
Gained monopoly over spice trade
WARS - Dutch leverage their role in exchange for power
MALACCA - eventually taken by the Brits
Local attempt to retake power (FAIL)
2.
British India
Princes thought they could control Brits (nope)
Calcutta, Bombay, Madras (trade cities)
TURING POINT - Battle of Plassey (Brits defeat despite overwhelming odds)
Mughals??? -> GONE :(
3.
Partition of Africa: European and Africa Conflicts
BERLIN CONFERENCE - 1884
European plan to divide up Africa
Resources, Land, Markets
Racial Superiority, Social Darwinism, Underdeveloped, PATERNALISM
(White Man's Burden)
Resistance: Battle of Isandlhwana (Zulu win)
Maxim Gun
Italy (defeated) and Germany feel slighted
4.
Styles of Rule: Dominions, Dependencies, and Racial Superiority
White Dominions - (CAN/AUS)
LARGE LAND/SM Europeans
Tropical Dependency
Social Hierarchy - Europeans lived in urban areas and exploited traditional
structures
Racial Superiority - White Supremacy was A O K - Cecil Rhodes
In tropical dependencies, there are very few Europeans and much of the
native people survive, but the Europeans rule the population of people. In
White Dominions, there was usually a lot more land than tropical
dependencies and there are mass numbers of Europeans and very little
natives. The contested settler states were a combination of tropical
dependencies and white dominions. Natives and Europeans fought for control
between each other.
5.
Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction
Need for raw materials (TONS MORE)
Rate of production/consumption way up
RAILROADS - Built to move goods from the INTERIOR of colonies
Colonies expected to provide massive amounts of goods
6.
Conflicts and Key Players in South/ern Africa
Dutch established Cape Colony (BOERS forced out by the Brits)
The Great Trek forces Boers inland (est new colony)
Zulu nation/warriors/Bantu tribes rival British power Isandlhwana - Zulu Victory
Rourke's Drift - British Survival
7.
Tragedy and Triumph: Hawaii and New Zealand
Hawaii - First visited by British (Cook). Same issues that occurred in NZ.
Foreigners brought in to work on agricultural estates, become more western
(monarchy) but it was a puppet LILUOKALANI attempts to liberate Hawaii and
the US ends up establishing a "fair and balanced" society
NZ - Maoris decide to FIGHT, European diesase begins to cripple along w
alcohol and prostitution. MAORIS realize they must ADAPT vs FIGHT
From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth
Ottomans were weak as a result of a series of weak rulers
Ottomans were dependents upon European trade network/connection
Reform and Survival
Ottomans were merely surviving
1.
Why did the British support the prolonged existence of the Ottoman Empire?
to prevent spread Russian influence
Old Guard resistant to reforms being pushed by reform-minded educated middle class
Selim III – stressed need for bold reforms (FAILED)
Jannisaries and “old guard” saw changes as a threat
2.
Mahmud II is responsible for defeating/eliminatiting what fighting?
– built new army and defeated Janissaries (SUCCESS)
Initiated western oriented reforms
Ulama (religious leaders) wanted Muslim based reform
Ambassadors to exchange info, western army, education on rise
3.
What type of changes were made as a part of the Tanzimat Reforms?
aimed at western style education, bureaucratic reform, railroads, constitution
Reforms didn’t benefit artisans, merchants (local), or women
Repression and Revolt
New power holders resented by old guard
Abdul Hamid – Ottoman sultan attempts to return to old form of government
He ends up actually changing course and pushing for some western reforms
REMOVED from power in a nearly bloodless coup
4.
Who replaces the Ottoman Sultan following a bloodless coup?
YOUNG TURKS replace sultan and establish Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (1889)
5.
What were the aims of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress?
Continued westernizing
Pushed for even more reform (women, education, etc…)
Sultan retained as figurehead
Factional fights distract from focus
Many of the Young Turks actually wanted to create more state control
Ottoman “power” interrupted by WWI
Western Intrusion and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic
Various opinions with in the Islamic world existed as how to reverse downslide
Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt
6.
Compare the Mamluks to a similar group in another location? (Jannisaries)
Mamluks – elite slave fighting force of Egypt
Crushed by French (Napoleon) because they underestimated him
Traumatic because of the legendary power
7.
Overall, would Muhammad Ali be considered a good or a bad leader in Egypt?
Muhammad Ali – ruler of Egypt
Builds a western style army as first reform
MA – Pushed to increase production of raw materials to stimulate economy
Cotton, hemp, indigo, etc... that Europeans wanted
Wants to reform education (not much happens)
Reform attempts stop expansion
Successors lack reformist mindset and stay to themselves
8.
Did the Khedives look to reform society or maintain traditional structures? (maintain)
Khedives – formal rulers of Egypt until 1952
Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance
Landlord class grew “fat” as a result of increased Egyptian production
Lack of food crops being grown (dependent on others for this)
Khedives were poor leaders
Amassed huge debt to Europeans
Lose control of Suez Canal
9.
What country buys “shares” of the Suez Canal?
Brits buy “shares” of the canal
Ahmad Orabi resists khedival “selling out” but he is put down thus solidifying their status
Egypt not formally colonized but Britain Controls them
Khedives were puppets of the British
Jihad: The Madhist Movement
Center of Egyptian civilization in Sudan – Khartoum
Egyptian regime was CORRUPT
10.
Muhammad Achmad believed to be the Madhi
Leads a jihad against Egyptians and Europeans
Even after his death, Madhist armies continue to push for Islamic reform
11.
The Jihadist movement in Sudan is eventually put down with the use of what new weapon?
Jihadist movement eventually put down by MACHINE GUNS
The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Emp
Nurhachi – leads Manchu people (Northeastern China) to rise against Ming Dynasty
Manchu slowly adopt Chinese practices
12.
The Manchu felt strong about keeping SCHOLAR-OFFICIALS as part of the bureaucracy
Retained exam system
Practiced Confucianism
Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule
Determined to preserve Chinese political system
13.
Did women see better treatment or worse under the Qing Dynasty?
Worse
Women – confined to household
Male control strong
Female infanticide up
Good women bore sons
Women run house
Taxes lowered
Public work projects rise (irrigation, canals, dikes, roadways, etc…)
14.
The least amount of control in Qing society was over what class?
LEAST CONTROL Exercised over merchants and commercial trade
Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration
15.
Briefly describe the Civil Service Exam under the Qing dynasty. Had it been successfully reformed?
Exam system “riddled with cheating and favoritism”
Bureaucracy that emerged was poorly trained and not right people for job
Less and les concern for the people
Military becomes weaker
Appears mandate of heaven has been lost.
Remains in power
Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After
16.
Other than people from north of the great wall, who is referenced in the eyes of the Chinese as being b
Chinese viewed Europeans as BARBARIANS
British dissatisfied with a lack of trade power (only silver)
Turn to Opium
Some could be grown in China
More potent form produced in India
17.
What import has a drastic impact on the effectivness on the Chinese bureaucracy?
Chinese strength decreases as a result of more people being on OPIUM
Chinese realize what it does to their society
Agricultural production down
Mainly something that was used by officials
Opium war
18.
Who wins the Opium wars?
DISPUTE over who should control trade in China
Britain Wins
1838 – 1% of china’s 400 million population addicted to Opium
19.
Was Lin Zexu famous for being additct to opium or opposed to it?
Lin Zexu orders destruction of opium
Europeans want money back
Outcome: Brits win OW and get influence in Britain
A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms
Taping Rebellion (one that got more foreign influence in certain areas)
20.
What is the name of the movement to strengthen China and counter western influence?
Self – strengthening movement – aimed at countering the challenge from the West (opposite of westernization)
Boxer Rebellion (cut down only by intervention by other imperial powers
Failure becomes a point of inspiration in the future
The fall of the Qing: the End of a Civilization
Scholar gentry more involved in movements that are emerging
21.
Who leads the Chinese revolution?
Sun Yat Sen
Most powerful, literate leaders of his day
West heavily depended upon
However, needed to take control of their own society
1911 Revolution
By 1911, china Is very unorganized because they have rejected traditional thought