Transcript THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST, 1450

Renaissance
and
Reformation
1450-1750
AP World History
Unit 3
Europe during the Renaissance
Italian Renaissance



The Renaissance was the rebirth of art and
learning from 1350 to 1600.
Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy
patrons and tried to outdo each other.
City-states sponsored innovations in art and
architecture.


linear perspective to show depth.
Sculptors created natural poses.
Niccolo Machiavelli



An Italian statesman and writer.
Considered one of the most significant political
thinkers of the Renaissance.
His best-known work, The Prince.


Describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for
rulers to gain and keep power.
“Machiavellian”

characterized as unscrupulous,
treacherous, and cruel toward his
political rivals, ”the end justifies
the means”
Renaissance Architecture


Simple, elegant style, inherited from the
classical Greek and Roman style.
Magnificent domed cathedrals.


Brunelleschi's’ cathedral of Florence.
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
Northern Renaissance


Especially strong in France, England, and
Netherlands.
Focus was more on science, math, and
Christianity.



Preferred language was Hebrew.
Strongly supported by the middle classes and
lesser nobles.
Leading figures included Shakespeare,
Erasmus, and Protestant reformers.
Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546)





Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517.
Attacked corruption in Catholic Church
Argument reproduced with the printing press.
Enthusiastic responses from average Christians.
By mid-16th century, half of Germany adopted
Lutheranism.

Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.
Protestant Reformation

Reform spread outside Germany.



Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and
Netherlands.
Scandinavian kings liked the movement because
it removed the Church as a rival.
English Reformation was sparked by King Henry
VII’s desire to get a divorce.
Protestant Reformation

John Calvin.




Organized a model Protestant community in
Geneva in the 1530s.
Calvinist missionaries were successful in France.
Calvinist reformation in Switzerland.
Presbyterian movement in Scotland.
Branches of Christianity
Catholic Reformation

Early attempts to reform

Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early
15th century.


Council of Constance deposes rival popes.
Attempts to assert authority over pope



Initial reforms
Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption.
Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church
in Germany.
Catholic Reformation

Church’s reaction to Luther and the
Protestants.

Charles V and the Church condemned.




Luther was excommunicated.
King Henry VIII condemned Luther.
Inquisition unleashed on the Protestants.
Spanish use government wealth to fund antiProtestant movements.
Catholic Reformation

The Council of Trent.




1545-1563
Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
Attacked corruption
Reaffirmed traditions.

Bible was valued as co-equal.
Catholic Reformation

The Society of Jesus.






Other wise known as “Jesuits”.
Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540.
High standards in education.
Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard
work.
Became confessors and advisors to the kings.
Worldwide missionaries.
Religious Conflicts and Wars.


Wars were as much social and political as
they were religious.
Civil War in France.



French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic
League.
Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles.
Lasted 36 years.


1562-1598
Ended with a new dynasty in France.
Religious Conflicts and Wars.

Spanish Armada



War between Catholic Spain and Protestant
England in 1588.
Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands.
Questions of the heir to the English throne.

Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.
Religious Conflicts and Wars

Protestant provinces of the Netherlands
revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain.



Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands
against Spain.
Eventually split the country into Catholic south
(Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland).
Scottish Presbyterians revolt.


Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret
assistance.
Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.
Religious Conflicts and Wars

The Thirty Years’ War



1618-1648
Most destructive European war up until World War I.
Began as a local conflict in Bohemia.


Devastated the Holy Roman Empire




Mainly the German states.
Lost 1/3 of the population.
The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers.


Eventually involved most of Europe.
Lowering Spain’s power.
Independence for Holland and Switzerland.
German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.
New Religious Map
Scientific Revolution
and
Enlightenment
1450-1750
AP World History
Unit 3
Scientific Revolution

The re-conception of the universe.




The Ptolemaic universe.
 A motionless earth surrounded by nine spheres.
 Could not account for the movements of the planets.
 Compatible with the Christian concept of Creation.
The Copernican universe.
 The sun was the center of the universe, 1543.
 Implied that the earth was just another planet.
Science becomes the new authority and challenges the
faith for control.
Johannes Kepler (1564-1642)

Demonstrated planetary orbits.
Scientific Revolution

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)



Located sunspots, moons on Jupiter, and
mountains on the moon.
Theory of velocity, falling bodies anticipated
modern law of inertia.
Tried by the Inquisition because his ideas
challenged the Papal infallibility.
Scientific Revolution

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)



Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in
1686.
Mathematical explanations of laws govern
movements of bodies.
His work symbolized the scientific revolution.


Direct observation
Mathematical reasoning
Enlightenment





Thinkers sought natural laws that governed
human society.
Center was France.
Theory of progress was a major ideology.
Applied reason and science to society,
government, and laws.
Voltaire (1694-1778)


Considered the father of the Enlightenment.
Religious liberty and individual freedom.
Enlightenment

Adam Smith


Montesquieu


Laws of supply and demand determine price.
Checks and balance in government.
Deism




Accepted the existence of a god.
Denied the supernatural teachings of Christianity.
“God the Clockmaker”.
Ordered the universe according to rational and
natural laws.
Enlightenment

Impact of the Enlightenment



Weakened the influence of organized religion.
Encouraged secular values based on reason
rather than revelation.
Subjected society to rational analysis.


Promoted progress and prosperity.
Applied science to every day life and made
science practical.