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BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Central Nervous System Brain Made up of: • Brain • Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Meninges • Cover the brain and spinal cord 3 Layers • Duramater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater The Spinal Cord White Matter • Sensory impulses travel towards brain • Send out motor impulses Gray Matter • Receives and integrates reflex info Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B87zsAKmWc Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord • Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus • Divide spinal cord in to right and left halves • Central canal • Contains spinal fluid Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Posterior roots • Axons of sensory neurons Anterior roots • Axons of motor neurons Gangalion • Contain sensory neurons Gray Matter Vs White Matter Gray matter • Divided into Horns • Name based on location White matter • Organized into Tracts • Common origin or destination Components of a Reflex Arc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE 1. Sensory receptor • Responds by sending nerve impulse 2. Sensory neuron • Sends msg to . . . 3. Integrating center • Processes info Components of a Reflex Arc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE 4. Motor neuron • Pass msg to effector 5. Effector • Responds to stimulus The Pain Reflex • Using the components of the reflex arc, explain why you feel pain The Reflex Arc The Patellar Reflex 1. Sensory neuron sends signal to the spinal cord 2. Signal splits in two • motor neuron to the quadriceps • Interneuron sends message to motor neuron in the hamstring ***The signals work together Did you Know . . . . • The brain uses 20% of the body’s oxygen • Brain damage may occur if brain neurons are deprived of O2 for more than 4 minutes • If blood entering the brain has low glucose levels mental confusion, dizziness convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur Blood brain barrier Able to cross 1. Lipid soluble substances • E.x 2. Anesthetics Hypothalamus Regulates: 1. Hormones 3. Appetite and Thirst 4. Body Temp 5. Circadian rhythms Parts of the Brain • What are the four major parts of the brain? • Brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum • What does the brain stem consist of? • Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Continued • What is the limbic system made up of? • Amygdala and hippocampus • What does the diencephalon consist of? • Thalamus, pineal gland and hypothalamus Limbic System (Emotional Brain) 1. Hippocampus 2. Amygdala 3. Olfactory System Brain Stem Midbrain • Startle reflex, conducts nerve impulses Pons • Relays sensory info, respiration, chewing, consciousness Medulla Oblongata • Heartbeat, circulation, swalllowing, vomiting, etc. The Brain Stem • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM Diencephalon Pineal Gland • Produces melatonin, associated with sleep Thalamus • Relay station for sensory impulses Hypothalamus • Maintains homeostasis, body temp and appetite Anatomy of the Brain Cerebellum • Equilibrium, balance, posture Spinal Cord • Integrates spinal reflexes Cerebrum • Divided into four lobes Anatomy of the Brain Pituitary Gland • Releases hormones Corpus Callosum • Connects two hemispheres of the brain Anatomy of the Brain Reticular Formation • Maintains consciousness, arouses from sleep Anatomy of the Brain a) Cerebrum b) Thalamus c) Pineal Gland d) Hypothalamus e) Pituitary Gland f) g) h) i) j) k) Pons Spinal Cord Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Corpus Callosum Midbrain Brain Hieroglyphics • Create your own Hieroglyphic • Must tie in function B + Rain = Brain Olfactory System -d + How to Remember the Parts of the Brain • http://www.thepsychfiles.com/200 8/09/episode-72-video-memorizethe-parts-of-the-brain/ The Medulla Oblongata • https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=cu7A8LIzL1 o • Based on what you learned yesterday, is the clip accurate? Why or why not? Hippocampus • Memory and spatial navigation • If damaged • Can’t form new long- term memories Amygdala • Shrinks upon castration • Positive correlation between size and aggression If removed • Person becomes tame & indifferent Spatial Awareness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYKI4A3uhc Fear Conditioning • A little boy named Albert was fond of white animals, including rats. One day, a scientist by the name of James Watson made a loud, unpleasant noise with a hammer while Albert was looking at a white rat. He cried and seemed very frightened. This was done repeatedly. Now every time Albert sees a rat, even when there is no noise, he starts to cry. What happened? The Answer • Albert’s amygdala has learned to associate white rats with loud noises. Since he is afraid of loud noises, he is now afraid of rats by association. This is called “fear conditioning” Why do you think the rat acted this way? • When the rat turns a wheel, it receives an electrical stimulus to the medial forebrain bundle, which is rewarding. The rat will continue to do this indefinitely and pass up food, sex, and other “natural” rewards for the artificial stimulus. Phineas Gage • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=_nikOxNfjqs • http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=kR7_oMSUBFE • https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=FrULrWRlGBA Frontal Lobotomies • Severed connection of frontal lobe • Used to treat mental illness • Changed the way the brain works • Calmed emotions • Changed personality • Did not effect intelligence or motor function Lobes of the Brain https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=9UukcdU258A The Lobes of the Brain Lobe Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital Function The Lobes of the Brain Lobe Function Frontal • • • • Motor cortex, voluntary body movements Reasoning, thinking Planning, decision making Language expression Temporal • • • • • Hearing/Distinguish sounds Visual and verbal memory Understand speech Emotional memory Facial recognition Occipital • Vision/visual perception • Object and recognition Parietal • Sense of touch, taste, tactile and temperature • Spatial awareness • Perception (uses the senses) Phineas Gage 1. Which areas of his brain were damaged during the accident? 2. Why do you think Phineas’ behavior changed after the accident? 3. Based on what you have learned which lobe of the brain controls personality? Split Brain Experiments Dr. Sperry’s Epilepsy patients • Excessive nerve signaling Corpus Callosum was severed • Hemispheres can’t communicate Split Brain Research • The brain isn’t like a computer with specific sections of hardware charged with specific tasks. It’s more like a network of computers connected by very big, busy broadband cables. The connectivity between active brain regions is turning out to be just as important, if not more so, than the operation of the distinct part. Mr. Split Brainy Analysis 1. How would you describe the abilities of the left hemisphere? What leads you to think this? Use data from the experiment to support your answer. 2. How would you describe the abilities of the right hemisphere? What leads you to think this? Use data from the experiment to support your answer. 3. Based on the data you collected during the experiments, which abstract should you send to be published? What leads you to think this? Split Brain Findings Hemispheres have specialized tasks Right: • Space perception, music, art, facial recognition Left • Analytical, verbal processing, speaking/language Provides a good example: http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/ho nors-time/split_brain.htm Is the Brain Lateralized? Kind of • Both sides are used • Dependent on the task Memory Info is stored and retrieved How is a memory formed? • New synapses are formed Which areas of the brain are involved in memory? • All areas Have a great memory. The reason why is because Temporal lobe takes up 45% of their entire the __________ brain!!! Types of Memory http://thebrain.mcgil.ca/flash/i/i_07/i_07_p/i_07_p_tra/i_07_p_tra.html Sensory Memory • No conscious attention • Perceive stimuli • Lasts about 1 second Short Term Memory • Records limited info • Lasts less than 1 minute • Repetition increases retention Long Term Memory • Permanent storage of short term memory Trial # Pictures Remembered 1 2 % of pictures you remembered Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 Letters you remember Number of correct letters % of letters you remembered Left Brain vs Right Brain • Do you consider yourself a right brained person or a left brained person? Why? • • Go to the website listed to the right and take the quiz print out your results and paste them in your NB • When you get to the page with the drop down menu answer I don’t want to answer to all questions. • http://testyourself.psycht ests.com/testid/3178 Optical Illusions (AKA Visual Illusions) • They way your perceives and interprets and image