Transcript B - Charleville Gardens

Pesticide Groups
So what is a pesticide?
Pesticide Groups
Insecticides – kills insects
Herbicides – kills weeds
Fungicides – kills fungi
Rodenticides – kills rodents
Bactericide – kills bacteria
Molluscicide – kills snails and slugs
Nematicide – kills nematodes
Pesticide Groups
Avicide – kills birds
Ovicide – kills eggs
Acaricide/miticide – kills mites
Termiticide – kills termites
Piscicide – kills fish
Repellants – repels or discourages pests
Attractants – attracts pests
Hormones – plant growth regulators &
juvenile growth regulators
Insecticides
Used to kill insect pests
Enters insect as contact, stomach or
systemic poisons
Physical toxicants
Protoplasmic poisons
Neural poisons
Cytolytic poisons
Muscle poisons
Herbicides
Used to kill weed pests
Physical toxicants
Auxin-like effects
Metabolic inhibitors
Photosynthesis
inhibitors
Rodenticides
Used to kill rodent pests
Anticoagulants
Benzenamines – affects liver and kidneys
Botanicals – derivatives of plants
Rodenticides
Fungicides
Used to control fungal pathogens
Electron transport chain inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors
Nucleic acid metabolism
inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Sterol synthesis inhibitors
The Killer
Fungus
Repellants
Repellants
Intended to repel pests
Chemical repellants
Efficacy varies
Pest specific
Can also include various devices
Attractants
Attractants
Intended to attract pests
Usually used for trapping
Pheromones, baits, other chemicals
Variations on a Theme
Pesticides can be:
synthetically produced organic chemicals
naturally occurring organic chemicals
naturally occurring inorganic chemicals
microbial agents
Variations on a Theme
Some chemicals not commonly thought of as
pesticides:
chlorine – added to swimming pools kills algae
household disinfectants
insect repellants
plant growth regulators
A Few Words
About
Toxicity
Toxicity
The capacity of a chemical to cause injury
Can be referred to as “potency”
By their nature – pesticides are toxic
They are intended to destroy pests
Not all pesticides present the same hazard
The more toxic – smaller doses are required
Toxicity
Toxicity to humans
Oral exposure (ingesting)
Dermal exposure (skin contact)
Toxicity
Chronic toxicity
long term exposure
Acute toxicity
immediate exposure
Lethal Dose – LD50
Necessary amount of pesticide to kill 50%
of a test population
Oral and dermal LD50
measured in mg/kg
that’s milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of
target body weight
Remember – 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds
Lethal Dose – LD50
Ex. LD50 = 2
2 mg of pesticide per kg of body weight can
be lethal
Determine:
Body weight in kilograms
LD50
Lethal Dose – LD50
Next:
Multiply body weight by
LD50
Ex.
For a person weighing
220 lbs and an LD50 = 2
or
2 mg/kg of pesticide
(2mg/kg) (100kg) =
200mg
or 0.2 grams
Lethal Concentration – LC50
Lethal Concentration – LC50
Concentrations measured in air or water
micrograms/liter
Adjuvants
Materials added to pesticides for various
reasons, inc.:
mixing & application
enhancement
reduce surface tension
extend the life
buffers & acidifiers
Adjuvants
Continued:
reduce drift
compatibility
reduce foaming
attractants
colorants
deodorizers
Pest Groups
Pest Identification
Proper identification
To which category does the pest belong?
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Fungi
Viruses, viroides, and MLOs
A Word About Fungi
Three basic forms of fungi
Pathogenic fungi – disease causing fungi
Saprophytic fungi – decomposer fungi
Mycorrhizae fungi – beneficial fungi forming
symbiotic relationships with plants
Pest Identification
Common names reflect the host organism
Lists of “acceptable common names”
Weed Science Society of America
Entomological Society of America
Most pesticide labels refer to the “common
name”
Invertebrate Pests
Animals without backbones
Includes
insects
spiders, mites and ticks
mollusks
nematodes and worms
etc.
Invertebrate Pests
What do these have in common?
Insects, mites & ticks, centipedes,
millipedes, sowbugs, scorpions, etc.
Arthropods – large group of invertebrates
Arthropododa – “jointed foot”
Small, w/jointed legs and body parts,
external skeleton
Microscopic to several inches
Class Insecta
Life Cycles
Insect life cycles fall into two categories
Simple metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis
Simple Metamorphosis
Young – nymphs or instars
Nymphs resemble adults
Molting increases size
Wings are bud-like and fully form at last
molt
Nymphs and adults live in same habitat
Simple Metamorphosis
Simple Metamorphosis
Complete Metamorphosis
Adults and juveniles differ in form
Larvae often worm-like
Larvae similar in appearance but increased in
size after each molt
Wings develop in final molt
Larvae typically have chewing mouthparts
Adults tend to have sucking mouthparts
Complete Metamorphosis
Pupa forms at final molt
Pupa often covered by a cocoon
Adult emerges form pupa at final molt
Pale in color, wings short and soft upon
emergence
Color develops
Wings extend and harden
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete Metamorphosis
Spiders
Class Arachnida
Two distinct body parts
- Cephalothorax
- Abdomen
Beneficial
Nuisance indoors
Few are dangerous
Mites and Ticks
Class Arachnida
Two distinct body parts
- Gnathosoma
- Idiosoma
Some mites are
beneficial
Ticks are pests and can
vector disease
Two-Spotted Mite
Mites
Mite Pests & Locations
Some common mite
pests
- Fuchsia Gall
Mites
- Two-Spotted
Mites
- Citrus Mites
- Persea Mites
Locations of mite pests
- Undersides of
leaves
- Vegetative and
flower buds
- On fruit
Mite Damage & Controls
Damage
Sucks juices from plant
cells
Stippled appearance to
foliage
Russeting on fruit skin
Can cover plants with
fine webbing
Controls
Miticides or Acaricides
Predaceous mites
Maintenance of plants
Use low N fertilizers
Reduce dust
Control ants
Insects
Class Insecta
Three distinct body parts
- Head
- Thorax
- Abdomen
Wings (if present)
Insect Anatomy
Insect Mouthparts
Vary by species
Used to identify species
Chewing insects damage by chewing or
boring
- Caterpillars, grasshoppers, various
beetles
Piercing-sucking suck juices from plants
Aphids, leafhoppers, scale, thrips, mites,
mealybugs, true bugs, etc.
Insect Mouthparts
Insect Mouthparts
Insect
mouthparts:
a, antennae
c, compound
eye
lb, labrium
lr, labrum
md, mandibles
mx, maxillae
Order Orthoptera
Grasshoppers and Allies
Order Orthoptera
Characteristic – spiny hind legs
Includes grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
Life cycle – simple metamorphosis
Found just about everywhere
Chewing mouthparts
Damage to foliage and new growth, roots
Difficult to control in the landscape
Two-Stripped Grasshopper
Long-Horned Grasshopper
Crickets
Field Cricket
Jerusalem or Sand Cricket
Cockroaches
Order Blattaria
Closely related to
Orthoptera
Divided into two groups
Spiny hind legs
Simple metamorphosis
Chewing mouthparts
Mostly an indoor pest
Contaminate food stores
Spreads disease
Controls
Various insecticides
Traps
Bait stations
Boric acid
Diatomaceous earth
And….
Cockroaches