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THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM:
THE MAKING OF A EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER
2011-2012: The Age of Empire
I: The First Age of Imperialism
The First Age of Imperialism

In this section we will cover:

European expansion into America and beyond



Reasons for expansion



Spain and Portugal start things off
Britain and France follow and dominate
Economic dynamism
Mercantilism
The end of the first age of imperialism

Long-lasting effects
Pre-expansionary Interactions

Europeans explored
prior to the Age of
Imperialism



The Roman Empire
The Crusades
Power was not
concentrated in Europe


The Ming Dynasty and
The
Ottoman
Empire
Admiral
Cheng-Ho
Portugal and Spain Take the Lead

Portugal began
exploring early in the
15th century




Prince Henry the
Navigator
The Fortunate Isles
Capo Blanco
Spain soon followed
suit

Captured Portuguese
possessions
Continuing Expansion

Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama
changed the face of exploration



Columbus’s “discovery”
of America in 1492
Da Gama’s 1498 arrival
in Asia
Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World
The Company System

Reasons for existence



Lack of government
financing
Economic opportunity
Examples




British companies
The VOC
The French
Others
New World Colonies

Spanish exploration
and colonization



Herman Cortes and
Mexico
Francisco Pizarro and
Peru
France later explored
North America


Jacques Cartier
Réné de Laudonnière
and St John’s River
Dutch Expansion

Dutch success in Asia


Dutch trading
companies



Indonesia
The VOC
The WIC
Success throughout
the world


Africa
North America
British Divided Attention

Uninterested in the
New World



Henry VII and domestic
issues during
Henry VIII broke with
the Catholic Church
Establishing a
domestic empire


Modern English
imperialism
Subduing Scotland
Ireland

Plantation idea


Acceleration of Irish
colonization


Thomas Smith
Oliver Cromwell and
William of Orange
1800 Act of Union
Ireland: Precursor to America

Blueprint for British
colonization of
America



Displacement and
dispossession
Many of the same
people were involved
Migrants


Individual economic
self-improvement of
settlers
Single men
Early British Expansion

Exploration



Expansion





John Cabot
Ferdinand Magellan
Economic problems
John Hawkins
Martin Frobisher
John Davis
Thinking about
colonies
Francis Drake

Attacker of Spanish
ships and settlements


Moved to exploration
in 1577



“El Diablo”
Raided Callao and
Lima
Returned to the New
World in 1585
Lost at sea
British New World Colonies

Humphrey Gilbert’s
plan


Roanoke





Newfoundland
Sir Walter Raleigh
Richard Grenville: 1585
John White: 1587
CROATOAN
Moving on from
Roanoke

The end of Raleigh
The Caribbean and Asia

The Caribbean



“(One of) the happiest
most colonized places
on Earth!”
Triangle trade
Asia


Another triangle trade
“Bullion for goods”
A New Epoch in Imperialism

1715 marked the
beginning of a new era




Spain, Portugal, and
the Netherlands
dropped out
Peace of Utrecht
Spain attempted to
keep its empire
France and Britain:
Two superpowers
Economic Dynamism

A myriad of factors
caused 18th century
changes to Europe’s
economy





Growing population
Consumer demand
Innovations
Mercantilism
Military backbone
Dutch Decline

Important
counterexample to the
rise of empire




Greatest maritime power
of the 17th century
Political and demographic
stagnation
Elimination of Dutch
middlemen
Evolved into Europe’s
financial brokers

Paper currency, stock
market, and central bank
Mercantilism

Favorable balance of
trade for the home
country





New inflow of gold and
silver
Adam Smith’s
counterarguments
Use by Atlantic
colonial powers
Exploitation of
overseas colonies
Dependence of trade
Slavery

An economic
foundation



Global trade’s
dependence
New World purchases
An ordeal



Mass deaths
Horrendous conditions
Anti-slavery efforts
British and French Commercialism

The rivalry evolved
during the 18th century





The West Indies
West Africa
North America
India
Key Differences


France: Centralized
colonial control
structure
Britain: Independent
countries
The Great War for Empire

The last large-scale
European war before
the French Revolution



William Pitt


Known as the Seven
Years’ War
French and Indian War
Seizing of French
colonies
Treaty of Paris
The Conquest of India

The East India
Company



Political power over
Bengal


Battle of Plassey
Dual government
Exploitation of rivalries
Parliament seizes
control


India Act of 1784
Lord Cornwallis
Colonial Opposition

Colonial opposition
began in 1808




Joseph Bonaparte
Congress of Vienna
The Monroe Doctrine,
1823
Loss of European
control
The End of the First Phase

1815: The End



America
Foundations for new
European-Asian
interactions
Changing political and
economic factors
Review



Why did Britain not kick off the first age of
imperialism?
How did the company system affect European
expansion prior to 1815?
How did slavery effect the New World colonies?
II: New Imperialism
New Imperialism

In this section we will cover:


The rise of the new “empire”
Europe colonizing the world




India, the Ottoman Empire, and China
The Pacific Rim, Southeast Asia, and Africa
Jules Ferry and his address to the National Assembly
Technological imperialism



Development of weaponry
Steamers
The Suez Canal
Differing Definitions of Empire

Old “empire”


“Empire” version 2.0



New World empires
Liberal empire
Asia and Africa
Version 3.0: “New” and
improved


New imperialism
Social Darwinism
Challenges to the Old Empire

External challenges




Slave agitation
Independence
movements
Loss of control
Internal problems


The antislavery
movement
The Enlightenment
Economic Rationale

Free trade


Capitalism



Elimination of tariffs
Adam Smith and David
Ricardo
Inefficiency of
mercantilism
Economic deterioration


Haiti
Jamaica
The End of Slavery and the Rise of the
Market Economy

The end of slavery



Religious fervor,
humanitarian
sentiment, and
economic support
Abolition of slavery
Rise of the market
economy


Growth of industrial
capitalism
Free, self-regulating
market
Enlightenment Universalism and
Cultural Relativism

Enlightenment
universalism



Common development
path for all societies
Assimilationism
Cultural relativism


Skeptical of supposed
European cultural
superiority
Value in other societies
James Cook and Thomas Macaulay

Captain James Cook



Explorer of the South
Pacific
Possessed morality
inherent in liberal empire
Thomas Macaulay


Law Member of the
Governor General’s
Council
Transformation of
“backward societies”
India

Battle of Plassey



British domination
Economic disaster
Alteration of India’s
economy


Industrialization in
Britain
Abandonment of
subsistence farming
The Ottoman Empire

The Sick Man of
Europe



De facto British colony



Tanzimat
British dependence
The Crimean War
The Ottoman Public
Debt Commission
Disintegration of
cultural cohesion
China

The Sick Man of the
East


The First Opium War




Opium and the trade
imbalance
Seizing Canton
Treaty of Nanjing
Taiping Rebellion
Economic exploitation

No formal colonization
The Pacific Rim and Southeast Asia

The Pacific Rim



Australia
New Zealand
Southeast Asia


Expansion through
India and China
Influence to
independent political
powers
Japan

First occurrence of
European failure


Following the
footsteps of the
Chinese


Escaped implicit and
explicit European rule
Matthew Perry
Fortune reversal


Meiji Restoration
Extension of influence
Early African Interactions


Greatest imperial shift
in the 19th century
More frequent
interactions



Marketplace potential
Potential site for
civilization
Obstacles


Disease
Physical features
European Expansion in Africa

Movement toward
colonization



Removal of obstacles
to penetrating Africa
Public interest
Expansion into the
interior


British expansion
Egypt
Jules Ferry: An Introduction

The man


Head of France’s
colonial expansion
The speech


Address before the
National Assembly in
July 1883
Critics’ voices in the
speech
Jules Ferry’s Address

Economic ideas of
colonial expansion


“Ideas of civilization in
the highest sense”


France’s lack of export
markets
Rights of superior
races over inferior
races
“Ideas of politics and
patriotism”

Increase in global
competition
The Colonial Exhibition

The Exhibition itself




Purposes for being
Marshal Hubert
Lyautey
Focus on information
The Exhibition’s
results
A Historical and an Economic
Perspective

Historical perspective




No systematic
expansion
Internal hostility in early
1880s
World War I
Economic perspective


Forced labor
Land intrusions
Colonial Opposition: North Africa


History of the region
Terrible year of hunger



Albert Camus
Open rebellion
Election of the Popular
Front
Colonial Opposition: North Africa

Algerian resistance


Moroccan resistance


The North African Star
Moroccan Action
Committee
Tunisian resistance



The Destour
The Neo-Destour
Tunis strikes
Technology and the Triumph of
Europe

Technology as the
triumph of Europe



Western conquest of
the world with industrial
technology
Began in the 19th
century
Social history of
technology
The Early Exploration of Africa

The beginnings of
exploration



Portugal
Lacking the means
Disease



Diogo Cäo
Francisco Barreto
James Tuckey
Macgregor Laird



Son of William Laird
The Lander brothers
African Inland
Commercial Company



Niger River expedition
Successful navigation
of the River
Failure of cultural and
commercial objectives
African Disease

“White Man’s Grave”



The United Service
Journal and Naval and
Military Magazine


The Royal African
Corps
British soldiers in Africa
Overall statistics
Philip Curtin’s statistics
Malaria


Chief killer of
Europeans in Africa
“Causes of malaria”



Mal’aria means bad air
Discovery of
Plasmodium
Cinchona bark

Quinine
Steamers


Economic rationale for
Niger River
expeditions
Beyond the Niger
River



David Livingstone
Commandant
Marchand
Importance of the
steamboat
The Importance of Weapons

Hostile African
populations faced by
Europeans


Imperialist history is the
history of warfare
Inferior weaponry of
Africans in the 19th
century

Rapid development of
the firearm
Weapons and Bullets

The smoothbore
musket




Alexander Forsyth
Joshua Shaw
The Brunswick rifle
From firearms to
bullets

The cylindro-ogival
bullet
Early Wars



The Mysore Wars
The Mahratta and Sikh
Wars
Algeria


Abd-el Kader
Marshal Bugeaud
On to Africa!

Stacking the deck



One-sided
confrontations
Henry Morton Stanley
Crushing Africa


General Kitchener and
Sudan
The Battle of
Omdurman
Exceptions to the Rule



Africans occasionally
held back Europeans
Samori Touré
Ethiopia


Bezbiz Kasa
Menelik
The Suez Canal


Ferdinand de Lesseps
Logistical problems




Port Saïd
Long couloir
Élévateur
The canal’s effects

A major global
achievement
Technological Imperialism’s Legacy

Lowering the cost of
European imperialism



Involvement of national
governmental and
lesser groups
Vast stretches of land
included in empire
Economy empires

Cost increased during
the 20th century
Technological Imperialism’s Impact



Historians’ debate
Height of racism under
new imperialism
Legacy of fascination
with innovation and
machinery

Obsession with
technology
Review



What traits characterized the new definition of
“empire” seen in the 19th century?
Did the Colonial Exhibition accurately portray the
position of France’s empire in 1931?
How did technology impact the European
colonization of Africa?
III: Tactics of Rule
Tactics of Rule

In this section we will cover:

The Scramble for Africa






The Berlin Conference
Governing the Colonies
Tactics of Rule Around the World
The Indian Rebellion
Imperial Justifications
“Shooting an Elephant”
Causes of New Imperialism

Technology



Technologies redefined
imperialism
Second industrial
revolution
Nationalism


New incentives to
conquer the world
Emotional appeals to
community and history
Causes of New Imperialism

Economics



Politics



Colonies as markets for
selling industrial goods
Upsetting the previous
economic balance
Primacy of nation-states
Germany and Italy
Culture


Assist the process of state-building
Empire’s symbolic property of the nation
The Berlin Conference


Otto von Bismarck
Establish ground rules
for African colonization


Turning point in
European diplomacy
Centralized power in
Africa
New Imperial Nations

Belgium


Germany




Congo Free State
Otto von Bismarck
Wilhelm II
Portugal
Italy
British Expansion in Africa

Egypt and Sudan


Colonization



The Mahdi
British East Africa
British Cape Colony
South Africa

The Boer War
French Expansion in Africa



West African and
North African
domination
Expansion from
Algeria
French Congo

French Equatorial
Guinea
Intra-European Conflict



Heightened tension in
Europe
The Boer War
Fashoda


Britain vs. France
The Dreyfus affair
The Middle East and India

The Middle East


The Ottoman Empire
India



Jewel of the British
Empire
Crucial part of Britain
Worry over Indian
security
Southeast Asia and the South Pacific

Southeast Asia




Dutch East Indies
British expansion
France in Indochina
South Pacific


Competitive domain
American involvement
China and Japan

China’s decline





The Sino-Japanese
War
The Open Door policy
The Boxer Rebellion
Overthrowing the Qing
Japan’s rise to global
power


Foothold in Korea
Russo-Japanese
victory
New Imperialism


Ideological
foundations distinct
from liberal empire
Gradual abandonment
of Europeanizing nonWestern peoples


Supposed biological
inferiority of imperial
subjects
Rudyard Kipling and
“The White Man’s
Burden”
The Darwinian Revolution

Changing what it
meant to be human



Theory of evolution
Capacity of primitives
Social Darwinism



Fought against the
Enlightenment
Natural selection
Permanence of racial
traits
Eugenics and the Science of Race

Eugenics


Karl Pearson



Unfit groups
Biometrics
“Uplift the masses”
Growth of
anthropology


Stages of human
cultural evolution
Edward Burnett Tylor
Governing the Colonies: Brute Force


Portugal
King Leopold II of
Belgium and the
Congo Free State



Hard labor at gunpoint
Condemnation by
European powers
Official Belgian
commission
Governing the Colonies: The Civilizing
Mission

The French method


Result of multiple ideas




Mission civilisatrice
French chauvinism
Part of the French political
identity
Lesser effect of Social
Darwinism
Mixed results


Destroyed native institutions
Natives viewed as potential
Frenchmen
Governing the Colonies: Indirect Rule

Britain



Indirect rule prospered



Indian Rebellions
Hands-off policies
Lower cost
Gain of legitimacy
Negative
consequences


Cultures did not remain
intact
Cleared the path for
despots
The Indian Rebellion: Overview


Monumental in the
history of the British
Empire
Indian voices from the
rebellion are few and
far between


Incredibly personal
Detail narrators’
personal experiences
The Indian Rebellion: Causes

New rifle cartridges



Cow and pig fat
Religious offenses
Doctrine of Lapse


Lord Dalhousie
Seizure of Oudh
Sita Ram

Sepoy in Bengal army



Captured during the
Rebellion
In charge of
executions near the
end of the Rebellion


Remained loyal to the
British
Saw his own son
Wrote down
experiences in 1873
Vishnubhat Godse




Brahman priest
Travelled throughout
northern India
Met soldiers near Mau
in 1857
Present at Jhansi
during an 1858 attack
Pandurang Mahipat Belsare

Came from a well-off
family



Fell on hard times in
the rebellion
Failed business
ventures
Joined a native army


Nana Sahib
Tough conditions
New Imperialism and Imperial
Justifications

New imperialism



European domination
The scramble for Africa
Imperial justifications


Social Darwinism
Civilizing mission
Edmund Morel

British journalist in the
Congo



Realized the presence
of slave labor
Observations in
Antwerp
The Black Man’s
Burden

King Leopold’s Rule in
Africa
King Leopold’s Rule in Africa

Forced labor




Depopulation
Everyday effects
Infant mortality
Reasons for the
atrocities



Morel sought to
understand
Hope for Congolese
revolt
Lack of European
intervention
The Belgian Investigative Commission

1903 report



Rumors had already
spread
Drastic decline
Belgian control


Atrocities present
Brutal conditions
Shooting an Elephant

George Orwell



Young colonial
administrator in Burma
Internal debate
present
Situation in Burma
perplexed and upset
Orwell


Hated his job
Stuck between hatred
for empire and dislike
for colonial subjects
Shooting an Elephant

Arriving at the scene


Orwell ordered a rifle



Elephant on the loose
Saw the elephant
peaceful
Knew he should not
shoot the elephant
A change of plans


The wills of the crowd
Saving face
Shooting an Elephant

Choosing to shoot the
elephant



Five shots
The slow death of the
elephant
The aftermath



Endless discussion
Divided European
opinion
Orwell’s own thoughts
Review



What were the causes of new imperialism?
What methods of governing their colonies did
Europeans use in the late 19th century?
What lesson(s) did George Orwell take away from
the events of “Shooting an Elephant”?
IV: The End of Empire
The End of Empire

In this section we will cover:


The end of World War II
Decolonization




South Asia and East Asia
North Africa
The Middle East
Post-war immigration to Europe

Multiculturalism
Buchi Emecheta

Nigerian immigrant




Followed her husband
to England in 1961
Represents post-World
War II colonial
migration
Failed expectations
Successful novelist

Autobiography Head
Above Water
The End of World War II



Destabilization of
colonial control
Exacerbated dislike for
imperialism
Widespread rebellion

Algeria, Vietnam, and
Indonesia
South Asia and East Asia

South Asia



First major region to
achieve independence
India and Pakistan
East Asia


Mao Zedong and the
Communists
Korea
North African Autonomy

Tough road to
independence


Not for all
Algeria



National Liberation
Front
Charles de Gaulle
Evian Accords
Independence in the Middle East

A Jewish homeland


Oil



Israel
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Israeli invasion of
Egypt


The secret plan
The fallout
Refugees and Guest Workers

Large amounts of
immigrants


Temporary male
workers



Africans to France
Guest workers
Financial and
economic sense
The end of migrant
worker programs
Ethnic Politics and Civil Rights

Focus on immigration
and race


The economic
downturn’s effects



Panic in Britain
Racist concerns
Bonnet Law
Political activism of
immigrants
Creating a New Culture

Immigration affected
all of Europe



Social policy
Mixing of immigrants
into society
Immigrant
communities

Domestic life and
gender roles
Multiculturalism

Renewed cultural
mixture



Rock music
Eating habits
High culture



Art
Music
Films
Review


In what sense(s) did former colonies experience
freedom during postimperialism?
How did immigrant cultures come to affect
European culture during decolonization?