Transcript No Slide Title

I. Introduction to Insects
A. Exoskeleton
B. Molting
C. Distinct growth cycles
D. Eggs
E. Metamorphosis
II. Growth Stages
A. Simple Metamorphosis
1. Gradual
2. Egg, nymph, and adult
3. Grasshoppers, crickets, thrips, bugs, leafhoppers, & aphids
4. Look like small adults but nymphs do not have fully formed
wings
II. Growth Stages - con’t
B. Complex Metamorphosis
1. Egg, larva, pupa, adult
II. Growth Stages - con’t
B. Complex Metamorphosis
1. Egg, larva, pupa, adult
2. Young stage is the larva
3. Larva look nothing like the adult
4. Larva does the most feeding and is the most destructive
5. Butterfly, moth, sawfly, and fly - adults do not damage
6. Beetle - both larva and adult
7. Adults
Larva
Moths and butterflies caterpillars, inchworms, loopers
leafminers, cutworms, borers,
Beetles
grubs, wireworms, borers, billbugs
Flies
maggots, grubs, leafminers
II. Growth Stages - con’t
Moths and butterflies caterpillars, inchworms, loopers
leafminers, cutworms, borers,
Beetles
grubs, wireworms, borers, billbugs
Flies
maggots, grubs, leafminers
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
A. Respiratory and nervous system
1. Breath through small openings (called SPIRACLES)
in the side of their bodies
2. Some controls work by blocking this opening
3. Central Nervous system - OP and Carbamates
a. Cholinesterase inhibitors
4. Warning - Higher toxicity to humans because of
similarities in physiological structures
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
B. External Structure
1. Insects have a three part body
a. head b. thorax c. abdomen
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
B. External Structure
1. Insects have a three part body
a. head b. thorax c. abdomen
2. Six legs that are attached to the thorax
3. In winged forms, 1 or 2 pairs of wings
4. One pair of antennae
5. Arachnids - spiders, mites, and ticks
6. Body divided into 2 regions - cephalothorax and abdomen
7. Four pairs of legs attached to the cephalothorax
8. No wings
9. No antennae
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
B. External Structure
5. Arachnids - spiders, mites, and ticks
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
C. Mouthparts
2. Piercing and sucking mouthparts
pierce plants and suck liquid materials leafhoppers, stink bugs, aphids, and mites
1. Chewing mouthparts
rip and chew food grasshoppers,
beetles, weevils,
sawflies, and
caterpillars
III. Insect Physiology and Structure
C. Mouthparts
1. Chewing mouthparts
rip and chew food - grasshoppers, beetles, weevils,
sawflies, and caterpillars
2. Piercing and sucking mouthparts
pierce plants and suck liquid materials - leafhoppers,
stink bugs, aphids, and mites
D. Wings
1. Usually only found on adults - number of
2. Descriptive type
IV. Insect Relatives
A. Spiders
1. All spiders are toxic
2. Most cannot bite humans
mouth is to small
3. Most are beneficial
B. Mites
1. Most have sucking mouth parts
C. Symphlans
1. Centipede type root feeder
V. Damage caused by insects
A. Chewing damage - defoliation
B. Internal feeders
C. Sucking pests - plant juices
D. Disease transmission
E. Subterranean feeders
F. Secondary plant pests
G. Plant reaction to insect attack
1. Pine trees - sap (meant to cover or kill the insect
2. Galls
VI. Factors influencing pest problems
A. Unfavorable weather conditions
B. Natural enemies
1. predators
2. parasites
3. parasitoids
VII. Insecticide Classification
F. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Acts as a paralyzing agent which stops
the insects breathing, much in the same way as the
pyrethroids.
b. Most of these compounds are not used because of there
persistence and build up in food chains and environment.
c. Effectiveness - Limited use on some ornamentals for
the control of some mites and borers. Products that
fall into this class but are no longer used, would be;
DDT, Chlordane, and Dieldrin.
VII. Insecticide Classification
G. Others
1. Botanicals
a. Plant derived - Despite being considered as “natural”
and safer, some of these insecticides are quite toxic to
humans. Some can cause severe allergic reactions.
2. Microbial Insecticides
a. Bacillus Thuringiensis - Commonly used in home and
garden applications, and is fairly inexpensive to
produce. Not widely used on turf due to their short
residual activity. This class of insecticides show great
promise for future development.
VII. Insecticide Classification
A. Organophosphates (“OPs”)
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Cholinesterase Inhibitor - an enzyme
helps to regulate the transmission of nervous impulses
b. Chemically unstable and nonpersistent - break down
into nontoxic compounds within a few hours, days,
or weeks
c. Effectiveness - wide range of plant feeding insects and
some mites. Used as both contact and systemic
insecticides with some as systemic in the plant.
VII. Insecticide Classification
B. Carbamates
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Cholinesterase Inhibitor - an enzyme
helps to regulate the transmission of nervous impulses
Cholinesterase inhibition is shorter and reverses easily
b. Chemically unstable and nonpersistent - break down
into nontoxic compounds rapidly
c. Effectiveness - wide range of insects and because of
lower toxicity are commonly used in home and garden
insecticides. Not effective against mites and toxic to
earthworms, honeybees, and beneficial parasitic wasps
VII. Insecticide Classification
C. Pyrethroids
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Acts as a paralyzing agent which stops
the insects breathing - very fast acting and is used at
very low dosages. Little human toxicity.
b. Synthetic compounds which mimic botanical pyrethrum
but provide better control at lower cost. Toxic to fish
c. Effectiveness - Provides almost instantaneous knock
down of flying insects. Most are effective on plant
foliage for a week or more and are nonsystemic.
VII. Insecticide Classification
D. Phenyl Pyrazoles
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Block the passage of chloride ions works as a contact and systemic when applied as a
soil treatment.
b. Synthetic compounds which is represented by
Fipronil (Chipco Choice).
c. Effectiveness - Provides long residual control when
used as a soil treatment. Label for the control of
mole crickets and fire ants in turf.
VII. Insecticide Classification
E. Chloronicotinyls
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Block the passage of the nicotine
receptor sites - works as a contact and systemic when
applied as a soil treatment.
b. Synthetic compounds which is represented by
Imidacloprid (Merit).
c. Effectiveness - Used to control soil and crown
inhabiting turf pests. Effective against insects that are
hard to control with low toxicity to humans and good
environmental characteristics.
VII. Insecticide Classification
F. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1. Mode of Action
a. Nerve poison - Acts as a paralyzing agent which stops
the insects breathing, much in the same way as the
pyrethroids.
b. Most of these compounds are not used because of there
persistence and build up in food chains and environment.
c. Effectiveness - Limited use on some ornamentals for
the control of some mites and borers. Products that
fall into this class but are no longer used, would be;
DDT, Chlordane, and Dieldrin.
VII. Insecticide Classification
G. Others
1. Botanicals
a. Plant derived - Despite being considered as “natural”
and safer, some of these insecticides are quite toxic to
humans. Some can cause severe allergic reactions.
2. Microbial Insecticides
a. Bacillus Thuringiensis - Commonly used in home and
garden applications, and is fairly inexpensive to
produce. Not widely used on turf due to their short
residual activity. This class of insecticides show great
promise for future development.
Walla Walla Community College
500 Tausick Way
Walla Walla, WA. 99362-9267
Bill Griffith
Instructor - Turf Management
Bus: (509) 527-4269
Res: (509) 525-5521
Fax: (509) 527-4572
e-mail: [email protected]