Transcript Diet-related disorders

DIET-RELATED DISORDERS
TYPE-2 DIABETES

Diabetes is a condition in which the body is
unable to control the level of glucose in the blood.
Normally this control is managed by the action of
the hormone insulin, which is made in the
pancreas.
HOW DOES INSULIN WORK?

When glucose is released from the carbohydrates you eat, your
pancreas produces insulin, which enables your body cells to
take in glucose. While there is plenty of glucose available from
the meal, insulin works to promote the use of glucose as a fuel
and prevents your body from making new glucose or using fat or
protein as a fuel. Between meals, when there is no food in your
system, the level of insulin is low. This allows your body to use
stored fat and to make new glucose as needed. This keeps the
level of glucose in the blood fairly stable. As the blood glucose
level gets low, more glucose is made. As the blood glucose level
increases after eating, insulin acts to decrease it.
TYPE-2 DIABETES
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin for normal control of the blood
glucose level. This may be because the body has
become insulin resistant.
 Excess adipose tissue can interfere with the normal
action of insulin, so obesity is a risk factor for type
2 diabetes. taken in and the amount used by the
body cells.
 View:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ivR4y03DE#t
=136

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF DIABETES
Dizziness
 Shakiness
 Fainting
 Kidney failure
 Glaucoma
 Cateracts
 Ulcers
 Cardiovascular disease

DIET AND DIABETES
Avoid Foods High In Glycemic Index (GI): Foods
that are made with refined, processed or simple
carbohydrates can adversely affect blood sugar
levels, and should be minimally consumed. Some
examples include:

White bread or white pasta

Desserts made with refined flour

Candy bars

Doughnuts

De-germed white rice

Potatoes that are white and starchy
DIET AND DIABETES
Avoid Added Sugar: Processed foods with added
sugar can also be harmful to blood sugar levels.
Generally, it may be better to look for artificial
sweeteners or sweet products labeled "no sugar
added." Some examples include:

Soft drinks

Fruit juice cocktails

Hot chocolate

Table sugar

Honey or maple syrup
DIET AND DIABETES
Avoid unhealthy fats: diabetics may be at a
greater risk for strokes and heart diseases.
Therefore, it would be a good idea to avoid:
 saturated fats
 trans-fats and hydrogenated oils
It is important to note that an intake of heart
healthy fats, known as monosaturated and
polysaturated fats, are different from the
"unhealthy" fats above and should not be
avoided. In fact, they are actually beneficial to
heart health and help prevent stroke and
cardiovascular diseases.
DIET AND DIABETES
Foods to look for:
 Beans: high in fiber, these legumes
are great sources of magnesium and
potassium. Examples include kidney,
pinto, navy or black beans.
 Dark green, leafy vegetables: low in
carbohydrates and high in antioxidants,
examples include spinach, collard
greens and kale.
 Citrus fruits: oranges, grapefruits,
lemons, and limes are rich in vitamin C
and fiber.
DIET AND DIABETES
Foods to look for:
Sweet potatoes: they serve as great
substitutes for regular potatoes for
starches. Low in glycemic index, it is rich
in vitamin A and fiber.
Berries: high in antioxidants, and can be
a great ending to a meal as a dessert or
a healthy snack. Strawberries,
blueberries, blackberries and goji berries
are some examples.
Tomatoes: versatile in flavor and use,
they are high in vitamin C, vitamin E and
iron.
DIET AND DIABETES
Foods to look for:
Oily fish: steamed healthily, these are
high in omega-3 fatty acids, and are a
nutritious addition to meals. One example
would be salmon.
Whole grains: be sure to eat grains that
still have the germ and bran intact, as
they are high in magnesium, chromium,
omega-3 fatty acids and folate. Examples
include oatmeal, barley and rye bread.
Nuts and seeds: rich in healthy fats that
are satisfying, they also have magnesium
and fiber. Examples include flaxseeds
and almonds.
DIET AND DIABETES
Foods to look for:
Fat free milk and yogurt:
helps build strong bones and
teeth. Many milk and yogurt
products today are also
fortified with vitamin D, a
nutrient important to a
healthy diet.
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
The heart is a muscle
that pumps blood to all
the cells of your body.
The blood carries the
oxygen and nutrients that
cells need to work
properly, and this
includes the cells of the
heart itself, which
receives blood via the
coronary arteries (see
diagram).
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Plaque is a fatty, fibrous material, containing cholesterol, that
can collect on the walls of arteries, narrowing them and leading
to hardening of the artery walls, or atherosclerosis. The
coronary arteries are small and narrow so a build-up of plaque
can constrict them (which causes severe chest pain or angina
pectoris), or block them (causing a heart attack).
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Cholesterol is an insoluble lipid. It is transported
through the body by lipoproteins — either high-density
lipoproteins(HDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
HDLs take cholesterol out of the body; LDLs are more
likely to deposit the cholesterol along the walls of the
blood vessels. This means that the ratio of HDL to LDL
in the blood can affect the risk of plaque formation, with
a lower ratio being associated with a higher risk.
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Factors that encourage a higher
blood level of HDL include:
 physical activity
 the presence of oestrogen
 moderate alcohol intake (no more
than one to two standard drinks
per day)
 healthy weight (overweight and
obese people tend to have a
higher level of LDL).
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Factors that affect the development of cardiovascular
disease include:
 age. Cardiovascular risk increases with age. Middleaged men and postmenopausal women are the most
likely to be affected
 gender. Although older men and women have
similar cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease is
eight times more common in men than in
premenopausal women.
 heredity. A history of coronary heart disease in the
family usually indicates an increased risk of
developing the condition.
 smoking. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots
forming in blood vessels. It also affects the condition
of the blood vessel walls so that cardiovascular risk
is nearly three times greater in smokers than in
nonsmokers.
DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Factors that affect the development of cardiovascular
disease include:
 stress. An increased stress level has been
associated with heart attack risk.
 exercise. An increased level of physical activity
protects against cardiovascular disease.
 obesity. The heart has to work harder to pump
blood around a heavier body. Cardiovascular risk is
30 times higher for those who are in the obese
weight range, due to this increased work by the
heart, changes in blood pressure and higher levels
of LDL.
 nutrition. Diet can help modify cardiovascular risk,
not just by controlling weight to prevent obesity, but
also because it can help reduce LDL levels, blood
pressure and the amount of fat in the blood.
ACTIVITY
1.
2.
Design and make a dessert that is
appropriate for someone with
diabetes. Analyse its nutritional
value
using computer software or food composition
tables. Prepare the dessert, evaluate its
acceptability and write a short report
explaining what attributes make it suitable as
part of a diabetic diet.
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that
could be used in an education session for
people wanting to avoid atherosclerosis.
Include a 7-day meal plan.