Transcript Body Systems: Nervous and Sensory Systems

Body Systems: Nervous and
Sensory Systems
Sean Cody and Tayler Culhane
Sensory and Nervous systems
What are they?
 Nervous system- controls all conscious and unconscious
action by way of the Brain and the Neurons
 It is comprised wholly of 2 major systems: the Central
Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
 The CNS consists of the Brain (encephal/o meaning
“entire brain”), the Spinal Cord (myel/o meaning bone
marrow or spinal cord), and the Cranial Nerves (crani/o
neur/o meaning skull nerves)
The CNS (Brain)
What are they? Contd.
 The second major system, the PNS, consists of the Spinal
Nerves (myel/o neur/o meaning spinal nerves) and their
neurons and conduction tissue,which make up the Nervous
System
What are they? The Sensory
System
 The senses detect stimuli from the external and
internal environment. The eyes respond to these
stimuli by sending nerve impulses along sensory
neurons that lead to the brain. The ears are
involved with both hearing and balance. The eyes
(ocul/o, opthalm/o, opt/o, opia all meaning eye),
and the ears ( ot/o meaning ear), the nose (nas/o
meaning nose), the tongue (lingua meaning
tongue), and the hands (manus meaning hand),
make up the sense organs.
Functions of the Systems
 Nervous System
 Nervous/Spinal tissue- carries electrical impulses through the spinal
cord, the cerebrum, as well as other parts of the body to cause
(in)voluntary actions
 Brain/Spinal Cord- controls and regulates other organs and organ
systems by sending electrical messages through the specialized tissue
(above)
 Neurons- responsible for generating the electrical impulses that the
Brain and Spinal Cord regulate, are found in the Brain and Spinal
Column
 Platelets (also found through Sensory System/regulated through the
blood stream)- are small regular shaped cell fragments which are
derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryotes
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Functions contd.
Sensory System
Taste buds- small structures
located on the upper surface of the
tongue, which allow the
chemicals/flavors in food to be
processed
Eyes- receives light and sensory
impulses through the cornea,
through the pupil, to the retina, the
image is then reflected off
Tongue- a fleshy, movable organ
attached to the floor of the mouth ,
allowing for taste, and aiding in
chewing and swallowing, by
forcing food to the back of the
esophagus, also allows for human
speech
Nose- the part of the human face at
the forward part of the head
containing the nostrils and organs
of smell, forming the beginning of
the respiratory tract
Functions contd.
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Ears- fleshy structures attached
above the jaw line in humans, aid
in the intake of sound through the
ear canal, ending at the ear drum,
allowing sound to reverberate off
the anvil and stirrup bones to the
auditory nerve in the the brain
Hands/Fingers- extensions of bone
and tendon off the end of the wrist
that aid in the retrieval of objects,
and are capable of feeling the
textures of those objects through
nerves in the pads of the fingers
Red blood cells (also found in
Nervous System, regulated through
the blood stream)- principal means
of delivering oxygen to the body,
via blood flow
Systems disorders
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Neurological
Alzheimer’s disease- a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs in the brain,
and results in impaired memory, thought process, and behavior, caused by plaque
buildup, while there is no permenant treatment, antipsychotic drugs like
Tetrabenazine can control bouts of memory loss and psychosis
Parkinson’s disease- a slowly progressing, degenerative disease that is usually
associated with the mutations of the genes alpha-synuclein (SNCA), ubiquitin
carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), parkin (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat
kinase 2 (LRRK2 or dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1
and ATP13A2., causes loss of motor skills and cognitive abilities, it is most
commonly treated with Levodopa, which replaces the lacking dopamine, and
reduces the spastic movements, it has been commonly used for 30 years
Amytophic Lateral Sclerosis- A terminal neurological disorder characterized by
progressive generation of motor cells in the Spine and Brain. It has no known
cause as it occurs in 95% of patients without a family history. It eventually causes
patients to lose control of their muscles and body systems, but not their mind. It
can be slowed with the drug Riluzole, which reduces the damage to neurons
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Disorders contd.
 Sensory
 Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)- a complex disorder of the brain that
affects developing children. Children with SPD suffer from impaired selfesteem, anxiety, depression, or agression that affect social participation, as a
result of their inability to deal with the stimuli they take in (i.e. a bright light
causes a spastic tantrum), generally caused by the brain’s misinterpretation of
stimuli (part neurological, part sensory), cannot be treated, but kept under
control with hyperactivity and sensitivity drugs like those for ADHD
 (Corrective) Lens Disorder- lens of the eye focuses light directed from the
pupil onto the retina where the nerves carry the images to the brain, the lens
then changes shape depending upon the distance to the image, distorting how
the image is received, (fuzzy, blurry, etc), generally caused by age, and can be
treated with corrective laser surgery or relieved with glasses or contacts
 Meniere’s Disease- caused by a buildup of fluid in the inner ear, similar to an
ear infection, which can cause dizziness, migraine, tinnitus, and vertigo, and
if left untreated can lead to severe pain, it can usually be managed with
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allergy drugs like antihistamines, or perhaps surgery to remove the
is too severe
SPD Diagram
Meniere’s Disease
Internal Ear Diagram
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Medical Terminology
 Nervous System Terms
 Word root-Medical term-Definition
 cerebell(o) (little brain) - Cerebellum- posterior section of
the brain
 cerebr(o) (large part of brain)- Cerebrum- largest section of
the brain
 cervic(o) (neck/cervix) - Cervical- pertaining to the neck
 crani(o)(skull) - Craniomalacia- abnormal softness in the
bones of the skull (occurs in infants before the skull has
fully developed)
 mening(o) (meninges/membrane) - Meningitisinflammation of the meninges ( a tri-layer of mebrane13 and
Medical Terminology contd.
 Sensory System Terms
 audi(o) (hearing)- Audiometer- instrument used to measure hearing
levels
 conjunctiv(o) (to join together)- Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the
conjunctiva (mucus membrane that covers the sclera, white part of
eye)
 esthesi(o) (sensation)- Anesthesia- (directly defined as “without
sensation), a medical procedure used to render patients unconscious
 myring(o) (eardrum)- Myringotomy- incision into the eardrum to
relieve pressure from fluid buildup
 ocul(o) (eye)- Intraocular- pertaining to the inside of the eye
 oto(o) (ear)- Otoscopy- visual examination of the ear
 retin(o) (retina)- Retinitis- inflammation of the retina
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Medical Abbrev.
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Nervous System (Non-Latin)
CNS- Central Nervous System
PNS- Peripheral Nervous System
BBB- Blood Brain Barrier
BI- Brain Injury
CN I-XII- Cranial Nerves 1-12
N- Nerve or Neuron
SP- Spinal Palsy
SF- Spinal Fluid
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Medical Abbrev. contd.
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Sensory System
o.d. (occulus dextra)- Right Eye
o.s. (occulus sinstra)- Left Eye
o.u. (occulus uranique)- Each Eye
o.c.- Eye Ointment
a.d. (auris dextra) - Right Ear
a.s. (auris sinstra)- Left Ear
a.u. (auris uranique)- Both Ears
p.o. (per os)- By Mouth
naste.- Nasal
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Medical procedure video
 Enjoy!
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUeiDQ
HHBkY&feature=related
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